There was a war between the Guishuang Empire and the Eastern Han Dynasty.

There was a war between the Guishuang Empire and the Eastern Han Dynasty.

The Identity Mystery of Guishuang

The origin of Guishuang can also be said to be historical common sense. Basically, all the information about Guishuang will tell you that Guishuang is a country established in India after Dayue moved westward, so Guishuang people are descendants of Dayue.

According to modern theory, Dayue family originated in Hexi Corridor from Zhangye to Dunhuang in Gansu Province. In the early days, it was extremely tough, and even forced the Huns to submit to it and forced the Huns to send protons to it. But at the end of the 3rd century, a Xiongnu proton in Da Yue managed to escape back to Xiongnu. Later, he killed his father, seized the Khan throne of Xiongnu and unified the Xiongnu ministries. This man is an important figure in the history of China, modu chanyu.

After Mao Zedong unified the Huns, he repeatedly crusaded against the Yues. From the second year of Emperor Gaudi (205 BC) to the fifth year of Emperor Gaudi (202 BC) and the third year of Emperor Wendi (177 BC) to the fourth year of Emperor Wendi (176 BC), the Xiongnu army led by Mao Dun defeated Dayue twice. After that, Da Yue first moved to Junggar Basin in northern Xinjiang today. However, in the second year after Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty (BC 162), Lao Shangdan, the son of Morton, defeated Da Yue again, and Da Yue moved westward again, moving to the Ili Valley on today's Sino-Kazakh border. In the following 100 years, it became the new base of Da Yue family.

Therefore, the history of the big moon family seems to be quite clear, so what is the mystery? The mystery is whether Yue's family is yellow or white. Since Da Yue's westward migration had a profound impact on the situation in Central Asia and India, in addition to China's ancient records, Da Yue's family was also recorded in some historical materials in ancient India and even in the West, and Da Yue's family left many historical sites in Central Asia and India, but the Da Yue family revealed by these sites was obviously different from each other. For example, it is recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty that Yue "clothes, food and words are similar to Qiang". Judging from this record, Yue's family should be a yellow man who speaks Sino-Tibetan.

Schematic diagram of Dayue moving westward

However, after Dayue moved westward, a large number of coins engraved with its rulers were issued, and the images of rulers on these coins were all white. Moreover, some modern viewpoints believe that the Masagat, a powerful nation recorded in western historical materials, is the Dayue family, while western historical materials say that this nation is a member of the Serbian race, that is, Indo-European Caucasians. Therefore, there are still many mysteries about the origin of the modern Da Yue family.

The big moon family and the Greeks

Because the Yue family suppressed the Huns for a long time, it was also a very powerful nation in the eyes of the Central Plains people. So just can have the back of the Zhang Qian to the western regions contact big moon people * * * against the huns. However, Zhang Qian failed to convince Yue's family. The main reason may be that the Yue family has seen a broader development prospect in Central Asia and India than defeating the Huns to return home.

Speaking of this, let's put down the big moon family and talk about the situation in Central Asia and India at that time. Before Da Yue came to Central Asia, there was a people in Central Asia called Saka people, and they should be members of this people. In their south, that is, North India, there are a large number of Greeks living there. So when it comes to the Greeks in India, everyone will definitely think of the Alexander Crusade in Macedonia first. Although the specific process of Alexander's conquest of India was controversial in modern times, there did exist a country established by the invading Greeks in northern India.

The mainstream view is that after Alexander's death, many of his generals left India with their troops. However, many Greek immigrants who moved there at that time stayed behind and became subjects of the peacock dynasty in India. Around the first year of Emperor Xiaowen Qin (the first 250 years), Dio Daughters I, the governor of Bactria, a Seleucean empire established by the Greeks, declared Bactria's independence and established the Greek-Bactrian kingdom. Later, in the fifth year of Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty (BC 190), his king Demetrius I began to invade North India on a large scale. And his invasion may have been met by the Greeks who stayed in the local area at an early age, so they sang a triumphant song all the way, even as far away as Fahrenheit to the capital of the Indian Peacock Dynasty.

After the death of Derrida I, civil war broke out in Bactria, which split into several small kingdoms. Among them, the Greeks in Gandhara, which is located in today's northern India, converted to Buddhism, and later created the far-reaching Buddhist sculpture art of Gandhara. When Zhang Qian went to Dayue people, he also recorded a country called Daxia. According to some modern viewpoints, Daxia is the Daxia recorded in some Indian and Western historical materials. According to Zhang Qian's records, there are more than1100 million citizens in Daxia, and its capital is named Shi Lan. He also said that Daxia was defeated not long ago, and Daxia was "weak in soldiers, afraid of war and good at Jiacheng". That is to say, this country is not strong in fighting capacity, but it is good at doing business, which is also in line with the characteristics of the Greeks who are good at trade.

Jess Zhang

After Da Yue entered Central Asia, it first drove away the Saiga people in Central Asia. After being driven out of their hometown, the Saiga people quickly moved south to northern India. And they dealt a heavy blow to several small Greek kingdoms around them along the way. In the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (BC 145), Saiga people destroyed Aihanum, an important town in the east of Bactria.

However, the main purpose of the Saiga people's southward advance was to avoid the big moon family, so it seems that they did not stay there for long, so Bactria did not perish immediately. However, the Vietnamese people who followed went further and invaded the core area of Daxia, forcing them to become princes around the fifth year of Yuanguang (130), and Daxia gradually went to extinction. 1 year later, Zhang Qian arrived at Dayue family and left relevant records. Some small kingdoms split from Bactria have existed for more than 100 years, but they have been very marginalized, so from this perspective, it can be said that the big moon family is one of the most important reasons for the end of Greek rule in India.

Gui Shuang and Mahayana Buddhism

After the attack on Bactria, the Dayue people divided the occupied land among their five tribes, one of which was Guishuang. At that time, each tribe was led by a monk. More than 65,438+000 years later, Kujura Kadfis, a monk of Guishuang Department, defeated the other four monks in one fell swoop and became the King of Guishuang, formally establishing the Guishuang Kingdom. After that, he defeated the rest first, and then successively destroyed the surrounding regimes such as Kabul (later Han called Gaofu). After his grandson Weimar Kadfisses succeeded to the throne, he once again launched an offensive against the Serbs who controlled North India at that time and defeated them. Your influence went deeper into North India.

During the Zhenguan period in Gao Yan, Gui Shuang had a rising trend, so he may have moved the idea of going east again and returning to the birthplace of history, and even had a war with the Han Dynasty, which had been cooperating before. According to the records of the later Han Dynasty, Gui Shuang asked to be close to the Han Dynasty at that time, but the result was flatly rejected by the Han Dynasty. Therefore, Gui Shuang took this as an excuse. In the summer of the second year of Yong Yuan (90), he sent his deputy Xie Wang to kill 70,000 troops near Kashgar, Xinjiang. At that time, Ban Chao, a famous soldier in the western regions, saw that your Frost Army was menacing, and decided to avoid it and stick to it. As a result, Gui Shuangjun, who came from afar, was short of food and grass and was forced to ask Qiuci for help. But Ban Chao anticipated the plight of Gui Shuangjun, set an ambush on the main road leading to Qiuci in advance, and annihilated Xie Hui's troops for help.

When Xie Hui got the news, he knew that if he persisted, he would be wiped out, so he sent someone to make peace with Ban Chao, withdrawing troops, and the two sides made up again. "Moon people sent their deputy Xie Wang to attack seventy thousand soldiers. If you are superior to others, you will be afraid. Cao Pi said,' Although there are many Vietnamese troops, there are more than a thousand miles of onions. If there is no means of transportation, why worry about evil? But when the grain is abundant, he will be hungry and poor, but only for a few days. "Xie Sui attack before chasing, uncontrollable coughing, also plundered, nothing. If you cross the river and run out of food, you will ask Qiuci for help, but you will send hundreds of people to the eastern boundary for help. Xie Guo sent horses to pay tribute to Qiuci. If an ambush occurs, kill it and grab its head to show your gratitude. Xie was so frightened that he sent envoys to confess his sins and wished to come back to life. Send it out of the vertical. Moon's earthquake, contributed at the age of 20. "

After Yan Gaozhen's son, Kaaniche Ka, succeeded to the throne, Guishuang continued to expand, not only bringing northern India into its territory almost completely, but also once extended its tentacles across the Pamirs and established its favorite ruler near Kashgar, Xinjiang. At that time, it can be said that many important nodes of the Silk Road were controlled by it, so Guishuang Empire also became an important transit point for East-West trade. A large number of silk from the Central Plains and gold from Rome were sold to Rome and the Han Dynasty after being transferred by Guishuang. As a middleman, Gui Shuang also made a lot of money in this process and soon entered its heyday.

The development of economy will inevitably promote the development of culture, especially Guishuang is located at the junction of the Central Plains, India, Persia, Greece-Rome and other major cultural circles. Various cultures exist in its territory to a considerable extent, and even have merged with each other to produce new cultures. Among several important kings in Guishuang's early days, Kujura Kadfisses believed in Buddhism, Yan Gaozhen believed in Brahman (primitive Hinduism), and Kaaniche Ka was an extremely devout Buddhist. He once built a magnificent stupa to store Buddhist bones. Kaaniche Ka followed the example of Indian King Ashoka and sent a large number of monks abroad to spread Buddhism. Many people believe that when Buddhism was first introduced to China, it was directly related to Kaaniche Ka.

Guishuang empire territory

Gandhara, inhabited by Buddhist Greeks, was later annexed by Guishuang. A popular Buddhist Sect in Gandhara, which combined early Buddhist beliefs with some elements of ancient Greece, was later popular in Guishuang. Some people think that this sect is the embryonic form of Mahayana Buddhism, which was widely popular in China, Japan and other East Asian regions. Whether or not Mahayana Buddhism absorbed Greek elements, it was basically formed in northern India during the Guishuang period, so it can be said that Guishuang Empire also played a decisive role in the formation of Mahayana Buddhism.

However, Kaaniche Card still pursued the policy of external expansion in his later years, and the domestic war-weariness was high, which led to Kaaniche Card being suffocated in bed at last. However, the level of economic development in different regions of Guishuang is very different, so it is difficult to manage different regions in a unified way, and the alienation between regions is gradually unable to be reconciled. In the sixth year of Huang Chu (225), GuiShuang Empire was divided into two parts. The western empire was quickly destroyed by Persia, while the eastern empire was destroyed by the Gupta dynasty of India in the sixth year of Xiankang (340). Since then, the ghost has disappeared in the long river of history, but its influence on later generations can be said to have continued to this day.