Seeking the knowledge points in the first chapter of compulsory geography 2 in senior high school

Section 1 Changes in Population

I. Natural population growth

Population growth in 1 year and1year.

The number and growth of human productive labor population in historical period, and the reasons for population changes.

Before the agricultural revolution, the population mainly engaged in gathering and hunting was small and the growth was slow. People's ability to get food is low, their ability to resist diseases and disasters is poor, and their mortality rate is high.

From the agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution, the population engaged in agricultural activities with simple tools increased, the growth rate accelerated the development of farming and irrigation technology, the food supply became stable and reliable, and the mortality rate decreased.

After the industrial revolution, industrial production activities expanded and developed rapidly, the population continued to increase, and the growth rate was even faster. Armed with science and technology, human beings continue to expand their ability to transform nature, people can get enough food and perfect medical services, and the mortality rate has decreased.

2. The most fundamental factor of natural population growth: productivity level.

Determinants: natural growth rate, birth rate and death rate.

3. Differences in population growth between developed and developing countries.

Characteristics, causes and future trends of population growth at the level of natural growth rate

The low level of developed countries is affected by the concept of fertility, quality of life and the level of social and economic development, and its growth is slow. In the next few decades, the population will be relatively stable, and some countries will gradually decrease.

The level of developing countries is relatively high. Due to political independence, national economic development, medical and health progress, and the decline in mortality, population growth quickly took measures to control the population. The population growth rate will slow down, but the population will increase.

China has a low level, slow growth and a large population base.

4. Population development must be coordinated with economic and social development and adapt to environmental carrying capacity.

Second, the population growth model and its transformation

5. Population growth pattern and corresponding population problems.

Population growth population problem

Through the primitive low growth stage-"high and low" mode-the primitive population grows too fast.

The accelerated growth stage of history-"high and low" mode-traditional type-the proportion of children is too large.

The Stage of Slow Railway Development-Slow Population Growth

Tracing back to the low-speed growth stage-"low-low" mode-modern type-population aging

6. Factors influencing the change of population pattern: productivity level, national policy, natural environment, social welfare and cultural concept.

7. Why has the population growth pattern of most developing countries not yet entered the modern pattern? Low level of productivity, low level of urbanization and backward social system.

Section 2 Spatial changes of population

I. Population migration

1, population migration is the change of people's residence in the international or domestic scope.

Three elements of population migration: the change of residence, the long-term nature of time (1 year or more), and whether the change of urban spatial position crosses administrative boundaries.

2. International population migration in different periods.

The characteristics, causes and significance of the period of emigration area and emigration area

/kloc-Before the 0/9th century, the expansion of European colonialism in the old continent (Asia, Africa and Europe), America and Oceania and the development of the new continent objectively developed the new continent, spread industrial civilization and changed the spatial distribution of ethnic groups.

After World War II, the population flowed from developing countries to developed countries. Settled immigrants decreased, and short-term floating population increased. The rapid economic development in Latin America, Asia, Africa and other western Europe, North America, West Asia and North Africa has adjusted the unbalanced spatial distribution of labor force.

3. Population changes in an area include population migration and population increase and decrease.

4. Domestic population migration in different periods.

Self-sufficient agricultural economy is fragile; Frequent wars; Natural disasters; The government organizes "land reclamation and frontier defense"

The migration characteristics and flow direction of the influencing factors of the times

In ancient times, it was bound by rulers and their administrative power; Self-sufficient agricultural economy is fragile; Frequent wars; Natural disasters; The government organized a large number of people to migrate to areas with better natural conditions.

From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the mid-1980s, contemporary China was deeply influenced by national political policies.

The state implements a planned economy system and a strict household registration management system, and the east-northwest and northeast-is planned and organized.

Coastal-inland

National reform and opening-up policy since the mid-1980s.

Economic factors play a leading role (reform and opening up policy). The migration flow is large, and the flow direction changes to the western coastal cities and industrial and mining areas.

Rural-urban

5. The significance of China's population migration: adjusting the spatial distribution of population and talent shortage; strengthening ethnic integration and cultural exchanges; Promote economic development and narrow regional differences.

6. Population migration effect

Actively provide cheap labor to the immigrant place, save education expenses and promote the economic development of the immigrant place.

Negative causes unstable factors and intensifies the contradiction between man and land.

Actively alleviate the contradiction between man and land, improve the environment, increase income (foreign exchange), and strengthen economic, social and cultural exchanges with economically developed areas.

Negative brain drain

Other influences change population distribution and population structure; Promote ethnic economic and cultural exchanges; Promote gene exchange and integration among population groups.

Second, the factors affecting population migration

1, the main factors: First, changes in the natural environment and socio-economic environment; The second is the change of personal needs for life or career.

-Economic factors, ecological environment, political factors, social changes, religion, personal motives and needs.

Under certain time and space conditions, any factor may become the decisive factor to promote population migration.

2. America

1) Factors that hinder the United States from becoming an immigrant country:

(1) The new world needs a lot of labor to develop.

(2)15-16th century, the European enclosure movement, unemployed workers and bankrupt farmers moved to the United States in pursuit of better economic treatment.

(3) The opening of new routes has cleared the way for the smooth flow of people.

(4) Colonial expansion, plundering American resources and wealth.

2) Population migration in the United States

Reasons for migration during the period, migration process

/kloc-the civil war in the middle of the 0/9th century-the political population moved westward on a large scale.

65438+ Development of industrialization and urbanization at the turn of the century —— Economy flows from rural areas to cities.

In the 1920s and 1960s, due to the agricultural crisis and natural disasters-economic and ecological environment, the southern population moved to the north and west.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the environment of the old industrial base in Northeast China deteriorated, and the sunshine zone of new resources and emerging industries in the west and south shifted from the northeast to the south and west.

After 1970s, the urban environment was improved, the old industrial areas were rebuilt (economic and ecological environment), and the population returned to the old industrial areas and cities.

Section III Reasonable Population Capacity

I. Environmental carrying capacity

1, environmental carrying capacity, population that only the environment can sustain.

Population is an important index to measure environmental carrying capacity.

2. Environmental population capacity: The environmental population capacity of a country or region refers to the number of people that the country or region can continuously support by using local resources and other resources, intelligence and technology to report the material living standards to the government and social and cultural standards in the foreseeable period.

3. The relationship between various factors of environmental population capacity.

The level of scientific and technological development-determines the amount of development.

Resource, environment and population capacity

Living and cultural consumption level-the most important factor to determine consumption.

Among them, the level of scientific and technological development is positively related to the population capacity of Chinese slaves, the level of living and cultural consumption is negatively related to the environmental population capacity, and resources are positively related to the environmental population capacity.

4. The environmental population capacity is uncertain and relatively stable.

Second, a reasonable population capacity.

1. Reasonable population capacity: A country or region is most suitable for the Russian population on the premise of ensuring a healthy living standard according to a reasonable lifestyle and not hindering the quality of life of the future population. -an ideal "imaginary number" that is difficult to determine the exact value.

2. Significance: It is of great significance to formulate the population strategy and policy of a region or a country, which will further affect the regional economic and social development strategy.

3. For the whole world.

(1) The international community should advocate governments, especially developing countries, to try their best to control the population within a reasonable scale.

(2) Establish a fair order and ensure that most people have equal rights to pursue a high-quality life.

(3) Respect the objective law of the coordinated development of human and land, and formulate the sustainable development strategy of this region according to local conditions, which not only maintains a good ecological balance, but also continuously improves people's quality of life.

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