Ancient England

history

In BC, Iberians, cyclists and Celts from the Mediterranean came to Britain one after another. 1-In the 5th century, the southeast of Great Britain was ruled by the Roman Empire. After the Romans retreated, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in Northern Europe invaded and settled in succession. The feudal system began to form in the 7th century, and many small countries merged into seven kingdoms, contending for hegemony for 200 years, which is known as the "Anglo-Saxon era". In 829, King Egbert of Wessex unified England. It was invaded by the Danes at the end of the 8th century, and from 10 16 to 1042, it was a part of the Danish pirate empire. The Duke of Normandy crossed the sea to conquer England in 1066 after the short-term rule of the English king. 12 15 King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta and his kingship was suppressed. From 1338 to 1453, Britain and France fought a "hundred-year war", and Britain won first and then lost. 1588 defeated the Spanish "Armada" and established maritime hegemony. Britain's victory in the 1588 naval battle between Britain and the West was a victory of defeating the strong with the weak, which once again showed the strength of the nation-state under the rule of kingship. For the first time, the island countries, which have long been outside the mainstream civilization in Europe, made a voice to the European continent as a powerful country and quickly entered the center of the world's maritime hegemony and commercial hegemony. 1603, Elizabeth I died at the age of 80. In order to avoid the harm of political marriage to the national interests, the queen has never been married and lived a lonely life, leaving behind a Britain with growing national strength and an upward trend. 1640, Britain was the first bourgeois revolution in the world and became the pioneer of bourgeois revolution. 1649 65438+1October 30th, on a sunny winter day, thousands of Londoners gathered in the square in front of the banquet hall in the early morning, with contradictory expressions of sadness, fear, excitement and loss hanging on their faces. In uncontrollable anxiety, they are waiting for a beheading penalty, that is, King Charles I, who was condemned by Parliament as a "tyrant, murderer and enemy of the country". 1May 649 19, the Republic of China was proclaimed. 1660 restored the dynasty, 1688 witnessed a "glorious revolution" and established a constitutional monarchy. From 1588 naval battle to 1688 glorious revolution, Britain adjusted its internal system on the one hand, and actively expanded abroad on the other. After a hundred years of savings, the British began to release energy. Before and after the Glorious Revolution, the population of Britain increased greatly, commerce and handicrafts developed rapidly, and foreign trade became more and more important to the national economy and people's livelihood.

1707, England and Scotland merged. 1763, through the seven-year war between Britain and France, Britain temporarily moved France and Spain standing in front of it. From 65438 to 0687, Newton published his most famous book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Newton died in 1727. Britain buried him in Westminster Abbey with a grand state funeral ceremony, which has always been the graveyard of princes and nobles, and Newton became the first scientist to sleep here. 180 1 merged with Ireland. /kloc-from the second half of the 8th century to the first half of the 9th century, it became the first country in the world to complete the industrial revolution. 18 15 years, Britain won a war that shocked the world, and Arthur Wellesley Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Britain, a small marginal country, has seized the opportunity in the historic transformation, has taken the lead in reaching the entrance of modern civilization and is about to move steadily towards the center of the world. /kloc-the 0/9th century was the heyday of the British Empire. 19 14 years, the occupied colony was11times larger than the mainland, and it was the first colonial power, claiming to be "imperial". It began to decline after the First World War. Britain established Northern Ireland in 1920, and allowed South Ireland to break away from the rule of 192 1 922 and establish an independent country. 193 1 year promulgated the Westminster act, which forced the autonomous territories to be independent in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the colonial system of the British empire was shaken. In World War II, the economic strength was greatly weakened and the political status declined. With the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the British colonial system collapsed in the 1960s. 1973 65438+ 10 joined the European body in October.

Britain was a major victor in the First and Second World Wars, so it is a permanent member of the UN Security Council and has veto power over bills. Britain is also a member of the European Union and a founding member of NATO.