Seek the life of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty

Liu Che, Liu Che (BC 156-87), a portrait of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was a great statesman, strategist, poet and national hero in ancient China. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is the tenth son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Qi, and his mother is Queen Wang Yi. Born in Chang 'an in 157 BC, he died in Zuo Wu Palace in 87 BC at the age of 70. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became King Jiaodong at the age of 4, Prince at the age of 7, and ascended the throne at the age of 16. In the fifty-fourth year of his reign (BC 14 1- 87 BC), he established the most brilliant achievements of the Western Han Dynasty. Year of use: Jianyuan, Yuanguang, Yuanshuo, Yuanshou, Ding Yuan, Yuanfeng, Taichu, Tianhan, Taishi, Zhenghe and Hou Yuan. Posthumous title's "filial piety" was buried in Maoling.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (reigned before 140- 87) founded the title of the year and was also the first emperor in China to use it. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he continued the policy of recuperation pursued by his father before his death, further weakened the power of the vassals, and promulgated the canonization decree put forward by Minister Zhu, which promoted the vassal's enfeoffment of the scholars by the legal system and forced the vassal's fief to shrink itself. At the same time, he set up a secretariat to supervise this place. Militarily and economically, centralization has been strengthened, and private businesses such as iron smelting, salt making and wine making are organized and managed by the central government. At the same time, it is forbidden for vassal States to cast money, so that financial power is concentrated in the central government. He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", paving the way for Confucianism to become a feudal orthodox position. But in fact, during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was never a lack of the concept of the rule of law. At the same time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also used laws and regulations to consolidate the authority of the government and show the status of imperial power. Therefore, sinologists believe that this should be a system with law as the mainstay and Confucianism as the supplement, introducing Confucianism to ordinary people to show the leniency of the government, and at the same time imposing severe criminal laws on ministers within the government. However, advocating Confucianism does not mean abandoning the law, which was still the ultimate ruling method in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Ji An and Zhufuyan, which were actively used at that time, are famous examples. The Spring Festival began at the beginning of the calendar change and was corrected by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked the Huns on a large scale several times, which made "there is no Wang Ting in the desert south". Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions to open up the Silk Road. Since then, the western regions have become the meeting place of several major civilizations, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty has been called the "crown of hundreds of kings".

Great unification measures

At the beginning of Liang Wudi's accession to the throne, on the one hand, the political situation was relatively stable, and the national economic situation was quite good. On the other hand, the separatist factors of vassal States still exist, and the potential threat is not small. Therefore, while continuing to implement various policies of Jingdi, he adopted a series of measures to strengthen centralization. Politics: In politics, Zhu's suggestion was adopted, "Enzhi" was promulgated, which weakened the power of enfeoffment of vassal states in the early Han Dynasty and strengthened centralization and supervision system. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also made innovations, including the right to receive photos, the establishment of secretariat, the establishment of a clean government system and other major reforms and innovations. Military: Reform the military system. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to crusade against the Huns, which made the northern border counties stable. Zhang Qian was sent to the western regions to contact the captured Dayue people, which opened the northwest frontier and opened the channel for the Western Han Dynasty to contact the western regions and even Central Asia. Economy: in the economic aspect, we should pay more attention to agriculture than commerce, rectify our finances, issue "accounting" and "warning" orders, levy a merchant asset tax, and vigorously crack down on profiteers; Sang Hongyang suggested that iron smelting and salt boiling should be taken back from the official camp, and counties and States should be prohibited from casting money, and five baht should be cast in a unified way; The establishment of leveling officials and loss-sharing officials, as well as the government's management of transportation and trade, have greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, building water conservancy projects, emigrating to the northwest and implementing the "land substitution law" are conducive to the development of agricultural production. Another important measure in the economy was to unify the currency at that time. Thought: In terms of thought, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was adopted, which made Confucianism the dominant thought in China society, vigorously promoted Confucianism, and established imperial academy in Chang 'an. Confucianism became the orthodox thought of China's feudal rule, which lasted for more than two thousand years and had a far-reaching impact on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations. But it also has disadvantages, that is, it is not conducive to the development of ideological diversification. Personnel: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to the development of talents. He established an inspection and evaluation system, which is the origin of China's systematic talent selection system and has a great influence on later generations. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conducted the first population statistics in human history. Significance: The Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday, which was also the first heyday of China's unification era.

Diplomatic relations

On the one hand, in 133, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ended the pro-Xiongnu policy since the Mayi Plan, and began to formally declare war on the Xiongnu, sending Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to conquer it successively, thus relieving the Xiongnu threat, regaining the Hetao and Hexi Corridor, expanding the territory of the western regions, putting the Xiongnu in a passive position, and ensuring the economic and cultural development of the north. Zhang Qian was sent to the Western Regions. While fighting against Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, which opened up the famous Silk Road, further strengthened the ties with the Western Regions and developed the economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. Portrait of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Northeast is fighting in the south and the north, and it is in the northeast. Send troops to destroy Weishi Korea (now North Korea), and set up four counties: Le Lang, Xuantu, Lintun and Fan Zhen. At this point, the territory of the Han empire was basically formed. At the same time, Yelang and Nanyue regimes in the south were attached to the Han Dynasty, and seven counties were established in the southwest, the southernmost of which surpassed Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam today, which also made today's Guangdong and Guangxi regions return to Chinese territory after the Qin Dynasty. As a result, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used troops to crusade against the Xiongnu and the Western Regions for years, and because of his meditation, worship of gods and immortals, extravagance, increased corvee and taxes, a large number of farmers went bankrupt and went into exile. In the second year of Tian Han (the first 99 years), peasant uprisings of different scales broke out in Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Nanyang. However, the attack on Xiongnu made Xiongnu unable to resist the Western Han government and ensured the security of the northern border counties and even the whole country.

Famous officials and generals

General Fu: General Fu of Huo Guang, Wei Qing: Prime Ministers of Huo Qubing: Wei Wan, Xu Chang, Tian Fen, Xue Ze, Gong, Zhuang, Zhao Zhou, Gong Sunhe, Liu Qumao, and Tai Weitian: Tian Fen, and the suggestion: Zhuang Qingyi, Han Anguo, Gong Sunhong, Zhang Tang, Shi Qing, Bu Shikuan, Du Zhou and Sang Hongyang. Shangguan Jie Feng Changtai Chang: Wang Zang kong zang Han Yannian Lang Zhong Ling: Wang Zang Li Ganwei: Li Guang Han Anguo Zhang Qianlu Bode Taifu: Guan Fu Gong Sunhe Gong Sunjing Sheng Ting Wei: Zhang Tang Zhao Yu Du Zhou Guo Ju Taihang Ling Dahong Xiu: Wang Hui Li Xi Zhang Qiantian Qianqiu Zong Zhengda Nong Ling: Han Anguo Zheng Liu Shouyi Sang Hongyang, the deputy general, held gold at that time. Wu: Qi Sang Hongyang Ji Zhu An Maichen Jiang Chong Internal History: Shi Qing Zheng Dangshi Gong Sunhong Ji 'an's son's leniency and public reduction and Dong Fangshuo's father Yan Sima Qian Su Wu Dong Zhongshu Sima Xiangru.

Old age life

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed too much in his later years, and he was quite repentant. Li Guangli's attack on the Huns was unfavorable, and the whole army was wiped out. He prayed for the fairy to fail, and the father and son ate each other. Liu Yuxin committed suicide because of witchcraft. All kinds of blows made Emperor Wu disheartened and regretted what he had done in the past. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty boarded the Baiming Hall in Mount Tai, he wrote "Guilty Imperial Decree" in Luntai Palace (not Luntai in Xinjiang): "Guilty Imperial Decree in Luntai". "Since I acceded to the throne, everything I have done has made the world miserable, and I can't regret it. Let those who have harmed the people and ruined the world from today! " Admit a mistake. Therefore, the world gradually restored harmony, which laid the foundation for the prosperity of Zhao Xuan and ZTE. The history book "Imperial edict of internal strife" records: "What I have done since I acceded to the throne has made the world miserable, and I can't regret it. From today on, if there is anything that hurts the people and destroys the world, let it go. It is emphasized that "today's task is to ban violence, stop being good at giving and help farmers." "It's not a question of lack of equipment to fill horses. In 88 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked the painter to draw a picture of the Duke of Zhou returning to the DPRK and gave it to Huo Guang, which means that Huo Guang assisted his youngest son Liu Fuling as emperor. In order to prevent the young mother of the prince, Mrs Gou Jian, from repeating the mistakes of the weighing system, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made up his mind to find an excuse to execute her. In February 87 BC, Emperor Ding Mao of the Han Dynasty died in Zuo Wu Palace at the age of 70. In March, Shen Jia was buried in Maoling, and the temple was named Sejong.

[Edit this paragraph] Textual research on the birth year of Emperor Wu.

Historical Records: Family of consorts [1] clearly records that when this man is around, Wang Meiren dreams of falling into his arms. Tell the prince, the prince said, "This is an expensive tax." Emperor Xiaowen collapsed before he was born, Emperor Xiaojing ascended the throne, and Mr. Xiaowen was born a man. Some people think that he was born before 156. For example, Han Shu says: Emperor Xiao, Jing Di Nakano, mother name Wang Meiren. Became king of Jiaodong at the age of four. At the age of seven, he was the crown prince and his mother was the queen. Sixteen years old, in the first month of the last three years, Jingdi collapsed. Jingdi collapsed in March of BC 14 1 year. Based on this calculation, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty should have been born in 156 BC (the ancients counted in nominal years). "Xieji" says: Emperor Wu collapsed at the age of seventy, and Emperor Zhao was eight. The story of Hanwu says: Emperor Wudi was born in Landian on July 7th, which also proves that Emperor Wudi was born in 156 BC. However, some people think that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty could not have been born in BC 156. Because Wendi died in July 157 BC, and Wudi was born in August of the following year, did Liu Che stay in the womb for 400 days? In fact, it is these misunderstandings about historical common sense. If the emperor does not change his mind when he ascended the throne, the second year will be his first year. However, since the two most authoritative works, Historical Records and Hanshu, especially the Biography of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, recorded that Emperor Wu was born in the first year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (156 BC) and ascended the throne at the age of 16, we should affirm the records of Historical Records and Hanshu. Therefore, it is certain that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was born in BC 156. Unless you can find more authoritative works than Historical Records and Hanshu.

[Edit this paragraph] About You Mingbi

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once said that the name "Zhan is a pig" was based on the novel "Hanwu Story". It has been clearly recorded in Historical Records of Xiaojingji and Five History of Xiaojingji in Han Dynasty that Liu Che was named Wang Qian in Jiaodong, and his name was thorough beyond words. Even the later Sima Guang's Zi Jian Juan XVI Han Ji Ba did not accept the story of Hanwu, thus misinforming the young name Bi. In fact, in the Han Dynasty, Bi Che was homophonic, saying that Emperor Wu's real name was Herry Liu, which was homophonic.

[Edit this paragraph] Emperors with historic contributions through the ages.

In the history of the development of the Chinese nation, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty created several firsts: First, following Dong Zhongshu's advice, "combing a hundred schools of thought and promoting Confucianism" created the orthodoxy of China's traditional mainstream culture, ruled China's traditional cultural stage for more than 2,000 years, and was highly respected by the rulers of past dynasties. What I want to explain here is that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not restrict the development of other schools, which led to the development of Confucianism and the vigorous promotion of the combination of Confucianism and law. For example, Xiahou Shichang studied Confucianism and was familiar with Yin-Yang and Five Elements. The prime minister also ruled Confucianism and Legalism; Zhufuyan started as a strategist; Sima Qian, a loyal Ji 'an Sima Tan, started from the theory of Huang Lao. Second, the establishment of China and North Korea to contain the Huiwenjing of foreign dynasties, most prime ministers were mainly treated as heroic prime ministers of Liu Bang, and Emperor Wu and the prime minister disagreed. In order to carry out their own orders, China and Korea were established, and the Shangshutai also appeared during this period. Three. The first emperor in the history of China used the title of year. 1 13 BC, which was regarded as four years by emperor wudi, and later changed to six years of jianyuan, yuanguang, yuanshuo and yuanshou. Fourth, in the beginning of the first year (before 104), the calendar was changed to taichu calendar, with the first month as the beginning of the year, and the color was yellow. Five, salt and iron official camp, sang Hongyang proposed. The salt and iron official camp has continued since the Han Dynasty. Today, salt and iron tea is still mainly controlled by the government and state-owned enterprises. Six, China spread iron smelting, sinking, silk making, paint making and other technologies, and it is of great historical significance to introduce cucurbits, carrots, grapes, blood horses, walnuts and gastrodia elata from the west. Seven, open up the territory and expand the northwest: Wei Qing and Huo Qubing fought against the Huns, recovered the Hetao and Hexi Corridor, and Zhang Qian went to the frontier. Princess Xijun and Princess You Jie successively kissed their grandchildren. Wave after wave of forward efforts, for the first time closely linked with China. Southwest China: The successive appearance of emissaries made the southwest border merged into the north of China for the first time. The attacks by Wei Qing and Huo Qubing have stabilized northern Xinjiang for a long time and protected the stability of the capital. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became an eternal emperor alongside Qin Shihuang, and later generations often called it "Qin Huang Hanwu".

[Edit this paragraph] Chronology of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty

Jingdi was born in June of the year before Yuan Yuan (BC 156) and was born in the neutron year of Emperor Jingdi of Han Dynasty. In April, the first four years of Jingdi's reign (BC 153), Jingdi appointed Liu Rong, the eldest son of Shu and the son of Li Ji, as Prince Li. On the same day, Liu Che was made King of Jiaodong, when Liu Che was four years old. In April of the seventh year before Jingdi (BC 150), Jingdi was deposed as King Linjiang; Mrs Wang was made queen, and Liu Che, the seven-year-old king of Jiaodong, was made Chu Jun, the only son of the queen. In the second year of Emperor Jingdi (BC 148), Liu Rong, the king of Linjiang, was imprisoned for "invading the temple branch as a palace" (committing the crime of occupying the vacant land outside the ancestral temple to expand the palace) and committed suicide soon; In September, Liu Wu, King of Liang, assassinated more than ten people, including Yuan Ang. Jingdi died three years ago (14 1 year ago), and sixteen-year-old Liu Che acceded to the throne. In the first year of Jianyuan (BC 139), Liang Wudi, Zhao Wan and Wang Zang began the New Deal. Zhao Wan and Wang Zang committed suicide in prison because they violated the interests of the imperial clan. The New Deal was frustrated, and Liu Che began to hide his strength. In the second year of Jianyuan (BC 138), Emperor Wu sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions. In the third year of Jianyuan (BC 137), Shanglinyuan was expanded. In the sixth year of Jianyuan (BC 135), Dou Taihou died of illness, and 22-year-old Liu Che officially took power. In June of the second year of Yuanguang (BC 133), the siege of Mayi and the ambush of Xiongnu failed. Began a large-scale war with the Huns. In the fifth year of Yuanguang (BC 130), Wei Qing, a general riding a chariot, defeated Longcheng and won the first victory in the Hungarian campaign since the founding of the Han Dynasty. From then on, he entered a turning point in the war against Hungary. In the first year of yuanshuo (BC128th), Wei Zifu was born Herry Liu, the eldest son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In March, Wei Zifu was made queen; Emperor Wu was twenty-nine years old. In the second year of yuanshuo (BC 127), his father wrote to Emperor Wudi strictly, suggesting that a "favor order" be implemented; Will be formally implemented soon; In the same year, Wei Qing recovered the land of Heshuo, followed Aries and King Loufan, and built Shuofang City, which completely solved the threat of Xiongnu to Chang 'an. In the third year of Yuan Shuo (BC 126), Zhang Qian returned from his mission to the Western Regions, which lasted for thirteen years. In the fifth year of Yuanshuo (BC 124), Wei Qing, a general on horseback, defeated Xiongnu Right, winning more than 100,000 right horses and millions of livestock. The son of heaven worshipped him as a general in the army, and the armies obeyed the general. In the sixth year of Yuan Shuo (BC 123), Huo Qubing went to war and won the title. In the spring and summer of the fourth year of the founding of Emperor Wu Yuan (1 19), General Wei Qing fought the Huns in Mobei, and supported them to flee. Huo Qubing's East Route Army defeated Zuo, and Zuo fled in defeat, completely solving the Xiongnu problem. Since then, there has never been Wang Ting in the desert. Six years after the founding of the People's Republic of China (1 17), Fu Biao rode general Huo Qubing. Liang Wudi Ding Yuan four years (before 1 13), got a treasure tripod in water distribution. In the first year of Emperor Yuanfeng (1 10 years ago), Taishan closed its doors to Zen, and the title of "Yuanfeng" came into being. Yuan Feng five years (formerly 106), Wei Qing, General Fu. In the first year of Taizu (BC 104), it was changed to New Moon and taichu calendar, with the first month as the head (originally October as the head). In the autumn of the second year of Tianhan (99), Li Ling surrendered after being defeated by Xunjishan. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's family and corrupted Sima Qian. In the second year of Emperor Zhenghe (9 1 year), the wanted man was arrested by Prime Minister Gong Sunhe, falsely accusing Gong Sunjingsheng, the son of He, of cursing Liang Wudi with witchcraft, and He and his son died in prison. Princess Zhu Yi, the son of Yang Shi Princess and Wei Qing, was punished. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Jiang Chong, his favourite, to be an emissary to treat witchcraft. In July, Liu Yuxin was framed for "witchcraft case", which goes without saying. He killed Jiang Chong and was forced to arise. Wei Ruyun's son-in-law committed suicide. In August, the prince committed suicide, and his wife and children were killed except his young grandson Liu Bingyi, the later Emperor Xuan Di. In the fourth year of Liang Wudi's conscription (89 years ago), Liang Wudi rehabilitated the prince who was framed and killed in the witchcraft disaster, accused the three families of Jiang Yi, burned Su Wen, and built a "thinking about the fetus" and "looking back at the platform" to express his grief, which made the world feel sad; Release the "guilt on wheels" and reflect on your mistakes. In February, the second year of Emperor Wu's reign (87 BC), Emperor Wu died at the age of 70. In the fifty-fourth year of his reign, he was buried in Maoling, with the temple number Sejong. Huo Guang, Jin Ridi and Shangguan Jie were appointed Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty to assist their youngest son Liu Fuling (eight years old).