Moon appearance, phase, eclipse, tide, human landing on the moon, developing the earth, the relationship between the moon and human beings.

Interpretation of Chinese Curriculum Standards (24)

5. Selected Chinese Textbooks for Grade 7 (People's Education Press 200 1 Edition)

Fourth unit

Now, science is developing at an unprecedented speed, showing great influence in various fields. Several texts in this unit are closely related to science and rich in content. Reading these articles can enrich our scientific knowledge, stimulate our curiosity and cultivate our scientific spirit.

To learn this unit, we should practice summarizing the main points of the text on the basis of understanding the content of the text; Also practice reading the text silently at a faster speed and remember the main content.

17 Looking at the weather from the clouds (abbreviated text)

Discussion and practice

Read the text silently and complete the following two questions.

1. The most basic experience of knowing the weather from the cloud is (in the original words of the article): _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2. Design a table to list the types and characteristics of clouds and their brightness, as well as the weather conditions predicted by them respectively.

Second, some things are difficult to describe. For example, they are easy to explain and lively and interesting. Make sentences according to the following examples.

The clouds in the sky are like mountains, rivers, lions and galloping horses.

Make sentences:

1. As night falls, the surrounding mountains, ...

The neon lights in the distance are on, ...

Choose one of the following two questions to carry out the activity.

1. From now on, take a time every day to practice watching the weather from the clouds, judge the weather of the day or the next day, and release the weather forecast in turn to see who can predict it accurately.

There are many folk proverbs about the weather. Please collect some after class (you can refer to the information or consult an experienced elder) and accumulate them by category.

/kloc-Footprints on the Moon Ball in 0/9 Zhu Changchao

In the vast space, the moon is a close neighbor of the earth. Although it is a close neighbor, it is 380 thousand kilometers away from the earth, which is really beyond our reach.

However, in July of 1969, American astronauts Armstrong, Collins and Aldrin finally landed on the moon on behalf of all mankind, taking an important step in human exploration of space and setting a new milestone in the space industry.

On July 16 this year, on the rocket launching platform of Kennedy Space Center in the middle of Florida Peninsula, Saturn 5 rocket stood like a giant, with its tip pointing straight at the blue sky, reaching as high as 100 meters. It will push Apollo 1 1 spacecraft into space. Ground service personnel have filled its third-class fuel tank with fuel. The first stage rocket has been filled with kerosene, and the second and third stages have been filled with liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.

Spacecraft commander Armstrong, command module pilot Collins and lunar module pilot Aldrin had breakfast and put on spacesuits in the cafeteria of the Space Center. A great moment is coming, and they will embark on the journey of exploring the moon. They always say goodbye to my people. This will be the farthest trip in human history. They strode off the launcher, boarded the elevator, came to the command module and entered the narrow command module.

The ground personnel inspected the rocket very carefully and everything was normal. The command center gives the ignition instruction and the computer starts to work automatically. The automatic ignition device ignited the igniter, and "Saturn 5" rumbled, the earth shook violently, and the rocket slowly rose and accelerated. Three astronauts were lying in the cabin, observing the readings of various instruments. At this time, they are under great pressure, which is caused by the acceleration of the rocket. Two minutes and 42 seconds after launch, the first-stage rocket automatically fell off, and the second-and third-stage rockets continued to rise. When it reaches the altitude of 182 km, the second stage rocket will automatically fall off at a speed of 6.8 km per second. 9 minutes and 5 seconds from the ground, the third stage rocket engine started to work, and the spacecraft entered the scheduled orbit at the scheduled time and altitude. At the moment, "Apollo 1 1" spacecraft has an altitude of 2,650 kilometers and a speed of 7.67 kilometers per second.

After the spacecraft enters the scheduled orbit, it will fly around the earth first to test whether the spacecraft is normal and whether it can fly to the moon. According to the determination of flight conditions, the Houston ground command center issued the order to March to the moon. Then, the third stage rocket started again, making the speed reach 10.5 km per second, entering the lunar orbit and heading for the moon.

Three astronauts are having dinner in the cabin. After the launch 13 hours and 30 minutes, I began to sleep peacefully. The ground station no longer gives them instructions, so as not to disturb their good dreams. They must have a good rest, because it is impossible to fly to the moon successfully without good physical strength and energy.

The spaceship moves slowly in space like a lonely boat. It flew over the midpoint of the distance between the moon and the earth. 19 At 8: 33 pm, it flew over the neutral point of the gravity of the moon and the earth. The static gravity point is 28,000 kilometers away from the moon, and the moon and the earth are in a state of gravity balance at this point. From the spaceship, you can see the beautiful moon in sight. It has a beautiful silver light and hangs quietly above the spacecraft.

19 at 9: 32 pm, the ground command center called. Three people got up quickly. On this day, they should land on the moon as planned. The spacecraft began to slow down, and soon it would reach the sky above the long-awaited moon. Three astronauts worked nervously, holding joysticks in their hands to prevent manual operation in case of computer failure. Fortunately, the computer gave normal instructions, and when the spacecraft slowed down to a certain speed, it automatically gave a cease-fire instruction. At 7: 32 am on July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin put on the lunar module and talked to the ground command center. Soon, the lunar module was separated from the spacecraft and the spacecraft continued to fly around the moon. The lunar module began to land and slowly descended in an elliptical orbit.

At 5 am on July 2 1, the lunar module landed on the moon successfully. The astronauts who landed on the moon excitedly reported to the Houston ground center that they had successfully landed. Houston Ground Center is also pleased to congratulate them on their success.

2 1 morning, 1 1: 39, the door of the lunar module was opened. 1 1: 5 1, Armstrong went down the stairs and landed on the moon. The moon is full of tiny particles, a bit like the beach of the earth. Then, Delin also came to the moon. This is a great moment. This is a great progress for mankind. The exact time of this moment is1969 July 21June 1 1: 56: 20. This is a milestone in human exploration of space.

As soon as Armstrong and Aldrin reached the surface of the moon, they immediately began to work intensively. They have many tasks, but the oxygen they breathe is very limited, only four hours. Therefore, we must seize every minute. They checked the landing of the lunar lander, and everything was normal; They took out shovels and collected samples of lunar soil and lunar rocks. They took a monument out of the lunar module and erected it on the moon. The monument is engraved with images of the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere of the earth, as well as:

1969 In July, the planet of the solar system, the human on the earth, left footprints on the moon for the first time. On behalf of all mankind, we are here for a peaceful trip.

Then Aldrin took out the TV camera from the lunar module and installed it on the surface of the moon. They installed a solar wind measuring device to detect cosmic rays. Also installed a laser instrument to accurately measure the distance between the moon and the earth; A lunar seismograph for measuring lunar earthquakes was also installed. They took out the American star-spangled banner and put it solemnly on the moon. After these tasks were completed, they breathed a sigh of relief and made the first call between the moon and the earth with American President Nixon. The president warmly congratulated them on their successful landing on the moon.

Three hours passed quickly, and there was only enough oxygen in their oxygen bag for one hour. Houston ground center ordered them to stop operation and return to the lunar module from the moon. They carefully boarded the lunar module, took off their moon suits, put on their spacesuits, had a delicious lunch and slept sweetly for seven or eight hours.

1at 0: 00 on July 22, 969, the Houston ground center woke Collins on the spacecraft and two astronauts in the lunar module, and ordered the lunar module to ascend to a certain orbit around the moon and dock with Apollo 1 1 spacecraft. The engine of the lunar module started, rising and accelerating, and entering the predetermined orbit. At 6: 35 am on the 22nd, it successfully docked with the "Apollo 1 1" spacecraft waiting there. Three astronauts met over the moon and shook hands excitedly in the narrow command module. The lunar module has completed its historical mission, so it is not economical to bring it back to earth. So, it was left in space.

The spaceship began to return to the distant earth. At the early morning of 25th 1: 35: 8, it entered the earth's atmosphere at a proper angle. When descending to the height of 4,000m, three large parachutes were opened in the air, and the Apollo 1 1 spacecraft landed in the predetermined sea area accurately and was rescued by the navy that had been waiting there for a long time.

Man set foot on the moon for the first time. This great expedition took 760,000 kilometers and lasted 195 hours. Three astronauts completed an expedition from one planet to another.

Shortly after returning from the moon landing, 1969, 16 September, three astronauts went to the U.S. capitol to give a speech at a joint session of Congress to talk about their feelings about landing on the moon.

Armstrong talked about the significance of landing on the moon. He commented on their "small step" from the lunar module to the moon: "This small step is a small step for a person; It is a huge leap for all mankind. "

Discussion and practice

Read the text quickly and silently, try to draw a schematic diagram of the whole process of landing on the moon and give a brief explanation.

Go ahead. Read the following paragraph and discuss with your classmates: Why is it "right" to say that man landed on the moon for the first time?

For mankind, this is a huge leap and a milestone in human exploration of space?

1. This small step is a small step for a person; For all mankind.

It can be said that this is a huge leap. (Armstrong)

2. The first step to set foot on the moon is also to set foot on the planets in the solar system, and finally set foot on other planets in space. "One small step for one person" is a fact, and "One giant leap for all mankind" is a hope for the future. (Aldrin)

3.21-In the 22nd century, human beings will emigrate to the moon and establish the Moon Village. Moon Village will use solar energy for heating, use the water found on the moon to produce vegetables and grains, and establish various living facilities. The important task of Moon Village is to mine helium 3 and transport it back to the earth, and use this heat energy to generate electricity and supply the electricity needed by the whole earth. Humans will also develop tourism and let the people of the earth visit the Moon Village. (He Xiuxiu)

According to the following situations, expand your imagination and write a paragraph of one or two hundred words.

You are driving a spaceship, looking for alien life in the vast space. It's been several days since you left the earth. At this time, through the porthole, you see a beautiful blue planet. ...

Read and write.

Observation shows that the cost performance is high, the sea area talks about charming milestones, and a lonely boat is in sight.

Lunar surface

Explore the mysteries of the moon

The moon is a close neighbor of the earth and a friend of mankind. When we were young, we sang the children's song "A bright moon, a boat, a boat with two pointed ends" and grew up unconsciously. Reading Footprints on the Moon may arouse your greater interest in this planet. You want to uncover more secrets and understand the rich cultural connotations endowed by people since ancient times. Su Dongpo, a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, said, "When will there be a bright moon? Ask the sky for wine. " Now, let's also ask some questions about this mysterious planet.

According to your own interests and conditions, with the help of teachers and experts, with the help of libraries or networks, you can collect and sort out relevant materials and choose one of the following activities.

1. How much do you know about the mystery of the moon?

There are many mysteries about the moon, such as its origin, geological structure, moon appearance, phase, eclipse, tide, human landing on the moon, the development of the moon, the relationship between the moon and human beings and so on. Students in the class can be grouped according to their interests and explore one or two aspects respectively. Then a special report meeting was held, and representatives of each group reported the collected information and research results. If you have different opinions, you can have a debate. Do not seek unity of opinion, just seek something.

Second, observe the movement of the moon and visit the observatory or planetarium.

1. Take a closer look at the following schematic diagram of the moon (it is best to observe the operation of the moon for a period of time and compare it with the following diagram). Think about it: Which stage of the moon shape do these schematic diagrams refer to? What names are commonly used now? What two words were used to name these two important stages in ancient China?

Thinking: What do you think after observing the movement of the moon? )

2. If possible, you can visit the Observatory or Planetarium, learn from professionals about the history of human observation of celestial bodies, learn about famous astronomers, common astronomical observation instruments and astronomical phenomena, and watch video materials about the moon.

(Thinking: Why are most observatories built at the top of the mountain? Why are most observation rooms in the Observatory domed? What new knowledge do you have about the moon through this visit? )

Third, colorful moon culture.

Since ancient times, people have given the moon various cultural meanings. Many ethnic groups have myths and legends about the moon, articles and poems, couplets, riddles, music and paintings, as well as folk customs and scenic spots related to the moon. Collect the above information and have a communication meeting in class.

Discussion: In today's highly developed science and technology, why do people still like myths and legends, folk customs and literary works about the moon?

I am a small expert on the moon.

Organize a knowledge contest about the moon. Set up an organizing Committee, divide the class into several teams, and prepare competition questions, small cards and prizes.

Five, the moon shines on you, the moon shines on me (the first item must be done, and the second and third items are optional)

1. Prepare a notebook in the class, entitled "My Day on the Moon". The whole class takes turns to write a paragraph every day and follow the story.

2. Imagine writing an article of 500-600 words around the topic of "Moon".

In your diary, write down your experience of participating in this activity.

reference data

First of all, several mysteries of the moon

Mystery of the origin of the moon: At present, human beings have put forward three hypotheses about the origin of the moon, namely, the theory that the moon was captured, the theory that the earth and the moon are homologous, and the theory that the earth split. So far, the three hypotheses have not obtained strong evidence, so the fourth hypothesis-"moon-spacecraft" theory has emerged.

Mystery of Moon Age: Rock samples brought back from the moon can be used to determine the age of the moon. It is found that 99% of the moon rocks are older than 90% of the oldest rocks on earth. 1973, a moon rock was determined to be 5.3 billion years old at the World Moon Symposium, while the oldest rock on the earth was 3.7 billion years old. Some scientists believe that the moon was formed in interstellar space long before the formation of the earth.

In addition, there are mysteries about the formation of craters on the moon, that the lunar soil is older than rocks, that the impact of the moon produces loud noise, that there is stainless iron on the moon, and that there is a lot of water vapor on the dry moon.

Second, many documents record that the moon has not existed since ancient times.

Ancient American Mayans left a very developed culture, but in their chronicles, which began before the flood, people were surprised to find that there was no record of the moon.

● About 4,000 years ago, the first librarian of the Alexandria Library wrote in his literature: "In ancient times, the moon could not be seen in the sky of the earth."

● Jinzhong recorded an amazing message: "It's a pity that Taizong was blessed for eleven years, and May was ugly, and the moon suddenly lost to the south." Meaning: In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Jin Dynasty (A.D. 1 133), the moon suddenly deviated from its orbit, headed south, and soon returned to its original orbit.

Third, myths and legends related to the moon.

China's myth about the moon was first recorded in Shan Hai Jing, Chu Ci, Huai Nan Zi and other ancient books.

There are many legends and fairy tales about the moon. There are stories about the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon and Zhu Yuanzhang's anti-Yuan uprising.

Legend has it that there is a laurel tree 500 feet high on the moon. There was a man named WU GANG in the Han Dynasty who was obsessed with fairy tales and didn't concentrate on reading. He was banished to the moon to cut laurel, but laurel was cut with it, so later generations can see the image of WU GANG cutting laurel endlessly in the middle of the month.

4. China's ancient fantasy poems about the moon.

What are the advantages of luminous? Have another child when you die. What's the use of feeling arrogant and caring for rabbits? (Qu Yuan's "Chu Ci Tian Wen")

What are the characteristics of the moon? It will die and grow again. What are the advantages of keeping a rabbit in your arms? )

In the middle of the moon, there should be clearer light. (Du Fu's "One Hundred and Fifty Nights on the Moon")

The old rabbit is cold and the toad is crying, and the half-open wall of the cloud tower is white. The jade wheel rolled with dew and wet the surrounding light and shadow. Mo Yan in Guihua Lane once met the fairy of Lu 'an-E. (Li He's Dream of Heaven)

Poor tonight, where to go, to relax? Did another person just see you rise in the East? Is the sky sweaty outside, but the wind is mighty to send the Mid-Autumn Festival? It is like a mirror that flies to the sky, but it won't fall off. Who tied it with an invisible long rope? Chang 'e in the Moon Palace is still unmarried. Who kept her? I heard that the moon swam across the bottom of the sea, but I can't see why. This is an unpredictable thing, but also a worrying and terrible thing. I'm afraid that the whale in the sea will hit the Jade Palace and Qionglou in the Moon Palace. From the bottom of the sea, water won't worry about water, but did rabbits ever learn to swim? If all this is safe, why does it gradually become a link? (Xin Qiji's "Magnolia Slow")

Fifth, enjoy the moon.

The moon is bright, and August is particularly bright: the mountains are beautiful, and Wushan and Xiu Xiu are beautiful.

● Enjoy the moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival, and the full moon is absent: the wanderer is homesick and his hometown is bitter.

● Full moon in the sky, half moon on the ground, and each moon has half moon; Tonight is the end of a year, tomorrow is a year, and year after year is the end of a year.

● Big Dipper, water reaches 14; There are geese in the south building and a pair of flies in the moon.

● Although the building is high, Ren Yunfei has passed; Small pool can send the bright moon.

Flowers and shadows are everywhere; A pavilion of mountains, mountains, colors and moons peeps at people.

● The water is cold and warm, where to find the source of the stream, the song is slanting, and the lake light can be used as a guide; Because of the full moon, Mo Wen next to the pavilion will take the first photo at the beginning of the year and propose a toast tonight. Does Chang 'e in the sky recognize me?

Sixth, the reputation and nickname of the moon.

Jade rabbit, luminous, Su E, ice wheel, jade wheel, jade toad, ghost woman, toad, ancient rabbit, Chanjuan, jade bow, jade laurel, jade plate, jade hook, jade mirror, ice mirror, Guanghan Palace, Chang 'e, jade sheep, etc.

Seven, the legend of the moon alien civilization

Legend has it that Armstrong, who landed on the moon, suddenly said with surprise when he contacted the command center code-named Houston: "These things are amazing! God, I can't believe it. I want to tell you that there are other ships here. They were arranged on the other side of the crater. They are on the moon. They are watching us ... "At this moment, the telecommunication signal suddenly stopped. What did Armstrong see?

●1968 65438+February 2 1 day, the United States launched its first probe spacecraft to the moon at Kennedy Space Center. After the spacecraft entered the lunar orbit, the astronauts took the first photo of the back of the moon with a telescope camera at an altitude of 100 km. Many years later, when people were studying these photos, they accidentally found a huge round object in the crater. It is very regular, unlike a natural thing, it looks like it is landing or taking off.

● Since apollo 8, 10, 1 1, 16 and 17 have all witnessed or photographed UFOs on the moon. Even as early as 1966, the American lunar orbiter 2.

Bibliography and recommended websites:

Treasures of natural science (Sun, Moon and Planets)

Billions of Why (Astronomical Geography Volume)

Oxford Encyclopedia of Modern Science and Technology (Cosmic Science Volume)

100,000 New Why (Astronomical Volume)

Contemporary Museum Series (Astronomical Museum Volume)

From the Earth to the Moon (Verne)

Moon Man (Pierre Buller)

Fly to the moon (J. Putkame)

Textbook author's explanation:

Comprehensive Research on the Design Intention of "Exploring the Mysteries of the Moon"

According to the concept of the new curriculum standard, this set of textbooks takes the comprehensive application of Chinese knowledge, the all-round development of listening, speaking, reading and writing ability, the organic communication between Chinese and other subjects, and the close combination of classroom learning and practical activities as the overall goal of comprehensive learning, and integrates the three systems of writing, oral communication and Chinese practical activities in the previous textbooks into comprehensive learning, scientifically sets the stage goals, and designs them according to the requirements of grades 7-9 put forward by the curriculum standard.

Exploring the Mystery of the Moon is a large-scale comprehensive learning content designed according to a reading text "Footprints on the Moon" in Unit 4, Volume 1, Grade 7. Deepen reading content, emphasize inquiry in learning process, cultivate students' ability to collect information, screen information and study problems, and strive to improve students' writing and oral communication ability in Chinese comprehensive activities. Considering from the three dimensions of knowledge and ability, process and method, emotional attitude and values, this comprehensive study determines the following activities: first, understand the basic natural and human phenomena of the moon, stimulate students' interest in exploring the unknown world, and cultivate a little scientific and humanistic spirit; Second, continue to learn how to use the library and the Internet to obtain information; Third, some scientific phenomena about the moon can be clearly introduced in scientific language; Fourth, develop imagination and association on the basis of reading, and do writing exercises.

In order to achieve the above goals, teachers need to make full preparations before class, such as arranging the study schedule, listing more detailed reading lists and some websites, contacting planetarium or observatory, collecting scientific and humanistic materials related to the moon, and arranging students to prepare in advance. Teachers need to guide students to selectively carry out related activities according to different curriculum resources in different places during the learning process; After the activity, we should carefully evaluate the students' learning achievements and pay attention to the students' learning process.