Einstein Biography

Albert Einstein (1879- 1955), a world-famous German-American scientist, is the pioneer and founder of modern physics.

Einstein/Kloc-graduated from Zurich University of Technology in 0/900, and began to teach in this university in 0/909. 19 14 was the director of the Royal William Institute of Physics and a professor at the University of Berlin. He was forced to immigrate to the United States and became an American citizen on 1940.

/kloc-the late 0/9th century is a period of change in physics. Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics from the experimental facts and made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. The first mature aspect of theoretical astrophysics-stellar atmosphere theory is based on quantum theory and radiation theory. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the relationship between energy and mass and solved the long-standing problem of stellar energy. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become the basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years, and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified, which became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later.

Einstein's greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmology. He founded relativistic cosmology, established a static finite and infinite self-consistent dynamic universe model, and introduced new concepts such as cosmology principle and curved space, which greatly promoted the development of modern astronomy.

Einstein lived in Switzerland as a teenager and lived as a poor student. He doesn't ask much about material life. He was satisfied with a plate of spaghetti with a little sauce. After becoming famous, he became a professor and later immigrated to the United States to escape Nazi persecution. He has the conditions to live a good material life, but he still lives a simple and simple life like a poor student.

When Einstein came to work at the Institute of Advanced Science in Princeton, the authorities offered him a fairly high salary-annual salary 16000 US dollars, but he said, "Can you give me less money?" Give me three thousand dollars is enough. "

Einstein didn't pay attention to his clothes either. He wore a black leather coat, and for many years he didn't wear socks or a tie. His trousers sometimes wore neither belts nor suspenders. When he was discussing with others in front of the blackboard, he wrote on the blackboard and pulled his pants with his hands as if they were going to slide down. This situation is a bit funny, but his hair is long and unadorned. This is amazing for students of such an aristocratic institution as Princeton University. No wonder they want God to tell him to cut his hair.

Einstein was a thrifty man. He writes on both sides of the calculation paper, and he cuts open many envelopes sent to him as calculation draft paper to prevent them from losing their reusable value before entering the wastebasket. Einstein often sits second and third class when he goes out, and usually only eats some simple food.

1In July, 909, Einstein was invited to attend the 350th anniversary celebration of the University of Geneva and the celebration in memory of Calvin, the founder of the University, and accepted the honorary doctorate awarded by the University of Geneva. In the celebration parade, school dignitaries and government officials all wore tuxedos, top hats, or medieval rusty golden robes and flat silk hats, while Einstein wore a suit he usually wore in the street and a straw hat. Einstein was very dissatisfied with the grand banquet held in this celebration. He said to the person sitting next to him, "If Calvin were alive, he would make a lot of firewood, because such a luxurious feast would burn us all to death."

Einstein himself once said, "Comfort and happiness have never been an end for me. I call these ethical foundations the ideal of swineherd ... ". He even refused to be placed in the upper class, but lived in a different position and was angry at the special care given to him by society.

Einstein is a person who cherishes time very much. He doesn't like social activities and parties. He once sarcastically said, "This is feeding time to the zoo." He is absorbed in his studies and doesn't want to waste precious time on meaningless social conversations. He doesn't want to hear flattery and praise. He believes: "A person who benefits the whole world with great creative ideas does not need to be praised by future generations. His achievements themselves have given him higher returns. " 1929 In March, in order to avoid celebrating his 50th birthday, a few days before his birthday, he secretly went to a gardener's farmhouse in the suburbs of Berlin to live in seclusion.

As a great master of science in the physics revolution, Einstein never considered himself a superman. He realized that the road he took was an extension of the road taken by his predecessors, and the new era of science was a reasonable development based on the work of his predecessors, so he always appreciated the contributions of his predecessors with gratitude and admiration.

When talking about the establishment of the theory of relativity, he said: "Relativity can really be said to be the last stroke of Maxwell and Lorenz's great thoughts, because it tries to extend field physics to all phenomena including gravity." Einstein wrote to friends who praised his achievements several times in his letter: "I am fully aware that I have no special talents: interest, single-mindedness, tenacious work and self-criticism have enabled me to reach my ideal state."

Concerned about the fate of all mankind.

Einstein loved science as well as human beings. He didn't isolate himself from society because he was immersed in scientific research. He always cared about human civilization and progress and fought bravely for it. He said, "One can only find the meaning of a short and risky life if he devotes himself to society", and he did it himself.

1914 In April, Einstein accepted the invitation of the German scientific community and moved to Berlin. In August, World War I broke out. Although he lived in the birthplace of war and was surrounded by war advocates, he firmly showed his anti-war attitude. In September, Einstein participated in launching the anti-war group "New Motherland Alliance". Although the organization was declared illegal and a large number of its members were arrested and persecuted and went underground, Einstein resolutely participated in the secret activities of the organization.

On June+10, 5438, under the manipulation and instigation of militarists, the German scientific and cultural circles published the so-called "Declaration of Civilized World", defending the war of aggression launched by Germany, arguing that Germany is above everything else and the whole world should accept the "true German spirit". Ninety-three people signed the declaration, all of whom were prestigious scientists, artists and priests in Germany at that time. Even Nernst, Roentgen, ostwald and Planck signed it. When asked for Einstein's autograph, he flatly refused, but at the same time resolutely signed his name on the anti-war letter to Europeans. This move shocked the whole world.

19 17, after the victory of the Soviet socialist revolution led by Lenin, Einstein enthusiastically supported this great revolution and praised it as a great social experiment of decisive significance to the whole world, saying: "I respect Lenin because he is a man with complete self-sacrifice spirit and devoted himself wholeheartedly to realizing social justice. I don't think his method is practical, but one thing is certain: people like him are defenders and reconstructors of human conscience. "

19181kloc-0/October, German workers and soldiers, influenced and inspired by the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, launched an uprising and overthrew the German emperor William II. On the third day after stepping down, Einstein wrote two postcards to his mother, cheering "a great event happened ... what an honor to experience it personally!" "

From the 1920s to the early 1930s, Einstein was basically an absolute pacifist. However, the fact that wars of aggression and plunder are constantly happening has broken his beautiful dream. Especially after Hitler came to power in 1933, Germany became increasingly fascist, which made Einstein realize that a new barbaric war was inevitable and prompted him to change his point of view. He made it clear: "When the law and human dignity must be defended, we must fight. Since the danger of fascism came, I no longer believe that absolute negative pacifism is effective. As long as fascism rules Europe, there will be no peace. "

Because of Einstein's progressive activities and because he was a Jew, he was listed as an important persecution object by the German Nazis. Fortunately, he left Germany to give lectures in the United States at the end of 1932 and was not killed. His house in Berlin was raided and destroyed, his property was confiscated and his works were burned. The Nazis offered a reward of 20,000 marks to kill him. Faced with the danger of Nazi assassination, Einstein did not have the slightest fear, but fought more resolutely. When his close friend Laue wrote to persuade him to take a wise attitude on political issues, he ignored his personal safety and shouted, pointing out that fascism means war, and peace must be defended by armed forces, calling on the American people to rise up against fascism.

In the process of striving for the cause of human progress, Einstein always cared about the oppressed and enslaved countries and nations. He opposed the atrocities of fascist extermination of Jews and spoke loudly for the right of Jews to exist. But he also opposed narrow Jewish nationalism, hoping to see Jews "reach a fair and reasonable agreement with Arabs on the basis of peace, instead of creating a Jewish state." He opposed the racial discrimination policy of the United States, supported the liberation movement of blacks, and called for "the firm efforts made by blacks in this direction should be praised and supported by everyone."

In the 1950s, McCarthyists in the United States made waves. Senator McCarthy called himself "the first enemy of the United States". Some fanatics even rumoured that he was a member of the production of * * *, and said that his former assistant infield knew the materials of the atomic bomb from him and was going to provide them to the Soviet Union. In fact, except that he suggested to President Roosevelt in a letter written on August 2 1939 that this issue should be studied, he had no idea that the American government was secretly engaged in the manufacture of atomic bombs, and some friends of Einstein who were engaged in this work kept it a secret from him. But when he learned that Germany did not build an atomic bomb, but the United States did, he felt heavy and uneasy. He said that if he knew that Germany would not make an atomic bomb, he would not do anything to "open this Pandora's Box".

Einstein was very sad when he later learned on the radio that the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing many civilian casualties. Later, he wrote a letter to American citizens, in which he said: "We scientists who liberated this great power should give priority to taking responsibility for everything, and must limit that atomic energy should never be used to kill all mankind, but should be used to enhance human happiness." From 65438 to 0955, Einstein and Russell jointly published the Russell-Einstein Declaration, which opposed nuclear war and called for world peace.

1949, Einstein wrote an article "Why is socialism? Newspapers. Here, he put forward a view that seems to be correct now! "Planned economy is socialism. The planned economy itself may be accompanied by complete slavery of individuals. The establishment of socialism needs to solve some extremely difficult social and political problems. In view of the high concentration of political power and economic power, how can we prevent administrative personnel from becoming unlimited and arrogant? How to ensure a democratic balance for administrative power while protecting individual rights? "