How long is the history of Sichuan dialect?

Sichuan dialect is the general name of all Chinese dialects in Sichuan province, and there are three major Chinese dialects. First, Sichuan Mandarin, commonly known as Sichuan dialect; Second, Cantonese, which belongs to Hakka dialect, is generally called Tukan dialect. Thirdly, Yongzhou dialect, which belongs to Hunan dialect, is generally called Laohuguang dialect. In short, there are three kinds of Sichuan Chinese dialects in Sichuan Province, namely Sichuan dialect, Hakka dialect and Hunan dialect. The formation of these three dialects has gone through a historical process.

I. Immigrants in the Late Yuan and Early Ming Dynasties

The ancient Bashu area was closely related to Chu and Qin because of geographical proximity, politics, economy and culture. In terms of language, it is similar to Chu and Qin. For example, the language of Zhizhong area in Shaanxi Province is similar to that of "between Liang and Yi" in Sichuan Province, and eastern Sichuan is adjacent to Chu State, so there are many Chu people in Bashu. During the May 4th Chaos in China, the Huang Chao Uprising, and the nomadic invasion to the south, some foreigners moved to Sichuan and merged with the locals in language. The two great immigrants at the end of Yuan Dynasty, the beginning of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty had a far-reaching influence on the formation of Sichuan dialect today.

During the war in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, four groups of people immigrated to Sichuan:

One is to "avoid chaos and enter Shu" or "avoid soldiers and enter Shu". The Red Scarf Army led by Xu Shouhui from Luotian, Hubei Province revolted in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. At that time, the residents of Huguang (that is, a part of Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi today) fled to Shu.

Second, the rebels stayed in Sichuan. The Red Scarf Army entered Sichuan from Wuxia and occupied the rebel army left by Sichuan and Shu, especially when Minghe established the "Daxia" peasant regime in 15. Most of their subordinates who entered Shu were from Hubei.

The third is to avoid disasters and enter Sichuan. After the Ming Dynasty loyalists occupied Huguang, some people in the Red Scarf Army fled from Huguang to Sichuan to avoid the pursuit of the Ming Dynasty loyalists, and went to the place where Ming Sheng's men stayed.

Fourth, the Ming army entered Sichuan to stay. Fu Youde, Tanghe and Liao Yongzhong of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang led the Ming army to attack the peasant regime in Ming Sheng from the north and east, because Fu Youde and Tanghe were both from Anhui, most of their subordinates were from Anhui, and some of them stayed in Sichuan.

Hu Zhaoxi, a professor at Sichuan University, studied 58 genealogies of Chongqing, Hechuan, Nanxi and Guang 'an many years ago. Before the Qing Dynasty, there were 85 households in Sichuan 1 18, including Huguang (65 of them were Macheng people).

In short, during the decades of wars in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties, a large number of Huguang villagers and some Anhui and Shaanxi soldiers and civilians stayed in Sichuan, bringing their hometown dialects. With the derivation of generations of population, their villages are together with integration of language, a folk house in Sichuan. Due to the large population in Hubei and the great influence of Chu dialect, it laid the foundation for the formation of Sichuan Mandarin based on Hubei dialect after immigrants entered Sichuan in the early Qing Dynasty.

Second, immigrants in the early Qing Dynasty and the formation of Sichuan dialect.

In the early Qing Dynasty, there were two kinds of immigrants called by the imperial court and spontaneous immigrants from the people, which lasted for more than 100 years. The court's call for "emigrating to Sichuan" is mandatory and time-limited. As the folklore says, I will definitely go to Sichuan. At the beginning of immigration, people were forced to enter Sichuan in droves. Spontaneous folk immigrants, mostly due to natural and man-made disasters in their origin, are difficult to survive. They heard that western Sichuan is a good place to live, so they moved to Sichuan with their families. This spontaneous migration continued until the last years of Qianlong. No matter whether the official calls for immigrants or the folk spontaneous immigrants, they all have the characteristics of regional concentration and strong group. After entering Sichuan and leaving work, the phenomenon of living in the same family and living in groups is very prominent, so they still retain their mother tongue and local accent for quite some time.