Textual research on "He Ruinian betrayed the rights and interests of Xisha Islands" in the Republic of China

Author: Want Want Literature and History Statement: Want Want Literature and History is original, plagiarism will be investigated. Xisha Islands is a sacred and inviolable territory of our country. Since ancient times, countless ancestors of our country have fished, planted trees, built houses and built temples here, and there are traces of China people's life everywhere. But since modern times, western powers and Japan have aimed at the resources here and tried to occupy them further. During the Republic of China, China and its people fought many times, which made the international community realize that the Xisha Islands were the territory of China. Many Japanese documents before World War II clearly recorded that the Xisha Islands belonged to the territory of China. Even so, in the early 1920s, the Japanese took advantage of the unstable domestic situation in China and frequently stole bird droppings from the South China Sea Islands in China, knowing that the Xisha Islands were China's territory, which led to the loss of a large number of resources in China. At present, the research on Xisha Islands is fruitful, and many documents also mention that He Ruinian betrayed the national interests, but the details have not been paid attention to, and the lack of materials should be one of the reasons. JACAR (Japan Asia Information Center) has always kept the relevant files of He Ruinian, including the whole process of He Ruinian's obtaining the mining right of Xisha Islands, the mining contract and the Japanese correspondence on this matter. Most of these materials have not been excavated and utilized. These letters provide first-hand historical data for studying the verification and evidence collection of the Xisha Islands negotiations and He Ruinian's betrayal of national interests, and provide strong historical evidence for the Xisha Islands to belong to China. Who is He Ruinian? The origin of He Ruinian and Xisha Islands He Ruinian is from Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City) in Guangdong Province. He is a fellow countryman of Sun Yat-sen and knows each other well. He used to live in Guangdong, and later lived in Macao, doing business in Hong Kong, Macao and Guangdong, and accumulated a lot of wealth. During the First Great Revolution, he participated in Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary movement. He has repeatedly proposed to Sun Yat-sen a plan to develop the Xisha Islands. Sun Yat-sen expressed admiration for He Ruinian's desire to run an industry to safeguard land and sea rights, and approved He Ruinian's application through the resolution of the provincial affairs meeting, and Guangdong Province issued a business license. "He Ruinian therefore established Xisha Island Industrial Co., Ltd." "The business to be operated was originally limited to reclamation and fishing, and only bird droppings were used to accumulate the island surface. To cultivate the land, we must first dig out the accumulated manure, so we will use bird droppings to prepare fertilizer, which is also one of the company's businesses. " During this period, He Ruinian also conducted an independent investigation to raise funds for the development of Xisha Islands, but the development needs a lot of funds and equipment, and the preparation of fertilizer from bird droppings also needs technical support. He couldn't run his own business, so he became a partner with businessman Liang Guozhi. Because Liang Guozhi also applied for developing Xisha Islands but failed, and he had funds, he became the best candidate to cooperate with He Ruinian. After that, the two signed an agreement to jointly operate, with He Ruinian as the representative of the Xisha Islands rights party and Liang Guozhi as the representative of the capital party. But where does Liang Guozhi's money come from? This starts with a Japanese businessman, Noji Hirata, who was originally from Akita Prefecture, Japan, and later lived in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan Province Province for a long time. In June, 2007, Japanese businessman Hirata Noji broke into Yongxing Island and other 12 islands in Xisha Islands to conduct self-exploration and investigation. "Found a lot of bird droppings. At that time, Noji Hirata didn't know much about the Xisha Islands. He thought he had discovered a new island and illegally named it Hirata Island. So he applied to the Japanese Navy, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for investigation and found that the Xisha Islands were the territory of China. However, Hirata still plans to invest in the exploitation of bird droppings here, but the attitude of Japanese investors is that investment can only be made after the management right of Xisha Islands is clear, so Hirata plans to obtain the mining right from China. Later, he stated the current situation to the Foreign Affairs Officer of the Governor's Office of Taiwan Province Province and asked the Governor's Office for help. The person in charge of Liantian found that Yukiko Ikeda, the director of the monopoly bureau of the Governor's Office at that time, was familiar with Guangdong Province and the people, so he introduced Yukiko Ikeda to Hiroyuki Hirata and asked Ikeda to help them solve related problems. After learning that Guangdong Province planned to develop the Xisha Islands, Ikeda introduced Hiroyuki Hirata to Liang Guozhi, the Japanese Consul General in Guangdong and the relative of Zou Lu, the salt transport minister of Guangdong Province, and asked Liang Guozhi to obtain the exploitation right of bird droppings. At that time, the mining right of Xisha Islands could not be obtained in the name of the Japanese, so it applied to Guangdong * * * in the name of Liang Guozhi, and was quickly approved by Guangdong * * *. They also paid a deposit, but later the mining right of Xisha Islands was awarded to He Ruinian, and the mining right of Liang Guozhi was revoked. Liang Guozhi has no choice but to reach a compromise and cooperate with He Ruinian. But in fact, Liang Guozhi didn't have enough money to develop the resources of Xisha Islands, so he thought of letting Japanese businessman Yasuda contribute. Of course, Hirata Hiroshi hopes to get the right to exploit bird droppings in Xisha Islands, but he also lacks capital, so he looks for investors everywhere. Finally, under the mediation of Ikeda Yukiko, "Hirata signed an agreement with Zhen Zhe, the president of sugar club of Salt Water Port at that time, and Zhen Zhe invested 300,000 yuan to let Hirata start a business." So He Ruinian and Liang Guozhi Heping Tian Jimmy secretly signed a contract to develop bird droppings in Xisha Islands, and transferred the mining right to the Japanese. He Ruinian took the rent and enjoyed it. In this way, under the control of Hiroyuki Hirata, Xisha Island Industrial Co., Ltd., nominally represented by He Ruinian, began to operate, but the "cooperation" between He Ruinian and Japanese businessmen was not smooth sailing. He Ruinian's cooperation with Japanese businessmen He Ruinian's collusion with the Japanese is not impeccable. After the people of Qiongya discovered his betrayal of national interests, they launched a struggle against Japanese businessmen plundering Xisha resources. With the growing opposition, people from all walks of life in Guangdong have joined in supporting the struggle of the people of Qiongya. 1922 In April, Sun Yubin, the county magistrate of Yaxian County, presented the report of Chen Minghua, the county magistrate of Yaxian County, and others on their inspection of the Xisha Islands to Guangdong. Chen Jiongming Sun Yat-sen had a bad relationship with Chen Jiongming at that time, so he couldn't take care of He Ruinian at all. In order to avoid the limelight, Japanese Consul General Fujita Rongjie asked Hirata to "temporarily stop the mining business in Xisha Islands", and He Ruinian's mining right was also revoked. 1April, 923, He Ruinian finally recovered the mining right of Xisha Islands, and Guangdong Province * * * "was allowed to maintain the original case" and also obtained the official permission of the bird droppings mining right of Xisha Islands. Japanese businessman Qi Teng Hirata Fujishiro also returned to Xisha Islands to continue stealing bird droppings and transport them back to Japan. However, his business did not achieve the expected benefits, and the rent paid by Hirata to He Ruinian could not be fulfilled in time. He Ruinian decided to cancel the agreement with Hirata and transfer the mining right of Xisha Islands to others. However, Pingtian's funds in the Xisha Islands were all provided by Zhen Zhe, who forgave all his debts. In exchange, Zhen Zhe will accept all his creditor's rights and debts in Xisha Islands. Zhen Zhe himself didn't want to participate in the operation directly, so he found another Japanese businessman, Qi Teng Fujishiro, to sell the rights and interests of the Xisha Islands with He Ruinian. 1June 3, 928. He signed an agreement to run the Xisha Islands business, so Qi Teng Fujishiro signed a contract with He Ruinian. On the surface, Xisha Island Industrial Co., Ltd. sells the mined bird droppings to Qi Teng, but in fact, all the management rights are in the hands of "Nanxing Industrial Company" in Qi Teng. After Fujishiro of Qi Teng controlled the mining right of Xisha Islands, he investigated the resources on the island and found that bird droppings were very rich. /kloc-in the spring of 0/926, he reinforced and expanded the iron trestle for transporting bird droppings, and built sanitary facilities, offices, warehouses, tracks and other facilities on the island. In June 5438+February of the same year, the Guangdong Provincial Department of Industry reported to the provincial party committee that He Ruinian, an industrial company of Xisha Island, had failed to operate in Xisha Island, and was ready to revoke its management right and find another businessman to operate. The Committee decided to organize the industrial and civil affairs departments to send personnel to the island for on-the-spot investigation, submitted a rectification plan for the Xisha Islands, and planned to send warships to the Xisha Islands. He Ruinian's privilege of betraying the country in Yongxing Island was also opposed by many businessmen, who demanded that He Ruinian's rights in Xisha Islands be revoked. He Ruinian telegraphed Qi Teng Fujishiro for several times on the grounds that managers needed funds for activities. Qi Teng Fujishiro believes that this is He Ruinian's disqualification, and there is no positive response, and other payment items stipulated in the contract have not been fulfilled in time. Other Japanese businessmen also want to benefit from the abundance of Xisha Islands. Therefore, in the case of He Ruinian's unstable rights, "Japanese Masayoshi Nana Ogawa and others boarded the' Fuhai Maru' and occupied Duoshu Island (Yongxing Island), and took control of Fujikuro's employees in Qi Teng, resulting in the life safety of the employees on the island and the stagnation of bird droppings mining". This puts Qi Teng in trouble. He submitted an application to the Japanese Navy Ministry, requesting to send warships to help Japanese employees trapped in the Xisha Islands, and also contacted the Japanese Consulate General in Guangdong. Although he was finally rescued successfully, Qi Teng's investment was affected, capital turnover was difficult, and he was unable to repay the arrears of He Ruinian's transfer fee. On March 1928, He Ruinian issued a notice to terminate the contract on the grounds that Qi Teng Fujishiro failed to perform the contract. After He Ruinian's traitorous behavior was discovered,1June, 927, the Guangdong Provincial Department of Industry proposed to Guangdong Province to revoke He Ruinian's original case, but at this time, He Ruinian's collusion with the Japanese did not end because of the revocation of power. So, why can He Ruinian continue to control the Xisha Islands? It turns out that although Guangdong Province apparently revoked He Ruinian's mining right, it still charged He Ruinian the franchise fee and mining tax, and the staff of Guangdong Provincial Civil Affairs Department did not ban He Ruinian's mining right in Xisha Islands, but asked He Ruinian to properly handle the power and responsibility relationship with the third party. As a matter of fact, Guangdong Province only talked about He Ruinian superficially and did not take substantive measures, which led him to continue to betray the national interests in the Xisha Islands. 1June, 928, He Ruinian and Dong Ze signed a contract for the sale of minerals, with the term of 10, and asked the Japanese Consulate General in Guangdong to witness it. Later, He Ruinian announced the termination of the contract on the grounds that Dong Zezheng failed to perform the contract. On March 20th, he signed a mining contract with Japanese businessman Nishi Ushi, who submitted the contract to the Japanese Consulate General in Guangdong for certification. The Japanese thought was that Daxi Uzzi would mine bird droppings in the Xisha Islands, but in the end he failed because of lack of funds. Another question here is, why did He Ruinian cancel the contract with the Japanese frequently? In fact, when He Ruinian signed a mining contract with these Japanese, it was stipulated that all the workers employed must be Cantonese, but all the Japanese businessmen employed were Japanese, Ryukyu and Taiwan Province. In addition, due to the constant domestic movement against He Ruinian's betrayal of the interests of the Xisha Islands, He Ruinian was also very scared, and the political situation was unstable at that time. Other domestic businessmen are also applying to develop the Xisha Islands. He Ruinian is afraid that his mining right will be revoked by Guangdong, so he wants to find a balance among many contradictions. Japanese Rights Struggle in Xisha Islands When He Ruinian's rights were unstable, Yu Zhiyuan got the mineral rights. It is said that Yu Zhiyuan is a relative of Song Ziwen. Japanese Nana Ogawa Seiji took the opportunity to occupy the Xisha Islands, and controlled the workers of Fujishiro of Qi Teng on the island, which made Qi Teng's operation in trouble. Why did Xiao Zheng dare to take people to the island? It turned out that he was not the only one behind the small government, with the acquiescence of Yu Zhiyuan and others, as well as the support of the Japanese such as Takashima Hidetsugu and Shibuya Gang. Nana Ogawa Chengyi negotiated with Yu Zhiyuan to let Shen Qifeng as the representative to develop bird droppings in Xisha Islands. The bird droppings (about 4,000 tons) excavated by Fujishiro of Qi Teng in Xisha Islands were transported to Japan for sale, and the expenses were borne by Somi Yasuhara. After they obtained their rights from Nanjing national, Sister-in-law Anyuan arrived in Xisha Islands on June1927+1October 16. However, due to the damage of the trestle, bird droppings could not be shipped, so we had to return by boat on the 28th of that month. "In order to expand its influence, on June 5438+065438+ 10/8, Nana Ogawa Koike also sent a letter to the" elder "Yasuda who stole bird droppings in Xisha Islands, hoping to cooperate in the exploitation of bird droppings, but he did not get a positive response. After learning that the Japanese were plotting to obtain bird droppings from the Xisha Islands, Hirozo Morita, the Japanese Consul General in Guangdong, was very angry and immediately reported the matter to Foreign Minister Yoshiichi Tanaka. He said in a telegram: "The local people pay special attention to the Xisha Islands. When anti-Japanese activities prevailed in June this year (1927), newspapers such as the Japanese plundering resources in the Xisha Islands became anti-Japanese propaganda materials. It was only because two or three Japanese people were eager for quick success and fell into a dispute that this storm appeared. "This shows that Japan * * * is furious with the reckless behavior of Japanese businessmen, and the strengthening of China's territorial awareness of the Xisha Islands has dashed Japan's dream of taking further action in the Xisha Islands. Later, Daxi Uhee and Xiaotuan Zheng contracted the exploitation right of bird droppings on paracel Island (Xisha Islands) in Guangdong Province, which was owned by He Ruinian of China. At present, 127 people are being called to mine bird droppings. By mid-April, 1929, about 4,000 tons of bird droppings had been mined, and the bird droppings had been shipped back on board the ship' Eryan Feng Wan'. Why are they in such a hurry to transport bird droppings back to Japan? Originally, Uhee in Daxi had no fixed funds, and planned to transport the bird droppings mined for the first time back to Japan as the working capital for the second time, and the rent agreed in the contract with He Ruinian had to be paid in person, so Daxi had to transport the first batch of bird droppings immediately. However, after the bird droppings were shipped back to Japan, new problems appeared. Because Qi Teng Fujishiro accused Nana Ogawa Seiichi of robbing bird droppings in Japan, Japanese bird droppings fertilizer manufacturers all thought that Uhee and Nana Ogawa Seiichi had no credit and were very disgusted with them. And it coincides with the 1929 world economic crisis, and Japan is also depressed. Daxi Uhee ""was given a cold shoulder by Japanese fertilizer manufacturers. There is no way to cooperate with the second transport ship, so we raise funds in many ways. At this time, food for 150 people stranded in Xisha Islands was very scarce by mid-June (1929). If food is not supplemented as soon as possible, it may have serious consequences. " After many twists and turns, they rescued their husband, but Daxi was unable to repay He Ruinian's rent and was forced to cancel the contract. Generally speaking, Japanese businessmen who started to invest in Xisha Island from 1922 failed, because they violated the interests of China, secretly cooperated with China profiteers, and the rights of these China profiteers could be revoked at any time, which led to many investment risks. Later, these Japanese businessmen also realized this problem and gradually faded out. Fourth, the unscientific management of the Republic of China and the internal struggle 19 12 1, Sun Yat-sen announced his inauguration in Nanjing and formed the temporary Republic of China. /kloc-in February, Xuan Tong announced his abdication. Under the pressure of all parties, Sun Yat-sen was forced to resign as interim president on February 19 12, and made way for Yuan Shikai. However, two factions were formed within the Republic of China, one was Beiyang led by Yuan Shikai, and the other was Guangdong Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen. Although the resource development of Xisha Islands was directly under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province, it was actually subject to the Guangdong Revolution. This overlapping jurisdiction and unclear rights and responsibilities led to Japanese unscrupulous businessmen colluding with China businessmen to steal Xisha Islands resources. However, there are still contradictions between Beiyang * * and Guangdong Revolution * * in the development of Xisha Islands, so the projects approved by Guangdong Beiyang * * * are not known or recognized, and the policies formulated by the two sides for competing interests often collide. For example, on March 4, 1927, Mei Tian, the military attache on duty of the Taipei Navy, pointed out in a telegram to the undersecretary of the Navy: "Beiyang sent Xu Qingwen to build a radio station in Dongsha Island, and Japanese Kōnosuke Matsushita, who developed fishing here, provided a lot of help for the construction of the radio station in Dongsha Island, so Xu Qingwen allowed Panasonic to engage in fishing in Dongsha Island and Xisha. However, Qi Teng Fujishiro has not been recognized by Beiyang * * *. It is foreseeable that the power struggle between Qi Teng Fujishiro and Matsushita Kaichiro will continue in the future with Duoshu Island in Xisha Islands as the center. In addition, he pointed out in the telegram 15 in September of the same year: "Chiang Kai-shek started the Northern Expedition last summer, and won successively, and the southern nationals were gradually recognized, which split the north and the south of China. However, Guangdong * * * has always classified dongsha islands as its own jurisdiction, so with the strength of the country * * *, all kinds of things originally recognized by Beijing * * * need to be recognized by Guangdong * * *. "In fact, they are afraid of the emergence of two * * * jurisdictions, and the mining rights of the Xisha Islands are more difficult to obtain. However, Beiyang * * * withdrew from the historical stage in 1928, which did not happen, but it can be seen from this that the management was disorderly and the rights and responsibilities were unclear. In addition, in the case of He Ruinian, after he used his personal relationship with Sun Yat-sen to obtain mining rights, he was revoked in opposition from all walks of life, and later regained his rights and finally lost his rights. Personal relationship has played a huge role, but there is another key figure who can get the mining right of Xisha Islands in Ruinian, and that is Song Ziwen, who was then the director of the finance department. After He Ruinian's mining right was revoked, another businessman, Feng Yingbiao, applied to mine bird droppings in Xisha Islands, which was approved by the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee meeting. But this man is also inextricably linked with the Japanese, so his mining right was finally revoked. Later, Yu Zhiyuan got the mining right of the Xisha Islands, but Guangdong entrusted it to Jin Yueting. " Yu Zhiyuan is only the agent of Jin Yueting, who is not the real obligee, but the person who receives the commission from Song Ziwen, and his name is also fictitious. "The real power behind the scenes is Song Ziwen. Therefore, in 1927, when the rights of He Ruinian and Yu Zhiyuan crossed, the relationships between He Ruinian, Qi Teng Fujishiro and Shen Qifeng, Yu Zhiyuan and Yasuhara Somi, and Shen Qifeng and Song Ziwen were formed. These problems are clear at a glance. In the struggle for these rights, the warlord regime, * * *, personal relations and foreign enemy interference are all reflected incisively and vividly. 5. With regard to the development of bird droppings in Xisha Islands during the Republic of China, although He Ruinian and others colluded with Japanese businessmen to betray the national rights and interests, these were all under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province, and He Ruinian appeared in the form of outsourcing, which reflected China's legal jurisdiction over Xisha Islands. In addition, it can be seen from the cables between the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Japanese Consulate General in Guangdong Province that Japan is very angry with these Japanese businessmen who blindly obtained rights from He Ruinian, because the Japanese are unwilling to admit that the Xisha Islands belong to China and are ready to seize the opportunity. However, the actions of these Japanese businessmen have become important evidence for China to exercise effective jurisdiction according to law, which dashed Japan's dream of occupying the Xisha Islands in China. In addition, there are many Japanese archives about this period. In order to make the article clear, the author simplified the historical materials. However, there are still many materials related to Japan's investigation and understanding of the Xisha Islands, dispute settlement and decision-making, military occupation, etc. in the JACAR historical materials on which this paper is based, which should attract the attention of related research. References: JACAR (detailed historical data センター) ref.c040 16586400, "パラセル" bird droppings are taken from families (e-4-2-/. JACAR (detailed historical data センター) ref.c040 16587000, Present Situation of Xisha in Dongsha Island (Defense Research Institute of Ministry of Defense). JACAR (detailed historical data) ref.b09040865200, Dongsha Island and Xisha Island are engaged in the interests of the local people. Liu Yonglian, Zhang Liyuan. From the development of guano, the important role of Guangdong Province in the struggle to maintain Xisha Islands during the Republic of China [J] Historical Records, 20 15, (8). Detailed historical data