Number of overseas immigrants in Sichuan

Sichuan dialect and Hubei dialect merged in the Ming Dynasty to form today's Sichuan dialect, which is different from the ancient Sichuan dialect, Hubei dialect and Hunan dialect.

Sichuan dialect, also known as Sichuan dialect and Bashu dialect, is mainly used in Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, most of Hubei, northwestern Hunan and northwestern Guangxi. It belongs to the southwest mandarin (note 1), including Chengdu-Chongqing dialect and Chiguan dialect. At present, Sichuan dialect has about 65.438+20 million users. Chengdu dialect is the standard pronunciation of Sichuan opera and various folk arts, but it is not the standard dialect of Sichuan province. In fact, Sichuan dialect has never had a so-called standard pronunciation, just as Guangzhou dialect is to Cantonese, because Sichuan dialect itself is formed by the evolution and integration of immigrant dialects from all over the world.

history

Sichuan dialect before the Song Dynasty is completely different from Sichuan dialect since the Yuan Dynasty. According to the records in the Song Dynasty, scholars at that time collectively referred to Sichuan dialect and Northwest dialect as "Western dialect" and belonged to the same phonetic family. The two invasions of the northern nationalities by Mongols and Jurchen brought disastrous population decline to Sichuan. By the early Qing Dynasty, the population of Sichuan was even less than 500,000. From 167 1 to 1776 and 15, Sichuan accepted a total of 6.23 million immigrants, which was called Huguang filling Sichuan in history. Modern Sichuan dialect was formed in this large-scale immigration movement.

Characteristics of Sichuan dialect

Rhythm and rhythm

The difference between initials and Mandarin;

Sichuan dialect used in most areas has no distinction between flat tongue and upturned tongue. Basically, the pronunciation of tongue sticking in Mandarin is flat tongue, for example, the IQ in Mandarin is [zhshā ng], and Sichuan dialect is [zǐsāng]. "Supermarket" is [ch ā oshi] in Mandarin and [cāosǐ] in Sichuan dialect (the same as "Cao Si"); "Zhu" is [zh and chí] in Putonghua and [z and ci] in Sichuan dialect (pronounced the same as "Zici").

In Sichuan dialect (but excluding Chengdu dialect), if vowels do not start with "I" (such as "I" or "in"), all "n" will be confused with "L". Such as "Nan", Sichuan dialect and "Lan Fang". The nasal sounds in most syllables or at the end of syllables can be distinguished, and the nasal sounds near Chengdu are unclear. For example, the pronunciation of "an" in the international phonetic alphabet is "ae".

Like most southern dialects, the syllables "ing" and "in" are completely confused and pronounced as "in". Eng and en are confused as en in most syllables, such as hen and hen. The word "edge" is [len]. But "eng" and "en" can be distinguished after initials "b", "p", "m" and "f". The former becomes "ong" and the latter still pronounces "en".

The syllable "Wu" is changed to "vu", such as "Wu" and "Wu".

In Mandarin, syllables that begin with vowels are all nasal "ng", such as "an" [ngan] and "en" [ngen].

Bazhong and Yilong in northeast Sichuan; People in Renshou, Jingyan, Weiyuan, Zigong, Rongxian, Longchang and Junlian in the south of Sichuan and Xichang, Huili, Yanyuan, Dechang, Mianning, Yanbian and Miyi in the southwest of Sichuan can distinguish between flat tongue and upturned tongue.

At the same time, Pengzhou City, Pixian County, Dujiangyan City and the western part of Xindu District under the jurisdiction of Chengdu use a unique "rolling tongue sound", which not only warps when reading ancient sounds such as "yes", "yes", "eat" and "nephew", but also rolls back the tip of the tongue, which is somewhat similar to children's sounds, such as "yes" and "eat" [

vocabulary

Literature and oral reading:

Due to the long-term influence of northern mandarin, Sichuan dialect has produced a system of literary and colloquial reading. White sounds mainly appear in high-frequency daily life language, while literary sounds mainly appear in written language and new vocabulary. The system of literary and colloquial reading in Sichuan dialect is constantly changing, but the main trend is that literary and colloquial reading is more and more dominant, and some words have disappeared and become literary and colloquial reading.

grammar

Except for some unique dialect words, grammar is basically the same as Mandarin, which can be translated word by word.

The word "Bei" in passive sentences is generally called "Bei", but it has a reluctant and unhappy emotional color at this time, so passive sentences are rarely used. For example, "He was fired." In Mandarin, it says, "He was fired."

To annotate ...

Note 1: In Sichuan and Chongqing, there are a few dialect islands of Xiang dialect and Hakka dialect, and there are sporadic users of Min dialect and Gan dialect. However, due to historical reasons, Panzhihua City has a large number of northeast immigrants who speak Northeast Mandarin.

Note 2: The phonetic notation of Sichuan dialect is based on Chinese Pinyin. According to the actual situation, initials are added with [v] and [ng], but [zh], [ch], [sh] and [n] are basically not used. At the same time, Sichuan dialect has no vowel [e], only [e], so [e] is used instead of [e]. The flat tone of Sichuan dialect is 55, and the expression form is the same as Chinese pinyin, such as "chicken" [j ρ]; The tone value of the upper tone is 2 1, which is expressed by key signature in Chinese Pinyin, such as "Cao"; The consonant value is 53, which is represented by key signature in Chinese Pinyin, such as "Zou" [zü u]; The de-voiced value is 2 13, which is represented by the rising key signature in Chinese Pinyin, such as "fog" [vǔ].

Classification of Sichuan dialect;

Sichuan dialect

The integration of southwest mandarin into Chongqing movies;

Chengdu dialect

Chongqing dialect

Yichang dialect

Southwest Wenhua Irrigation Red Film:

Minjiang piece: Leshan dialect

Ya 'an dialect

Renfu's Sketch: Zigong Dialect

Lichuan Sketch: Lijiang Dialect

Demian's Sketch: Zhongjiang Dialect

Other Chinese dialects

Hakka Dialect Chuanxiang Film

Yu min gan Yu

Northeast dialect Xiang dialect

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