History of Korea

Korean History

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Korean history mainly refers to the history within the Korean Peninsula.

Table of Contents[hide]

1 Prehistoric Era

2 Ancient Korea

2.1 Tangun Korea

2.2 Jizi Korea

2.3 Weishi Korea

2.4 The Four Counties of Han and the Three Han Era

3 The Three Kingdoms Era

3.1 About Gaya /Inna Nippon House

4 Unified Silla Era

5 Goryeo Dynasty

6 Lee Korea

7 Japanese Rule Period

7.1 The merger of Japan and South Korea

7.2 The Provisional Government

8 The armed forces of the Communist Party of Korea

9 Modern

9.1 Korean War

10 Culture

11 Religion

11.1 Shamanism

11.2 Buddhism

11.3 Confucianism

12 See

12.1 North Korea

12.2 South Korea

13 External links

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Prehistoric times

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Ancient Korea

See Ancient Korea

Historical records call the ancient Koreans "Dongyi" , meaning the archers of the east. They are found in Manchuria, the eastern coast of China, north of the Yangtze River and the Korean Peninsula. The Korean Peninsula has a history of 5,000 years, which can be traced back as far as the founding of Tangun. But in fact, as early as hundreds of thousands of years ago, people lived on the Korean Peninsula. The Paleolithic Age on the Korean Peninsula began in 700,000 BC, and the Bronze Age began in the 10th century BC. In the 4th century BC, the Iron Age entered. The Koreans were originally ethnic groups of the Altaic language family living in the northern continent of Asia. They gradually migrated to the Korean Peninsula. From the 4th century BC, a slave country was formed in the north, known as ancient Korea in history. Several tribal alliances were formed in the southern part of the peninsula, including Woju, Yi, Mahan, Chenhan and Bianhan. Later, Ma Han unified the three Koreas and called them Chen Kingdom.

Tangun Wanggeum, a descendant of a tribal woman who was a totem), established Wanggeum City in today's Pyongyang and founded the ancient "Korean Kingdom", which means "the land of tranquility and morning light". After Tangun ruled Korea for 1,500 years, he abdicated and became a mountain god. This legend is recorded in "Heritage of the Three Kingdoms".

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Jizi Korea

The earliest Korea recorded in Chinese history was after the Western Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty’s remaining minister Jizi came to the Korean Peninsula Established the "Ji Shi Hou Kingdom" with the local indigenous people. At the end of the 3rd century BC, it was recorded for the first time in Korean history. According to the book "Historical Records" by Sima Qian, a historian from the Han Dynasty in China, Jizi, the brother of Zhou, the last king of the Shang Dynasty, brought the etiquette and systems of the Shang Dynasty to the northern part of the Korean Peninsula after King Wu of Zhou defeated Zhou, and was adopted by the people there. He was elected as the king and recognized by the Zhou Dynasty. It is known as "Ji Zi Korea" in history.

According to the Korean history book "The Legacy of the Three Kingdoms", after Jizi came to North Korea, Tangun's descendants took the people to move south to avoid conflict with the people Jizi brought. . These people later became the ancestors of the Three Hans.

Jizi Korea ruled the Korean Peninsula for nearly a thousand years. According to the Genealogy of the Xianyu Family in Taiyuan, the Xianyu family in Korea originated from the descendants of Jizi Korea. Starting from Jizi, they experienced 41 generations of monarchs until they were destroyed in the 1st century BC.

For nationalistic reasons, some Korean and Korean scholars currently have certain disputes over the existence of this period of history and do not recognize the existence of Jizi Korea.

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Wei's North Korea

Wei Man, a native of Yan State, led immigrants to North Korea and became the palace minister of Jizi North Korea. In 194 BC, the Wei family regime was established in Pyongyang and overthrew the Jizi North Korean regime. This is the second dynasty in Korean history, called "Wei's Korea".

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The Four Han Counties and the Three Han Era

In 108 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty destroyed Wei's Korea and established Lelang in the central and northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The four counties of , Xuantu, Lintun and Zhenfan were called the "Four counties of Han Dynasty" in history. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Gongsun family of Liaodong (Gongsun Zan in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms") established Daifang County in the south of Lelang County.

The ancient Koreans who moved south include the survivors of the Wei family and Koreans. Other tribes established the Chen Kingdom centered on Jinhan, Mahan and Benhan in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and small countries such as Gaya also existed.

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Three Kingdoms Era

Please see: Three Kingdoms Era

Due to the disintegration of the Han Dynasty, there was no way to visit the north. In the 1st century BC In the middle period, Chen Kingdom began to disintegrate. Silla and Baekje became increasingly powerful. In the 4th century AD, Korea formed the period of the three kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla and Baekje.

Between BC and BC ("Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded in the first century BC), three major regimes emerged on the Korean Peninsula: Silla (57 BC - 935 BC), Goguryeo (37 BC - 668 years), Baekje (18 BC-660 years). There are also Gaya and other regimes at the southern end of the peninsula. Countries attacked each other, and a heyday in Korean history also appeared.

Baekje was developed by the Mahan tribe-{}-, and Silla was formed by a small tribe in Chenhan. Baekje relied on the Southern Dynasties of China to absorb culture from China and spread it to Japan.

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About Gaya/Nina Nipponbu

As for Japan, some scholars believe that it is located in Benhan (now Gyeongsangnan) at the southern end of the Korean Peninsula. The Gaya and other regimes in the (do) area were the "Kana Nippon Prefecture", a colony of the Japanese Yamato court on the Korean Peninsula at that time. Baekje, one of the three peninsula countries, approached Japan in order to resist the invasion of Goguryeo and Silla, hoping to use Japan to contain the two countries. Japan is trying to take advantage of this situation to establish its own power on the Korean Peninsula. This led to the Yamato court sending troops to Silla in the fourth century, occupying Benhan, and establishing Nippon Prefecture to rule it.

In 512, Baekje sent an envoy to ask the Yamato court to cede the four counties of Imna to compensate for the northern territory occupied by Goguryeo. At that time, the Yamato court was unable to continue to rule the southern part of Korea and had to agree to Baekje's request. In 562, the Japanese Mansion of Renna was destroyed by Silla.

As for North Korea and South Korea, many scholars deny that there was a Japanese colony on the Korean Peninsula at that time. On the contrary, they believed that there were many small countries on the Japanese archipelago ruled by Baekje, Gaya, and Silla, and that when the peninsula countries competed with each other for supremacy, they also competed to use the power of their dependent countries in the Japanese archipelago.

The debate between scholars from Japan, North Korea and South Korea on this issue has not yet reached a conclusion acceptable to all parties. In one year, the Microsoft Encyclopedia caused protests from some Korean scholars because of this issue. There are also many disputes in the Three Kingdoms about the interpretation of the inscription on the Goguryeo "King Tae Monument". Some Korean scholars even pointed out that the inscription on the "King Tae Monument" in Goguryeo was forged by the old Japanese Army General Staff Headquarters.

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Unified Silla Era

See: Unified Silla Era

Silla and the Emerging Tang Dynasty During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, they joined forces with the Tang Dynasty to destroy Baekje in 660 AD, and in 668 AD they joined forces with the Tang Dynasty to destroy Goguryeo. However, the Tang Dynasty sent general Xue Rengui to establish the Andong Protectorate in the old lands of Goguryeo and Baekje. Due to the resistance of the local people and the Tang Dynasty's need to defend against the threat of the Western Turks, the Tang army retreated in 676. Silla finally unified the Korean Peninsula, established its capital in Gyeongju, and adopted the Tang Dynasty's national system.

In the 9th century, peasants revolted in various places. In 900, the army general Zhenxuan became the king, and the Baekje Kingdom was established, with its capital Gwangju. In 903, the revolting monk Jin Gongyi became the king, and established the kingdom in the north and northwest of Silla. The Taifeng Kingdom (first named the Mozhen Kingdom) had its capital in Cheelwon. In 918, Wang Jian established the Goryeo Dynasty, and later named the country "Goryeo"; together with the original Silla, it was called the Later Three Kingdoms period.

Silla died in Goryeo in 935, marking the end of the Silla era. This era is called the South and North Kingdom era by some Korean scholars.

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Goryeo Dynasty

Please see: Goryeo

In 918, Wang Jian, a subordinate of King Gongyi of Goguryeo He was proclaimed king by his generals, moved the capital to his hometown Kaesong (Songak), and changed the country's name to "Goryeo". Silla was destroyed in 935, Baekje was destroyed in 936, and the Goryeo Dynasty was established. In 993, he was defeated by the Liao State and was forced to sever relations with the Song Dynasty and surrender to the Liao State. In 1127, he was forced to surrender to the Jin State. During the period of resisting the Khitans and Jurchens, the power of the military increased greatly. In 1170 and 1173, two coups took place, led by the military general Zheng Zhongfu. The coup soldiers deposed the king, massacred the nobles and civil servants, and finally established the "capital house" where the military general Cui Zhongxian held the king hostage. "regime. In 1231, the Mongolian army attacked Goryeo. In 1258, the Choi regime fell from power and the king surrendered to Mongolia. It became a vassal state of the Yuan Dynasty, and Daruhuachi was stationed in Kaicheng to supervise state affairs. In 1280, it became a province of the Yuan Dynasty (Zhengdong Province).

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Li's Korea

See: Li's Korea

In 1368, the Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty, and in 1387, Zhu Yuanzhang In order to regain the territory belonging to the Yuan Dynasty in the northeast, the King of Goryeo still relied on the remaining Mongolian forces and refused to return it. He sent the capital commander Li Chenggui to attack Liaodong. Li Chenggui opposed sending troops and launched a coup. In 1392, he deposed the king and established himself, changing the name of the country to North Korea and taking the name "Joseon". It means "bright", and the capital is Seoul. This era was called "Lee's Korea" in Japan, and this name is still used today in most historical circles. Scholars from North and South Korea believe that it should be called the Joseon Dynasty, but this name is easily confused and rarely accepted.

In 1443, King Sejong created the Korean alphabet "Hunminjeongeum".

The "Jingguo Dadian" completed in 1469 established a new political system.

Li's North Korea implemented a policy of promoting Confucianism and rejecting Buddhism.

In 1591, Japanese Sekihaku Toyotomi Hideyoshi led 200,000 troops to invade North Korea and occupied Pyongyang for a time. The Ming Dynasty of China sent troops to aid Korea. In 1598, the Japanese army was defeated by the Chinese and Korean coalition forces. The Korean general Yi Sun-shin and the Chinese general Deng Zilong supported each other and died heroically in the end. This period of history is called the "Imjin Japanese Rebellion", and modern China is called the "Wanli War to Aid Korea".

In 1618, when the Ming Dynasty fought against Houjin, North Korea sent troops to assist. In 1636, the Qing army captured North Korea, and the king surrendered and became a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty.

Image: Taejo of Joseon.jpg

Statue of Yeongjo Lee Yeon

In 1863, King Cheoljong died without heirs, and the son of the royal family Lee Shiying ascended the throne as Gojong , Li Shiying was the regent of the "Daewuanjun", and implemented a series of reforms, strengthened centralization, suppressed local feudal forces, closed the country to the outside world, set fire to the American warships that entered North Korea to rob, and repelled the attacks of American warships many times, destroying three American warships. warship.

In 1873, when Gojong came of age and took charge personally, Lord Daewon stopped regenting, and Concubine Min’s relatives took power. Japanese warships entered the mouth of the Han River, forcing North Korea to sign the unequal Ganghwa Treaty. In 1882, Concubine Min’s relatives withheld military pay, which led to the Renwu mutiny. During the mutiny, rebel soldiers killed Japanese legation officials and stormed the palace. Concubine Min disguised herself as a palace maid and escaped, and Lord Da Yuan returned to power. At Concubine Min's request, the Qing Dynasty sent Wu Changqing to lead 3,000 troops into North Korea to suppress the mutiny, imprisoned Lord Dayuan, and Concubine Min's relatives' group regained power. From then on, both Japan and the Qing Dynasty stationed troops in Korea.

The Korean aristocracy divided into the "enlightened faction" who demanded reform and the "conservative faction" headed by Concubine Min. On December 4, 1884, the enlightened faction and the Japanese minister planned together to launch a coup relying on the Japanese army and killed Officials of the old school announced that they would sever ties with the Qing government.

It was the "Jiashen Coup". At the request of the conservative faction, the Qing army led by Yuan Shikai entered the palace on the 6th, defeated the Japanese army, and killed the leaders of the enlightened faction. Some of the leaders of the enlightened faction fled to Japan, and the conservative faction regained power.

In 1894, a large-scale peasant uprising broke out in North Korea. The Qing army landed in Asan on June 6. The Japanese army immediately landed in Incheon on July 6 and launched the Imwu Incident, occupying Seoul and forcing North Korea to Signed the unequal Treaty of Jemulpo (Jemulpo is today's Incheon). And organized a pro-Japanese government to suppress the peasant uprising.

In 1894, Japan and the Qing army stationed in Korea launched the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894.

In April 1895, the Qing army failed and the "Sino-Japanese Treaty of Shimonoseki" was signed, ending the vassal relationship between China and North Korea and recognizing Korean independence. At this point, Korea became Japan's "protectorate" and was under Japanese rule. In 1895, Japan assassinated Concubine Min, who had anti-Japanese tendencies.

In 1897, with the support of Russia, Gojong declared independence, established the Korean Empire, proclaimed himself emperor, and named Concubine Min as Empress Myeongseong. From then on, North Korea was changed to South Korea. After the Russo-Japanese War, Russia was defeated. Japan established a Japanese-sent "Unified Supervisor" regime in North Korea, forcing Emperor Gaozong to abdicate and be succeeded by the Crown Prince. Japan's first Unified Supervisor, Ito Hirobumi, was stabbed to death by North Korean patriot An Jung-geun in Harbin.

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Japanese rule

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The merger of Japan and South Korea

Japan in 1910 In August of that year, the South Korean government was forced to sign the "Japan-Korea Merger Treaty" with it, formally annexing the Korean Peninsula, establishing the North Korean Governor-General's Office, and carrying out colonial rule. Japan made the Korean royal family a Japanese nobility, made Gojong abdicate in favor of Sunjong.

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Provisional Government

On March 1, 1919, the Korean Peninsula launched a large-scale resistance because Japan banned the use of the Korean national language in schools. Activity. Ryu Kwan-soon and other young students issued the "March First Declaration of Independence" at Tapdong Park in Jongno-gu, Seoul today, and spread the declaration of independence throughout the country. These independent activities aroused national resistance and impacted Japanese police agencies in various places, resulting in violent suppression by the Japanese police. Known as the "March 1st Movement" in history. In the same year, the leaders of the Korean independence movement established provisional governments in Vladivostok, Shanghai, and Seoul. Finally, the three provisional governments merged into the "Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea" in Shanghai. The provisional government was recognized by China's law-protecting government led by Sun Yat-sen and France, Poland and other countries. After the fall of Shanghai in 1939, the provisional government moved several times, and finally moved to Chongqing, China's wartime capital at that time, in September 1940. With the help of the Chinese government, North Korean restorationists established the "South Korean Liberation Army" and the "North Korean Volunteer Corps" in China. The Pacific War broke out on December 7, 1941, and the provisional government declared war on Japan on December 9. On May 15, 1942, the Chinese Military Commission decided to merge the two armed forces into the Korean Liberation Army and place them under the direct control of the Provisional Government. On November 23, 1945, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea moved back to the country, and the Liberation Army also returned the following year.

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Korean Communist Party Arms

Since 1932, the guerrillas led by Kim Il Sung, the Korean Communist Party Carry out anti-Japanese guerrilla activities in Northeast China. Kim Il Sung's anti-Japanese troops occupied the town of Putianbo in northern North Korea in 1937 and were forced to withdraw to the Soviet Union in 1941.

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Modern

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Korean War

Japan surrendered in 1945. Bounded by the 38th parallel of north latitude, it was received by the Soviet and American troops respectively. With the support of the United States and the Soviet Union, the Republic of Korea was established in August 1948, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was established in September 1948. The Korean War broke out on June 25, 1950, and China and the United States intervened respectively. On October 19, the Chinese People's Volunteers crossed the Yalu River to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea. On July 27, 1953, with the provisional dividing line (38th parallel) as the boundary, the Chinese and North Korean coalition forces signed an armistice agreement with the United Nations forces, and the United Nations designated permanently neutral Swiss and Swedish troops to garrison in the security area of ????the two countries to monitor the two sides. military operations on the border.

On October 26, 1958, all Chinese People’s Volunteers withdrew from the Korean Peninsula. Currently, some US troops are still stationed in South Korea.

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Culture

North Korean culture is deeply influenced by China. In the 13th century, the Koreans invented metal movable type printing based on Chinese woodblock printing. The world's first rain gauge was invented in 1441.

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Religion

In South Korea, people believe in various religions. Among them are the oldest and most primitive religions produced in Korea, as well as foreign religions.

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Shamanism

Shamanism is the oldest and most primitive religion in Korea, originating from people's worship of nature and ghosts in primitive society. The ancestors of the Neolithic Age of Korea believed in animism and believed that everything in nature, including mountains, rivers, celestial bodies, rocks, and trees, had souls. And they believe that humans also have souls that never die. They think that good gods will bring good luck to people, while evil gods will bring bad luck. To this day, shamanism is still the basic religion of Koreans, and some people still retain their shamanistic beliefs. For modern people, the expressive content of exorcism and subduing demons in shamanistic rituals has become a colorful component of modern arts such as music, dance, and drama.

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Buddhism

Buddhism was introduced to the Korean Peninsula from China in the 4th century AD. As a religious sect with a long history in South Korea, Buddhism has always had a huge impact on South Korea's politics, economy, and culture. Currently, Korean Buddhism has 26 sects, more than 9,200 temples and more than 11 million believers, making it the religion with the most believers.

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Confucianism

Confucianism is the ethical and religious belief founded by Confucius in the 6th century BC. The basic ethical thoughts of Confucianism are benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. It is an ethical system used to regulate the family and govern the country.

Confucianism was introduced to the Korean Peninsula in the early AD. For thousands of years, Confucian ethics and philosophy of life have been influencing Korea. Today, Confucianism has penetrated and taken root in Korean society, especially in education, etiquette and other aspects. At the same time, it also plays an important role in South Korea's economic development and social modernization process.