As a BRIC country, why are there so many slums in India?

1. Urban housing shortage According to the data of the World Bank, the population of India has reached135.3 billion in 20 18. With the rapid growth of population and the development of rural economy, there is too much surplus labor.

India's population growth trend | The World Bank's urban development needs cheap labor with certain skills to attract rural surplus labor to seek employment opportunities in cities. And some rural people will also move to cities for other reasons, such as education. A Muslim family living in a slum in Dharavi left a deep impression on me. They used to have a big house in the country, but their family came to the city for religious reasons.

India's literacy rate | UNESCO Hinduism and Islam have always discriminated against women, so girls have limited opportunities to receive education. Especially in rural areas, girls generally have no tradition of going to school. 20 1 1 In July, the Indian government put forward a new goal in the Law on Children's Right to Free and Compulsory Education, that is, to implement free and compulsory education for children 10. Therefore, enlightened rural parents will choose to live in urban slums for their children's future. With a land area of 2.98 million square kilometers, India is one of the countries with the most tight housing in the world. The influx of a large number of people into cities has caused a shortage of urban housing. According to the data of the National Sampling Survey Organization of India, 70%~80% of the urban poor are low-income families. In Indian cities, there are nearly10 million families living in slums, accounting for 14% of the total urban population, which is only half of the total urban poor population, while the other half are homeless and sleep on the streets. 2. The gap between the rich and the poor Although the number of poor people in India has attracted worldwide attention, there are many Indians on the rich list every year. In the 20 19 Forbes Asia Rich List, Ma Hua Teng ranked second with a net worth of 37 billion dollars, and Ma Yun ranked third. The new richest man in Asia who beat the other two horses is Mukesh Ambani from India's Xincheng Industry, with a net worth of $48.2 billion.

Top 3 Forbes Rich List in Asia |? Sohu. Com is located in the rich area of India. Luxury cars are parked at every door, and there are all kinds of nannies, secretaries and drivers in the hospital. According to Numbeo's website, the current house price in the inner city of Mumbai is 47,665,438+099 rupees per square meter, equivalent to nearly 50,000 yuan per square meter, which has exceeded the average house price in Hangzhou. Mumbai also ranks among the top 20 most expensive cities in the world for its high housing prices. Compared with China, it is second only to Hongkong, Peking and Shanghai.

Average house price in Mumbai? |? NumbeoAlthough many rural immigrants have good jobs and income levels, they can't afford the cost of formal housing, so the gap between the rich and the poor makes the groups below middle income have to choose slums.

Indian caste system |? The gap between the rich and the poor in India stems not only from the caste system left over from history (India's social hierarchy based on race), but also from the land problem and education problem in the realistic background. Unlike China, India did not have a thorough agrarian revolution, so there are a large number of landless and landless people, accounting for three quarters of the rural population. Without land, farmers' lives are not guaranteed, which is also the root of poverty among Indian farmers. In terms of education, India's weak basic education and developed higher education make the rich have a good education, but the poor have no opportunity to receive education, further widening the gap between the rich and the poor. 3.70 years of government urban planning mistakes? The Indian government's intervention in slums has gradually changed from strict government control and demolition to tolerance, hierarchical governance and market-oriented planning, which has promoted the growth of slums, including allowing new slum settlements, legalizing illegal settlements and providing services and funds for slum residents. It is these informal welfare regulations and slum residents' voting activities that stabilize slums and promote the persistence of illegal property rights in slums. However, in the current slum upgrading project, the aim is to increase local income and create more employment opportunities, ignoring the function of slums, so the process of slum upgrading is extremely slow, the proliferation and development of slums are faster than the governance and transformation of slums, and the problem of urban slums is becoming more and more serious.

Children in slums. Lack of household registration management system After India's independence, the government's "industrialization plan" made the demand for labor in cities rise sharply. This is in line with the general law of developing countries, but because India has no household registration management, theoretically anyone can move to any place in the country at any time, which objectively creates conditions for the disorderly expansion of cities.