In the ancient emperors of China, the unified text is

Among the ancient emperors in China, Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng unified the writing.

Qin Shihuang (the first emperor of China)

Qin Shihuang (259 BC-265438 BC+00 BC) won the surname Zhao. Son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. [1] Born in Handan, the capital of Zhao, he succeeded to the throne at the age of thirteen, proclaimed himself emperor at the age of thirty-nine, and reigned for thirty-seven years. China is a famous politician, strategist and reformer in history, and also the first iron-fisted politician to complete the reunification of China. The establishment of the first multi-ethnic centralized state, with the title of "Emperor" of Huang San and "Emperor" of five emperors, was the first feudal dynasty monarch at all times and in all countries.

Qin Shihuang established the emperor system in the central government, implemented three officials and nine ministers, and managed state affairs. The enfeoffment system was abolished at the local level and replaced by the county system. At the same time, books are written in the same language and cars are on the same track. Unified measurement. Attacking Xiongnu in the north, conquering Baiyue in the south, building the Great Wall of Wan Li, building Lingqu and connecting the water system. It also pushed China into the era of great unification and created a new situation for the establishment of authoritarian centralization. It has had a far-reaching impact on China and world history, and laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than two thousand years. Li Zhi, a thinker in the Ming Dynasty, praised him as "an emperor through the ages".

Chinese name

Ying Zheng

Another name

Qin Shihuang, the first emperor, Zulong, Zhao Zheng.

nation

Qin dynasty

nation

hua xia zu

birthplace

Handan (now Handan City, Hebei Province)

date of birth

The first 259 years

date of death

2 10 years ago

occupation

Emperor, politician, strategist

Xinyang

Legalist thought

Major achievements

Unified China for the first time.

Nanping baiyue, north attack Xiongnu.

Abolish the enfeoffment system and replace it with the county system.

Books are the same, cars are on the same track, and they are measured in a unified way.

Build the Great Wall of Wan Li and open the Southwest.

Time in place

246 years ago-2 years ago10 years ago

Enjoy this year.

50 years old

tomb

Lishan Mausoleum (now Xiahe Village, Lintong District, Xi)

Heir

Qin Ershi Huhai

Place of death

Dune platform (now Guangzong North, Hebei Province)

economy

Degree certification system

During the Warring States period, the systems of weights and measures and monetary systems in various countries were very inconsistent. After the reunification of Qin dynasty, it was stipulated that the currency could be divided into gold and copper: gold was the upper currency and yi was the unit; Copper coins are called coins, which are unified into circular square holes, with half two as the unit. Gold coins are mainly for the emperor, and copper coins are the main circulation media.

Qin Shihuang took the degree, quantity and balance of the former Qin State as the unit standard and eliminated the system that did not match this. Qin Ting engraved the original standard documents promulgated by Shang Yang, or made the same standard documents with inscriptions and sent them to the whole country. It is forbidden to use the degree, quantity and balance different from that of standard instruments. In the field system, the Qin dynasty stipulated that 6 steps (now 230 cm) were feet and 240 steps were acres. This system of dividing land into three parts per mu will remain unchanged for thousands of years.

Change the monetary system

Qin Shihuang unified the currency mainly in two ways: first, the state unified the coinage, severely punished private coinage, and held the right to manufacture the currency in the hands of the state. The second is to unify the two currencies, namely, the upper currency gold and the lower currency copper. The change of gold is based on "Iraq", and one Iraq is 22 Liang. Copper coins take "half Liang" as the unit, and the word "half Liang" is obviously cast in gold coins. Copper coins are shaped like square holes, commonly known as "Qin Banliang". Pearl jade, tortoise shell, silver and tin, which were once popular in six countries, can no longer be used as currency. Speaking of the Qin Dynasty, China's currency was second-class; Gold is named after Yan, and it is a coin; Copper coins, commonly known as half a tael, are as heavy as the text, and are the next coins. Jade beads, tortoiseshell, silver and tin are ornaments, not coins.

Overall traffic

Beginning in 222 BC, Qin Shihuang began to build a large-scale chidao with Xianyang as the center and extending in all directions, similar to modern expressways. Chidao and the implementation of "cars on the same track" are both 50 steps wide. Chidao has several functions, one is to facilitate traffic and management of the old places of the six countries, the other is to facilitate the supply of the front line of the northern war, and the third is to facilitate the smooth inspection of the first emperor. Except for Qin Zhi Road and Qin Plank Road, most of them were built on the basis of Qin's hometown, the old roads in the Six Kingdoms and the roads built during Qin's conquest of the Six Kingdoms. The famous lanes include Shang Jun Road, Linjin Road, Dongfang Road, Wuguan Road, Qinplank Road, West Road and Qin Zhi Road.

After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, in order to facilitate the transportation of troops and materials needed for conquering Lingnan, he ordered Shilu to dig a canal to connect the Xiangjiang River in the Yangtze River system with the Lijiang River in the Pearl River system. This canal was finally completed in the 20th to 23rd year of Qin Shihuang (2 19-2 15). Lingqu is one of the oldest canals in the world. It has been the main waterway transportation route between Lingnan and the Central Plains for more than two thousand years. Therefore, the project is one of the national key cultural relics protection units.

Cars on the same track

During the Warring States period, vehicles in different countries had different shapes. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, the width of the car was set at six feet, and one car could pass through the whole country.

nation

Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established an autocratic monarchy that unified the whole country. Before Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he noticed the rule of ethnic minorities in southwest, southeast and northwest, thus strengthening the political and cultural ties of a multi-ethnic unified country dominated by the Chinese nation. After reunification, officials were set up in the southwest minority areas to make them a part of Qin State. In order to strengthen the connection between the Central Plains and southwest China, a five-foot-wide plank road (called "Five-foot Road") was opened under the auspices of Chang Yi, running through the north and south. After the Qin Dynasty destroyed Chu, it further unified the southeast Yue nationality area, and established Minzhong County (now Fuzhou, Fujian) in the land of Dongou and Minyue.

Subsequently, Qin Shihuang ordered Tu Youyou to lead a 500,000-strong army south in five ways, going deep into today's Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi and other places. In order to transport rations, Qin Shihuang ordered the army to dig a canal to connect the traffic between Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River, a tributary of Gui Jiang. At the same time, poor people and indebted couples were sent to support the war, and finally South Vietnam and Xi 'ou were unified, and Nanhai County, Guilin County and Xiang Jun County were built. Since then, these areas have become the territory of Qin. In the late Warring States period, there was a powerful nomadic tribe from west to north-Xiongnu, which rose in anger and lived in Toumancheng, north of Yinshan Mountain (now the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain in the northeast of Wuyuan, Inner Mongolia). Its leader, Tou Man Khan, often used fast cavalry to plunder food and people in the Central Plains and burned farmhouses. King Wuling of Zhao therefore took defensive measures and immigrated to reclaim land. But still can't stop the Huns from going south, and Jiuyuan Henan (referring to the south of the Yellow River) was occupied by them. In the first 22 1 year, 30,000 households moved to Yuzhong, Hebei Province for reclamation. At the same time, on the basis of the Northern Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan, a 5,000-mile Great Wall was built. [40]

culture

Shu Tongwen

Since the Shang Dynasty, writing has gradually become popular. As an official language, bronze inscriptions are relatively consistent in form. However, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were regional differences in folk characters, such as weapons, Wen Tao, silk books and bamboo slips. This situation has hindered the economic and cultural exchanges between different places, and also affected the effective implementation of policies and decrees of the central government. So, after Qin unified the Central Plains, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si and others to sort out the unified characters.

On the basis of the big seal script widely used by Qin people in the Warring States Period, Lisi absorbed the advantages of the stick figure of Tadpole script popular in Qilu and other places, and created a new character with uniform shape and simple strokes, called "Qin Zhuan", also known as "Xiao seal script", as the official standard character, and abolished other variant characters. In addition, an official named Cheng Miao was detained in Yunyang for committing a crime. During his 10 years in prison, he summarized a change in font evolution at that time (later called "official change"). This move was appreciated by Qin Shihuang, so he was released, promoted to an imperial history, and ordered him to "set up a book" and develop a new font, that is, "official script." Official script broke the tradition of ancient Chinese characters, laid the foundation of regular script and improved the writing efficiency.

Qin Shihuang ordered the unification and simplification of Chinese characters, which is a summary of the development and evolution of ancient Chinese characters and a major reform of Chinese characters. He played an important role in the development of China culture.