What are the traditional folk houses?

Folk houses are places where people live and recuperate for the convenience of life and production. The site selection, foundation, frame and indoor and outdoor decoration of residential buildings are all based on local national customs and culture, and various buildings are built through design. Bricks, tiles, beams and windows of folk houses are permeated with profound cultural charm of all ethnic groups. Different forms of living environment have formed the humanistic spirit of different customs, and have been painted into colorful residential styles in China. Home architecture is a synthesis of national aesthetic consciousness, ideological interest, social customs and patriarchal ideas. Whether it is a deep house compound in a bustling city, a stone tower in a town or village in the south of the Yangtze River, or a wooden and bamboo building surrounded by a beautiful sea, it is full of dignified, noble and magnificent life breath, vividly showing people's cultural self-restraint and aesthetic taste.

Beijing quadrangle

Beijing quadrangles have a long history. As early as the Liao Dynasty, quadrangles had already taken shape. After Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it gradually improved and eventually became the most distinctive living form in Beijing. Most of the existing quadrangles are left over from the Qing Dynasty. Because of the different construction time and planning, the houses in the hutongs in the inner city and the outer city are different. Although the basic pattern of housing construction is quadrangles, there are great differences between quadrangles in inner cities and outer cities. Most houses in inner city hutongs are standard quadrangles. The so-called standard quadrangle is surrounded by north room, south room and east and west room, and the houses are connected by sandwich walls to form a closed courtyard. Old Beijingers call it a four-bedroom apartment. Among them, the hall, principal's office, yard, private school, study, veranda and kitchen are all available. The extended family even has a garden and a carriage house. Close the door and form their own world. The essence of quadrangles lies in the word "harmony". There is a courtyard in the center for communication, lighting and ventilation.

Courtyard style is simple and elegant, solemn and elegant, with exquisite layout and quiet environment. "The Red Gate Tower has a high terrace, blue bricks and grey tiles", the ponytail ridge on the roof, the landscape clouds painted under the eaves, the brick-to-ground docking wall and exquisite gardens all permeate the ancient charm of China residential buildings.

Regular quadrangles in Beijing generally sit in the east-west hutong, facing south, with symmetrical central axis, balanced left and right, looking inward, closed to the outside world and square. Siheyuan, big or small, is a courtyard composed of four houses. Only one hospital is called a hospital, two hospitals are called two hospitals, and three hospitals are called three hospitals. By analogy, there are as many as eight courtyards and nine courtyards in Beijing, which are really deep houses.

Due to the different size and orientation of the building area, there are large quadrangles, medium quadrangles and small quadrangles in the spatial combination.

The grand quadrangle is magnificent, with many tall buildings, overlapping courtyards, front porch and back mansion, hand-picked veranda, hanging flower doors and screen walls. There is a courtyard in the courtyard, a garden outside the courtyard, and the courtyards are connected. This is a large residential building, which is mainly built for officials' families.

The main room is the front porch and the back building, and there is a building behind it. There is a flower hanging door in the middle of the flower wall in the south of the east and west wing, and there are four wooden screens in the door. Both the east wing and the west wing have a veranda for reading manuscripts, which is connected with the hanging door. Some flower walls are on both sides of the hanging door, with two or three leaking windows. Between the main room and the wing room, there is a round moon door, which can lead from the aisle to the backyard, and some have a hall. There is a flower wall in the east and west of the outer court, with a moon gate in the middle, blue lacquer wooden screens on all sides and red characters on all sides. There is "East Wall Calligraphy" in the east and "West Garden Calligraphy" in the west. You can go to the Cross Courtyard from this gate. There is a gable corridor in the south room, which is connected by gables. This layout has formed several courtyards connected from east to west and from north to south. In the Qing dynasty, due to different titles, the regulations of residence were also different, from governors to three public offices. The foundation of the house is two feet high, the doorpost is decorated with chalk, the middle beam is decorated with gold, five miscellaneous flowers are painted next to it, and the doornails are vertical and horizontal. Decreasing after waiting. The most typical big quadrangles in Beijing are Wang Fu and Gongwangfu in Qing Dynasty. They are spectacular and have gardens. Plant flowers and trees in the courtyard for viewing.

Generally, middle-class wealthy families live in quadrangles. Chinese quadrangles generally have five or seven main rooms with wooden partitions or floors, and some main rooms and wing rooms have porches. The five rooms are three main rooms and two wing rooms, and the wing room is a single door, so-called "three ears". Seven rooms, between the main room and the wing, there are two suites connected to the main room. There are three rooms in the east and west, and there is an aisle between the rooms, which can lead to the backyard. There is a courtyard wall in the south of the east-west wing, which divides the courtyard into an inner courtyard and an outer courtyard. Both the inner and outer courtyards are brick yards. After the rain clears, there will be no water in the yard. There is a moon gate in the middle of the courtyard wall. In order not to let people in the outer courtyard see the inner courtyard at a glance, a brick or wooden screen wall was erected behind the moon gate. Some put some pots of flowers and a big fish tank in the yard. Build a ceiling in summer and enjoy the cool in the yard. There is one or two deer roofs in the outer yard. The house at the top of the deer is a little smaller than the wing. Is it for kitchen or for servants? There are seven rooms in the south, one in the east is a doorway, the other in the west is a concierge, and the door opens on the west wall of the doorway; Make a garage or a side door in the west.

Ordinary people live in small quadrangles. The layout of small quadrangles is relatively simple, generally there are three rooms in the north, and most of them are divided into one bright and two dark or two bright and one dark by partitions. There are two east wing rooms and three south wing rooms, and the easternmost one has a doorway. Most of the gates are ridged gatehouses. There is a blue brick tunnel in the courtyard, which is connected with all families. Two or three generations of old Beijingers live in such a small quadrangle.

Beijing Siheyuan attaches great importance to greening. The courtyard is full of trees and flowers. It is really lush and elegant. The favorite flowers in old Beijing are lilac, begonia, elm leaf plum, peach blossom and so on. Most of the trees are jujube and locust trees. In addition to planting flowers and plants, you can also plant plants and water them. The most common potted flowers and trees are pomegranate, oleander, Jingui, Yin Gui, Rhododendron and Gardenia. Planting pomegranate is a sign of "many children". As for the grass jasmine, impatiens, morning glory and flat bean curd in the garden before the hospital, it is the daily beauty of the courtyard.

The quadrangle in Beijing is a brick-wood structure, without steel bars and cement, without blue bricks and gray tiles, and without brick-wood combination. The standard structure with wood structure as the main body is light in weight and shockproof. The overall architectural color is gray-blue, giving people a very simple and solemn impression.

Supporting facilities of quadrangles

Most of the gates of quadrangles occupy the area of a room, and the spare parts are quite complicated. Only the names are gatehouse, doorway, gate, door frame, waist Fang, plug, walking board, door pillow, sill, threshold, door pin, big edge, plastering head, threading belt, door core plate, door cymbal and plug-in. The gate is generally black, and red, oil and black couplets can be added. Into the gate, there are hanging flower doors, moon doors and so on. Hanging flower door is the most gorgeous decorative door in the courtyard, called "hanging flower", which is used to separate the inner and outer courtyards. Outside the door is the living room, concierge, garage and other "outhouses", while inside the door is the bedroom "inner room" for living.

The Moon Shadow Wall is the building of Beijing Siheyuan and its gate. There are three common screen walls in quadrangles. The first one was built inside the gate, and it was called a shadow wall. This kind of screen wall is more common. The second is the screen wall outside the gate. This screen wall is located on the opposite side of the hutong, facing the door of the house, and generally has two shapes. The plane is in the shape of "I", which is called a word shadow wall; The plane is "dark"

The shape is called the shadow wall of wild goose wings. These two kinds of screen walls are either independent outside the wall of the opposite house or leaning against the wall of the opposite house, which are mainly used to cover the messy eaves of the opposite house and corner, so that people who go out from the gate have a neat and beautiful feeling. There is also a shadow wall, which is located on the east and west sides of the gate and has a figure-eight shape on the plane, which is called "the shadow wall against the picture" or "the shadow wall over the mountain". When making this inverted figure-eight shadow wall, the gate should retreat 2-4 meters inward to form a small space in front of the gate as a buffer for entering and leaving the gate. Against the backdrop of the anti-eight-character shadow wall, the house door appears deeper, wider and richer.

The carved patterns of quadrangles are mainly auspicious patterns, such as "longevity and happiness" composed of bats and longevity figures, "Four Seasons Peace" implied by vases with Chinese roses, "Three generations of descendants", "Jade Hall is rich" and "Fulu Xi Shou", which show the pursuit of a better life by old Beijingers.

With the progress of the times, the ancient quadrangles in Beijing are gradually replaced by more convenient apartment buildings.

the Hakka earth buildings of Fujian

Hakka earth building is a pearl of oriental civilization, a unique mountain village residential building in the world, and a wonderful work of ancient architecture in China. It has a long history, unique style, large scale and exquisite structure, and stands proudly in the world of residential architecture art.

According to legend, at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, due to the constant war in the Central Plains, some Han people in the Yellow River valley moved south to escape the war, and it lasted for thousands of years in the Southern Song Dynasty, and they moved to Wan Li and came to Jiangxi, Fujian, northern Guangdong and other places. To distinguish it from the original local residents, it is called "Hakka". The word "Hakka" is relative to "aborigines". In order to survive and develop, Hakka people, on the one hand, cut through thorns and reclaim wasteland, on the other hand, build shelter from the wind and rain. Under the conditions at that time, family settlement was the consistent requirement and inevitable result of resisting all kinds of natural and man-made disasters. Hakka people who migrated for clan used local materials and used ancient architectural techniques in Central Plains to imitate castles for military purposes, creating a great architectural miracle-Hakka earth buildings.

Earth buildings are mostly square or round, mainly distributed in Yongding, Fujian. There are 360 circular buildings and more than 4,000 square buildings in the county. In particular, the strange round earth building is the most traditional Hakka color and the most shocking.

Earth buildings not only have the function of defending the enemy, but also have the characteristics of earthquake prevention, fire prevention, theft prevention and good lighting. Because the earth wall is thick, it is warm in winter and cool in summer.

Earth building is made of raw soil as the main material, with lime, fine sand, glutinous rice, brown sugar, bamboo chips, wood strips and so on. Repeatedly kneading, pressing and ramming. Earth buildings are generally three to five stories high, with a kitchen on the first floor, a warehouse on the second floor and a living room above the third floor, which can accommodate 200 to 700 people. Earth buildings have peculiar structures, such as round, square, oval, half moon, top chair, umbrella, windmill, gossip and so on. They have their own characteristics, each leading the way, magnificent and shocking. Tulou is known as "a bright pearl of oriental civilization".

Hakka earth buildings are generally located in the mountains and valleys, with different shapes, simple shapes and strong geometric sense, often square and round. In addition, there is a kind of roof cornice with staggered height and overlapping layers, which is called "Wufeng" building with various forms and complex structure.

The round earth building is a model of Hakka folk houses and can be called the first building in the world. The circular building is the most famous Hakka earth building. A circular building consists of two or three circles, which are interlocking from the inside out. The outer ring of the circular building is more than ten meters high, with four floors and 200 rooms. The first floor is a kitchen and dining room, the second floor is a warehouse, and the third and fourth floors are bedrooms. There are thirty or fifty rooms on the second floor, which are generally guest rooms. One of them is the ancestral hall, which is a public place for hundreds of people living in the building to have weddings, funerals and celebrations. There are also wells, bathrooms, mills and other equipment in the building. The earth building is rammed with local raw soil, without reinforced concrete. The wall foundation is 3m wide, the bottom wall thickness is 1.5m, and the top wall thickness is not less than 0.9m. Then it is divided into many small rooms with wooden boards along the circular outer wall, and there is a corridor inside. These include the "Chengqi Building" with the longest age and the most rings, the "Shenyuan Building" with the largest diameter and the "Rusheng Building" with the smallest diameter. According to statistics, there are more than 700 complete round earth buildings.

Square buildings are the most common in earth buildings. The characteristic of this type of building is that a square or nearly square high fence is rammed first, and then other buildings in the building expand along this fence. The standard specifications for expansion are generally open patios and cloisters around patios. These floors of the same building form are piled up together, reaching six floors. Finally, wooden floors and beams, together with tile roofs, have become the most common square buildings in earth buildings. According to statistics, there are more than 4,000 square meters of buildings in Yongding alone. At present, the largest known square building is the "cultural relic building" built in Gaobei Town, Yongding County, the first year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty.

Wufeng Building is also known as Dafudi, Mansion-style, Palace-style or Pen-rack Building. There are generally two versions of the origin of the name Wufenglou. One is that the eaves of Wufeng building are mostly non-cascading, just like the phoenix spreading its wings, hence the name; Second, "Five Phoenix" refers to five different colors of "birds": pink, yellow, green, purple and white. It also symbolizes the five directions of east, south, west, north and middle, so it is called "Five Peaks Tower". No matter what its name is, it is undeniable that Wufeng Pagoda is the most quadrangle-style residential building in the Central Plains among Hakka earth buildings. It is characterized by three concave and two convex from the outside, much like the ancient penholder in China. And all the houses are symmetrical about the central axis.

Wufeng building has several different styles: three halls, two halls and one wing, rooms on both sides of the three halls, dragon rooms behind the three halls and nine halls and two halls. The most common Wufeng Pagoda has three halls and two sides. The back hall and the houses on both sides are generally two floors. There is a semi-circular pond in front of the building, and the diameter side of the pond is close to and parallel to the earth building. Sandwiched between the pond and the earth building, there is also an open space called "Tanghe", which Hakka people use to dry food. The five pagodas are built on the river, and many of them are located on the hillside. Make the whole building community rise from south to north layer by layer. Looking at the roof from the front, it shows the effect of falling layer by layer, and the momentum is good. The area where Wufenglou is located is prosperous in ethics, and most people hope that their children will gain fame and honor through reading. In view of the inscription "Great Blessed Land" at the entrance of Wufeng Building, it indicates the master's prominent position and metaphorically expresses the master's expectation: I hope my children can rise step by step and get ahead.

In addition to circular buildings, square buildings and Wufeng buildings, there are concave, semi-circular and bagua-shaped earth buildings classified by shape. The concave earth buildings are mainly distributed in Nanjing and Zhaoan in southern Fujian. Pinghe and Yongding are semi-circular, and there are occasional gossip-shaped earth buildings in Yongding, Zhangpu, Hua 'an, Zhao 'an, Nanjing and eastern Guangdong. Among them, Daoyun Building is the largest gossip earth building in China.

King of Tulou-Chengqi Building

1986 The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of China issued a set of stamps entitled "China Folk Houses", in which Fujian Folk Houses are an interconnected earthen building shaped like a castle. This tulou is the world-famous Chengqi Building. The huge Chengqi Building is famous all over the world with this square inch stamp.

Chengqi Building is located in Gaobei Village, Gaotou Township, Fuzhou City. According to legend, the ground was broken in Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty and completed in Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, which lasted for three generations. Large-scale, strange shape, antique, full of strong local flavor. According to legend, in the process of construction, it is always sunny when the wall is rammed, and it doesn't rain until the water comes out of the wall. Chengqi Building is called "Heaven Helps Building" because it thanks God's care. "Four floors, four floors, 400 rooms up and down; Inside and outside the circle, outside the trap circle, it has experienced vicissitudes for 300 years, which is a vivid portrayal of architecture. "

Chengqi Building, with its tall, thick, rugged and majestic architectural style and dignified plastic arts in gardens and courtyards, is integrated into the poetic and picturesque scenery of mountains and rivers, which has amazed countless tourists. 198 1 The Dictionary of Places of Interest in China, known as the "King of Tulou", complements China's places of interest such as the Temple of Heaven in Beijing and the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang. There are models of Chengqi Building in Lilliput, Taiwan Province Province and splendid china, Shenzhen.

The Hakkas in the tower of Taizi Town, Tulou, moved from the Central Plains and were deeply influenced by China's traditional culture and thoughts. They know that gossip has been used by people since ancient times to arrange troops and defend against the enemy. Therefore, in order to make a living, they face various natural and social difficulties. When building residential buildings, from the perspective of safety, they all use gossip when designing and building earth buildings. The most typical is the tower of Prince Town, Tulou, Yongding County, Fujian Province.

Zhencheng Building is located in Hongkeng Village, Hukeng Town. Built in 19 12, covering an area of 5,000 square meters. It hangs on the top of the mountain and is divided into two circles, inside and outside, forming a pattern inside and outside the building. The front door is "divination" and the back door is "divination" The outer ring has 4 floors, each with 48 questions and 6 hexagrams; Each hexagon has a staircase as a unit; These hexagrams are connected by arches. There are one hall, two wells (which coincide with the yin and yang poles in the Eight Diagrams), three doors (namely, the main entrance and two side doors, which coincide with the talents of heaven, earth and people in the Eight Diagrams) and eight units. There is a wall of fire between hexagrams. If a divination catches fire, it won't endanger the whole building. There is also a divination door between divination, which is closed and self-sufficient; Open it so that all parties can communicate with each other. Once the thief enters the house and the divination door is closed, he can catch the turtle in the jar.

The facilities layout of the whole building has both the imprint of Suzhou gardens and the characteristics of ancient Greek architecture, which is a wonderful architectural work combining Chinese and western. 1995, its architectural model and the Temple of Heaven participated in the World Architecture Exhibition held in Los Angeles, USA, as representatives of China's north-south circular buildings, which caused a sensation and was known as the "Pearl of Oriental Architecture".

The oldest earth building-Fuxin building

Fuxin Building is located in xiazhai village, Lei Hu Town. Built in 769 AD, it is the oldest Hakka earth building in Yongding ~ 1200 years ago. Covering an area of 1275.76 square meters, it is four stories high, and the wall is rammed with raw soil. Fuxin building has no stone foundation, which follows the architectural techniques and forms of the Chinese people, and fully embodies the close relationship between Yongding earth building and the houses in the Yellow River basin. There is a trench four meters wide around the building, and a suspension bridge is installed in front of it. The bottom wall is mixed with lime and brown sugar, which is very strong. It can be called a living fossil of ancient architecture culture in Central Plains.

The largest square building-cultural relics building

This cultural relic building is located in Shangyang Village, Gaobei Town. Built in the first year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty, it is the largest and well-preserved square earth building in existence. Locals describe it this way: a person starts to open the window when the sun rises, goes downstairs to eat at noon, and then goes upstairs to close the window until the sun goes down. The heritage building has 280 rooms and 565,438+0 halls, covering an area of 5 hectares and a construction area of more than 4,000 square meters. The whole building has neat layout and clear organization, which took more than 70 years and took three generations to build. The width of the external wall is136m, the length from north to south is 76m, and the area is10336m2. The main building in the back seat is17m high, with five floors in total, which is the tallest building in Yongding. The left and right ends of the main building are vertically connected with a four-story building, and are closely connected with the four-story front building parallel to the main building, forming a huge square building, thus forming a big "mouth". There is also a group of small "mouth"-shaped buildings inside, forming a unique "Hui"-shaped overall shape. It is really "there is a door in the door and a building in the building, overlapping". Locals call it "Mansion". In the middle is the ancestral hall. There are two schools around the front building, where children can go to school. There is a stone screen in the middle of the school and a gatehouse in front. The gate is 6 meters high and 4 meters wide. Behind the main building, there is a garden, a fish pond, a barn, a cowshed and other ancillary buildings.

Mansion-style earth building-Yulong building

Located in Gaobei Town, Yongding County, Fujian Province, it was built in the eighth year of Qing Daoguang (1828) and completed in six years. It has a history of 170 years. On the lintel, the word "blessed land" is left, and the plaque "father and son enter the exam" is hung. The whole building is 108m deep and 5m wide, and the main building is 1 1.4m high. There are 25 halls in the whole building, with 1 18 rooms. Outside the gatehouse, there is a17m wide sun bed, a 30m wide semicircular fish pond, a hillside behind the main building and a 55m long fan fence. The whole building covers an area of nearly ten thousand square meters. The courtyards of the whole building complex overlap, and the patchwork buildings are harmonious, unified and magnificent.

After visiting the building, Chen Congzhou, a famous landscape architect in China and a professor at Tongji University, wrote in A Trip to Fujian: "Although I wandered around at dusk, I couldn't bear to do it." On the way home, I improvised a poem: "The fairy mountain is like a dream, and the old eyes feel sorry for themselves." The wind in the Song and Yuan Dynasties has passed away, so the tower is not Yi Tu. "

Folk houses in northern Shaanxi

Cave dwelling is the most representative residence in the northern Shaanxi Plateau of China, which contains the historical heritage of the northern ethnic cave dwelling. Archaeological findings show that Xuanyuan Huangdi tribe hid as an artificial cave when it was active in northern Shaanxi, which just recorded and revealed the information of this primitive cave. After thousands of years of slow evolution, the primitive caves have gradually become the same caves of earth, stone and brick. According to textual research, it should have started in the Zhou Dynasty at the earliest. After the Qin and Han dynasties, it developed into an all-crypt type, which is today's earth kiln. In the middle of Ming dynasty, stones were used as kiln walls. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the local people built caves modeled on earth kilns. Now there are also new caves, colored tiles, separate halls and rooms, and two floors above and below, which are more comfortable and pleasant to live in.

The caves in the First Hospital are generally built with 3 holes or 5 holes. The middle kiln is the main kiln, some are divided into front kiln and back kiln, and some are 1 and 3-open kiln. From the outside, the four holes should be separated. When you walk inside, you can find that they have tunnel-like small doors to communicate with each other, and the top is semicircular, so the space of the cave will increase. The walls of caves are generally painted with lime, which makes them white, neat, dry and bright. There is a pot and a stove on one side of the hole, and the stove is connected to one end of the kang. Because the flue of the stove fire passes through the bottom of the kang, it is very warm on the kang in winter.

The three walls around the Kang are generally decorated with some patterned papers or collages, which are called Kang Wei Zi by people in northern Shaanxi. Kang wai is a practical decoration, which can avoid the direct contact and friction between the bedding on the kang and the rough wall and keep it clean. In order to beautify the living room, many people draw circles on the kang. This is the folk art with a long history in northern Shaanxi-painting outside the kang.

The windows of caves in northern Shaanxi are very particular, which are divided into four parts: skylight, inclined window, kang window and doors and windows, all of which are decorated with paper-cuts. They decorated the window grilles beautifully and generously according to the patterns of the windows. The tracery dam is occupied outside the window, with bright colors from the outside and bright and comfortable from the inside, thus producing a unique formal beauty of light, color and tone. The pane is very spacious, and the sun can shine in freely.

The biggest advantage of caves is that they are warm in winter and cool in summer. In winter, when the water drops into ice outside the kiln and the north wind whirs, it will be warm to burn some firewood in the hearth of the kiln. In summer and July, the heat wave rolls outside the kiln, but the kiln is cool in autumn, which is better than air conditioning. People often say that northern Shaanxi is poor, but this cave is the deep affection given by nature to northern Shaanxi people and a symbol of their wisdom.

The caves in northern Shaanxi developed to the middle and late 20th century, which wrote the most brilliant page in the history of Yan 'an caves. 1935, China * * * Production Party took Yan 'an as its revolutionary base, and successively built many caves and earth caves in the valley of Fenghuang Mountain in Yan 'an, Wang Jiaping, Yang Jialing, Zaoyuan and the former site of Lu Yi.

In 1990s, the world's largest cave building complex, Yan 'an Cave Hotel, was built 500 meters away from the former site of Yang Jialing Revolution in Yan 'an. This magnificent overall pure cave building complex is built on the mountain, with eight rows and 268 holes, and is built according to the three-star standard. Ansai farmers' paintings are hung on the cave wall, and northern Shaanxi paper-cut is stuck on the window lattice paper. There are stone mills, stone mills and stone tables and chairs in front of each row of caves. It smells like farmers in northern Shaanxi. Yan 'an cave hotel has become a new highlight of Yan 'an tourism.

Shanxi dwellings qiaojia yard

Among the dwellings in China, Shanxi dwellings are as famous as those in southern Anhui, and there has always been a saying that there is Shanxi in the north and southern Anhui in the south. Among them, the most representative Shanxi folk houses are Qixian and Pingyao. The Qiao Family Courtyard is one of the most typical representatives.

Qiaojia Courtyard is located in the beautiful and rich Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province, in the middle of Qiaojiabao Village, northeast of Qixian County 12km. It was built in Qingganlong for 20 years (1756), and then expanded and repaired to 19 12. It lasted nearly two centuries. It covers an area of 8724 square meters and has a building area of 3870 square meters. It is divided into six courtyards, 20 small courtyards and 3 13 rooms. The courtyard looks like a castle, facing the street on three sides, surrounded by a closed brick wall, more than three feet high, with a parapet and a watchtower on it, which is safe and firm and magnificent. The jstars courtyard is the jstars in the main hall of Qixian County. "In the main hall, it is Qiao Zhiyong, the hall name of the fifth-generation commercial capitalist jstars, who is well-known at home and abroad.

Overlooking the layout of the courtyard from the sky, it looks like a double word "hi" symbolizing good luck. The whole compound building is low in front and high in back, which is in line with China's traditional geomantic theory that "the front is low and the back is high, and the son has a hero".

Entering the gate of Qiaojiayuan is a straight stone tunnel, which divides six courtyards into two rows. There are three courtyards in the north, which are called old courtyard, northwest courtyard and study courtyard in turn from east to west. The three courtyards in the south are Southeast Courtyard, Sananing Courtyard and New Courtyard. Near the northwest courtyard, there used to be a small courtyard, which was the bookstore of the jstars, so it was called the study courtyard. There are four main buildings in the compound, including six gatehouses, watchtowers and watchtowers. There are connected walkways on the roof of each hospital, which are used to patrol nursing homes. Looking at the whole hospital, from the outside, it is majestic and tall, neat and dignified; Looking into the courtyard, it is resplendent and orderly, showing the living style of feudal families in northern China. The whole compound, with strict layout, exquisite architecture and changeable specifications, not only has a sense of beauty as a whole, but also has its own advantages in local architecture, and even more than 40 chimneys on the roof have their own characteristics.

The jstars courtyard is magnificent. Its exquisite design and exquisite craftsmanship fully demonstrate the unique style of China's residential buildings in the Qing Dynasty. It has extremely high ornamental, scientific research and historical value. It is indeed an unparalleled treasure house of art, which is praised by experts and scholars as "a pearl in northern residential buildings", and it is no exaggeration. No wonder someone said with emotion after visiting: "The royal family has the Forbidden City, and the houses look at the Qiao family."

Ancient City of Pingyao

Most ordinary residential buildings in Pingyao were built in the Qing Dynasty. These houses are large in area and exquisite in materials. Because Shanxi's climate is dry and not destroyed by the war, most of it is quite well preserved.

The layout of residential buildings is mostly in the form of strict quadrangles, with obvious axis, left-right symmetry and clear priorities. It consists of several courtyards along the central axis, and the three courtyards are generally in the basic form of "eyes".

Courtyards are usually separated by low walls and ornate hanging doors. Some courtyards have gardens on one side or behind them.

The exterior walls of Pingyao dwellings are all brick, and they are fair-faced brick walls, which are as high as seven or eight meters. They don't open windows to the outside world, and their appearance is solid and gorgeous. Some make castles at the top of the walls, like small castles. Trees are rarely planted in the yard, and superstitions believe that trees will lead ghosts into the room and make it restless. The ground in the yard was paved with bricks and more flower beds were built. No dirt, easy to clean.

The houses in Pingyao are luxuriously decorated inside and outside, with exquisite hanging doors made of wood carvings, flowers hanging under the beams of the main house, lion rolling hydrangeas, Samsung of Fu Lushou, chess, calligraphy and painting, etc. , all have a certain style. Doors and windows are all wooden Guo, and most of them have complex patterns and are different. Some doors are also engraved with the story of Tang Yao Yu Shun's Zen meditation. When glass is widely used, some wealthy businessmen use carved glass. In order to keep warm and cold, the doors and windows are mostly double-decked, and the rafters and beams under the eaves are painted with colorful pictures.

The house doors on both sides of the streets and lanes are particularly exquisite, with various forms of door tops, such as hanging mountains with rolling roofs, hanging mountains with ridges on two slopes, two slopes with unequal lengths, and half slopes with eaves. , beams inserted under eaves, arches outside eaves, etc. , the practice is different. Some use columns, some make pilaster piers, and so on. There is a plaque on the door leaf of the gate, and the books are Xiu De, Xiuqi, Faao, Xia Wei and Happy Family. Some houses have framed stones and pillars for tying horses outside, and the exquisite stone carvings reflect the wealth of these households at that time. There are more than 400 well-preserved houses in the city, which are rare in China.

Shanghai folk houses

Shanghai is known as the "World Architecture Expo". Strolling along the Bund, the magnificent buildings with different styles, such as Gothic, Romanesque, Renaissance and Baroque, show the elegance of architectural art. Strolling along the streets, you will feel that the old house with unique charm is also a beautiful scenery.

Speaking of Shanghai folk houses, we must not forget Shikumen. Shikumen is the most representative residential building in Shanghai. Because the outer door of this kind of residence is made of stone, it is called "Shikumen".

/kloc-In the late 20th century, Shikumen architecture began to appear in Shanghai, which is a branch of residential buildings in the south of the Yangtze River. The most typical feature of the residential buildings in Shikumen Lane is the combination of Chinese and Western. It is a traditional quadrangle or quadrangle in the south of the Yangtze River, mostly a two-story building with brick and wood structure. There is a balcony on the second floor. Dark doors are often equipped with knockers, and the sound of knocking in and out echoes in the ancient Shikumen Hutong. Generally, the entrance is a small patio, followed by a living room and then a well. The backyard is a stove and a back door. There are left and right wings on both sides of the patio and living room. Above the kitchen on the first floor is the "pavilion room" and above it is the terrace. However, the overall layout adopts European style. Sloping roofs usually have tiger windows.

The red brick exterior wall, the lintel is made of traditional brick carving and blue tile roof, and the details of the exterior wall are carved by western architecture. Later, Shikumen was gradually accepted by Shanghai. Its appearance is a necessity of city life.

The modern life with foreign flavor has broken the traditional life mode of quadrangle-style big family and replaced it with Shikumen Hutong culture suitable for single immigrants and small families. By the 1920s, more than three quarters of Shanghai's houses lived in Shikumen, and now nearly 40% of Shencheng residents live in Shikumen, which has a history of more than a century. As a product of architecture and culture, Shikumen, a combination of Chinese and Western culture, left a deep impression on the modern architectural history of China.

With the development of urban construction, Shikumen in the center of Shanghai is disappearing, and the terms related to Shikumen such as pavilion, living room, wing, patio, second landlord, eldest sister-in-law, and seventy-two tenants have become fond memories of old Shanghainese. Instead, it is a new type of residential group. However, Shanghai attaches great importance to the preservation of old buildings, and some Shikumen Alleys with Shanghai characteristics have been preserved as a whole group of excellent modern buildings.

Yunnan folk houses

Yunnan is located in the low latitude plateau in the southwest frontier of China, with beautiful mountains and rivers, spring-like seasons and simple folk customs. In this magical and beautiful red land, there are 26 brotherly peoples living. And their living naturally reflects the local ethnic style: there are Pumi people in the high mountains and mountains.