Main contents of the US Constitution 1787

We, the people of the United States of America, have formulated and established this Constitution for the United States of America in order to organize a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic peace, build national defense, enhance the welfare of the whole people, and ensure that ourselves and our descendants can enjoy the happiness brought by freedom.

first

Section 1: The legislative power stipulated in this Constitution belongs to the United States Congress, which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Section 2: The House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected by the people of each state every two years, and the electors of each state shall have the qualifications required by the largest elector of the House of Representatives in the legislature of that state.

No person under the age of 25, or a citizen of the United States for less than seven years, or a person elected in a state other than a resident of that state may serve as a representative.

The number of members of the House of Representatives and the amount of direct taxes shall be distributed in proportion to the population of the states under federal jurisdiction. This population should be added to the number of all free people, including short-term servants with contracts, but excluding Indians who have not paid taxes, plus three-fifths of all others. The actual population survey shall be held within three years after the first session of the Congress of the United States and every ten years thereafter. The method of investigation shall be stipulated separately by law. The number of representatives shall not exceed one per 30,000 population, but each state shall have at least one representative; Before conducting a census, States must elect representatives according to the following figures: New Hampshire, 3; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence, one; Connecticut, five; New york, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, six; Maryland, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina and Georgia, three.

When there is a vacancy in the House of Representatives of any state, the chief executive of that state shall issue an election order to select outstanding members to fill the vacancy.

The House of Representatives shall elect its Speaker and other officials; Only the House of Representatives has the right to propose impeachment.

Section 3: The United States Senate consists of two senators elected by the legislatures of each state. The term of office of senators is six years, and each senator has one vote.

When senators meet after the first election, they should be immediately divided into three groups as equally as possible. The term of office of the first group of senators will expire at the end of the second year, the second group will expire at the end of the fourth year and the third group will expire at the end of the sixth year, so that one-third of senators will be re-elected every two years; If a senator resigns during the recess of the state legislature or becomes vacant for other reasons, the state chief executive may appoint a temporary senator and wait until the next meeting of the state legislature to fill the vacancy by election.

No one under the age of 30, or a citizen of the United States for less than nine years, or a person elected in a state but not a resident of that state may serve as a senator. The Vice President of the United States shall be the Speaker of the Senate, who shall have no voting right unless the votes are equal.

The Senate shall elect other officials of the House of Representatives and, in the absence of the Vice President or in the performance of the duties of the President of the United States, an interim Speaker.

Only the Senate has the power to hear all impeachment cases. Senators should take an oath when hearing impeachment cases. If the person on trial is the president of the United States, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall be the chairman; No one can be convicted without the consent of two-thirds of the senators present.

The judgment of impeachment case shall not exceed the dismissal and disqualification from holding any honorary, responsible or remunerative post in the US government; However, the sentenced person must still obey the charges, trials, judgments and punishments made according to other laws.

Paragraph 4: The legislatures of the states of Honshu Island shall stipulate the time, place and procedures for the election of senators and representatives of Honshu Island; However, Congress can enact or change such regulations at any time by law, except where members are elected.

Congress should meet at least once a year on the first Monday of1February, unless they specify another date by law.

Paragraph 5: The Senate and the House of Representatives shall examine their respective elections, election result reports and the qualifications of their members, and more than half of the members of each House of Representatives shall constitute a quorum for deliberation; When a quorum is not reached, the meeting may be postponed day by day, and absent members may be forced to attend in accordance with the procedures and penalties prescribed by each house.

The Senate and the House of Representatives may formulate their own rules of procedure, punish members of the House of Representatives who disturb the order, and dismiss them with the consent of two thirds.

The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each keep a record of the proceedings and publish it regularly, except for the part that they think should be kept confidential; If one-fifth of the members present request it, the approval or disapproval of each question by members of both houses shall be recorded in the minutes of proceedings.

When the National Assembly is in session, without the consent of the other house, neither house shall be adjourned for more than three days, nor shall it be moved to other places where the two houses are not in session.

Section 6 Senators and congressmen may receive remuneration for their services, and the amount of remuneration shall be determined by law and paid by the Treasury Department of the United States. In addition to committing treason, felony and disturbing public order, members of both houses of parliament enjoy the privilege of not being arrested when attending meetings of both houses and on their way back and forth; The speeches and debates of members of the two houses in the House of Representatives are not questioned on other occasions.

Senators or representatives shall not hold any newly established positions in the U.S. government during their elected term, or receive any additional salary for new positions during their term; People who serve in the U.S. government may not serve as members of Congress during their term of office.

Section 7: All tax-related bills shall be introduced in the House of Representatives; However, the Senate can deal with other bills, make recommendations or agree to amendments.

Bills passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate must be submitted to the President of the United States before they become law; If the president approves it, he must sign it. If he doesn't approve it, he should return it together with his objection to the house that originally proposed the case. The House of Representatives shall record the objections in detail in the minutes of the meeting, and then conduct reconsideration. If, after reconsideration, two-thirds of the members of the House of Representatives still agree to pass the bill, the house shall send the bill to another house for reconsideration together with objections. If the other house also passes the bill by a two-thirds majority, the bill will become law. However, in this case, the votes of the two houses should be decided for or against the bill, and the names of the members who support and oppose the bill should be recorded in the respective minutes of the two houses. If the President does not return the bill within ten days (except Sunday) after receiving it, the bill will become law as if it had been signed by the President. Only when Congress cannot return the bill can the bill become law.

Any order, resolution or vote (except adjournment) that requires the consent of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall be submitted to the President of the United States; It won't take effect until the president approves it. If the President does not approve, the Senate and the House of Representatives can pass the bill again by a two-thirds majority according to various groups and restrictions stipulated for passing the bill.

Section 8: Congress has the power to prescribe and collect taxes, contributions, customs duties and other taxes to pay off the national debt and provide funds for the national defense and the welfare of the whole people of the United States; However, all kinds of taxes, tariffs and other taxes should be uniformly collected in the United States; Borrowing with American credit; Managing trade with foreign countries, states and Indian tribes; Formulate naturalization regulations and laws that are uniformly applicable to bankruptcy in the United States; Foundry currency, adjust its value, determine the value of foreign currency, and formulate standards for weights and measures; Formulate regulations on penalties for counterfeiting American securities and currency; Set up a post office and build a post road; In order to promote the progress of science and practical skills, patent rights are guaranteed for the works and inventions of writers and inventors for a certain period of time; Establish courts at all levels below the Supreme Court; Defining and punishing piracy, serious crimes committed on the high seas and crimes against public international law; Declare war, issue licenses to civilian ships to catch enemy ships and take revenge actions, and formulate rules for seizing spoils on land and at sea; Raise and maintain the army, but the validity of each appropriation of this fee shall not exceed two years; Equip and maintain the navy; To formulate various regulations for the management and control of the army and navy; To formulate regulations for convening militia to implement federal laws, suppress rebellion and repel aggression; To stipulate the organization, equipment and training of the militia and the management of the militia when it serves the United States, but each state reserves the right to appoint its officers and train the militia in accordance with the regulations prescribed by Congress; For the area (not more than ten square miles) ceded by a state and inherited by Congress as the seat of the government of the United States, it has complete legislative power over all its affairs; With the consent of the state legislature, it also has the right to buy places from the state government and build forts, ammunition depots, arsenals, docks and other necessary buildings; -and enact all necessary and appropriate laws to exercise the above-mentioned powers and the powers conferred on the United States government or its departments or its officials by this Constitution.

Paragraph 9: Before 1808, the Congress shall not prohibit anyone who is considered by any existing state to be allowed to immigrate or enter the country, but it may levy taxes on immigrants, but the amount shall not exceed $0/0 per person.

The privilege guaranteed by habeas corpus shall not be suspended, except in case of rebellion or infringement, when public safety requires it.

No bill or retrospective law that deprives public rights may be passed.

Population tax or other direct taxes shall not be levied unless the proportion of population survey or statistics stipulated in this Constitution.

Goods exported by States are not taxed.

There are no provisions on commerce or tax payment that give preferential treatment to a state's ports; Nor shall any ship sailing to or from one state be forced to sail into or out of another state or pay taxes to another state.

Except in accordance with the law, no funds may be raised from the state treasury; All reports and accounts of revenue and expenditure of public funds shall be published regularly.

No title of nobility can be awarded in the United States: no one who holds a paid or responsible position in the United States government can accept any gift, salary, position or title from any king, prince or foreign country without the permission of Congress.

Article 10: No country may conclude any treaty, alliance or alliance; No license shall be issued to civilian ships to arrest enemy ships and take retaliatory actions; There is no money to cast; No paper money shall be issued; Articles other than gold and silver coins shall not be designated as legal tender for repayment of debts; No bill depriving public rights, retroactive laws or laws damaging contractual obligations shall be passed; Nor shall any titles of nobility be conferred.

Without the consent of Congress, no state may impose any tax on imported goods or exported goods unless it is absolutely necessary to implement the inspection law of the state; The net income of taxes levied by any state on import and export goods shall be used by the treasury of the United States; Congress has the right to amend and supervise all such inspection laws.

Without the consent of Congress, no state may levy tonnage tax, keep troops and warships in peacetime, conclude any agreement or contract with other states or foreign countries, and engage in war unless it is actually invaded or in a state of emergency.

second

Paragraph 1: The executive power belongs to the President of the United States of America. The term of office of the president is four years. The president and vice president with the same term of office are elected according to the following procedures:

Each state shall appoint a number of electors in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the state legislature, and the number of electors shall be equal to the total number of deputies to the state legislature; However, senators, representatives and anyone who holds a responsible and remunerative position in the government of the United States shall not be designated as electors.

Every voter shall meet in his own state, and each voter shall vote for two people, at least one of whom shall not be a resident of Honshu Island. The elector shall list all the candidates, indicating the number of votes obtained by each person; They should also sign the certificate and send the sealed list to the seat of the US government and give it to the Speaker of the Senate. The Speaker of the Senate shall open all documents in front of all members of the House and Senate, and then count the votes. The person who gets the most votes, if he gets more than half of all voters, will be elected president; If more than one person obtains more than half of the votes at the same time, and the votes are the same, the House of Representatives shall immediately vote to elect one of them as the president; If no one gets more than half of the votes, the House of Representatives will elect the president from the top five with the most votes in the same way. However, when the president is elected according to this law, the state is the unit, and the representatives of each state have one vote; If two-thirds of the States in the country have one or more representatives present, it will constitute a quorum for electing the president; To be elected president requires more than half of the votes in all States. In every such election, after the president is elected, the person who gets the most votes from the voters is the vice president. However, if two or more votes are equal, the Senate will vote to elect one of them as the vice president.

Congress must decide the time and date for each state to elect electors; The voting date is unified throughout the country.

Only people who are American citizens at birth or who are American citizens at the time of the implementation of this Constitution can be elected president; No one under the age of 35 or living in the United States for less than 14 years may be elected president.

If the President is removed from office, or is unable to perform his functions and powers due to death, resignation or incapacity, the functions and powers of the President shall be exercised by the Vice President. Congress can stipulate by law who will act as the president when both the president and the vice president are removed from office, or die, resign or lose their abilities, and that person should act accordingly until the ability of the president is restored or a new president is elected.

The president can get a salary for his service during a specific period. During his tenure, his salary shall not be increased or decreased, and he shall not accept other remuneration from the United States government or any state government during this term.

Before he takes office, he should swear or swear as follows: "I solemnly swear (or swear) that I will faithfully perform the duties of the President of the United States and try my best to safeguard, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. 」

Section 2: The President is the Commander-in-Chief of Lu Haijun, the United States, and when the state militia is called to perform tasks for the United States, the President is the Commander-in-Chief; He can ask the officials in charge of each administrative department to submit written opinions on any matter related to his duties, and he has the right to grant probation and Amnesty to those who violate American laws, except impeachment cases.

The president has the right to conclude treaties, but he must seek the opinions and consent of the Senate, and two-thirds of the senators present must agree; He has the right to nominate and, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officials of the United States who are not explicitly stipulated in this Constitution but will be established according to law in the future; Congress can make laws and, as appropriate, delegate the appointment power of these junior officials to the President himself, the court or the heads of various administrative departments.

When the Senate is not in session, if there is a vacancy, the President has the right to appoint officials to fill the vacancy, and the term of office will end at the end of the next session of the Senate.

Section 3: The President shall regularly report to the Congress on the situation of the Federation and propose to the Congress the measures he deems necessary and appropriate for its consideration; Under special circumstances, he can call a meeting of the two houses or one of them. When the two houses disagree on the adjournment time, he can order the two houses to adjourn until he thinks it is appropriate; He should receive ambassadors and ministers; He should attach importance to the effective implementation of the law and appoint all American officers.

Paragraph 4: The President, Vice President and all other public servants of the United States who are impeached and convicted of treason, bribery or other felony and misdemeanor shall be removed from office.

essay

Section 1: The judicial power of the United States belongs to the Supreme Court and the lower courts established by Congress from time to time. Judges of the Supreme Court and the lower courts, if loyal to their duties, should continue to hold their posts and receive wages as compensation for their timely service, which shall not be reduced during their continued service.

The second paragraph: the scope of application of judicial power should include all cases involving common law and equity that occur under this Constitution, the laws of the United States and treaties that the United States has concluded or will conclude; All cases concerning ambassadors, ministers and consuls; All cases related to maritime jurisdiction and maritime jurisdiction; Litigation in which the United States is a party; Litigation between states, litigation between citizens of one state and citizens of another state, litigation between citizens of one state and citizens of another state, litigation between citizens of the same state about land ceded by different states, and litigation between one state or its citizens and foreign governments, citizens or its nationals.

In all cases involving ambassadors, ministers, consuls and states, the Supreme Court has the jurisdiction of first instance. In all other cases mentioned above, the Supreme Court has the right to appeal the admissibility of laws and facts, unless the Congress provides for exceptions and other handling provisions.

The trial of all crimes, except impeachment, is decided by the jury, and the trial is held in the state where the crime occurred; However, if the location of the crime is not in any state, the trial shall be held at the location designated by the Congress according to law.

Paragraph 3: Only those who wage war against the United States or throw themselves at the enemies of the United States and give them assistance and convenience constitute treason. No one can be convicted of treason unless two witnesses prove that he is openly treason or he pleads guilty in an open court.

Congress has the right to announce the punishment for treason, but if a person is deprived of public rights for treason, his successor's inheritance right will not be affected, and the traitor's property can only be confiscated before his own death.

Article 4

Paragraph 1: Every country should fully trust and respect the public bills, records and judicial procedures of other countries. Congress may enact general laws to specify how these bills, records and judicial procedures are to be proved and how effective they are.

Section 2: Citizens of each state shall enjoy all the privileges and immunities enjoyed by citizens of each state.

If a person accused of treason, felony or other crimes in any state escapes legal punishment and is caught in another state, that state should immediately hand over the criminal to the country with jurisdiction over the crime at the request of the administrative authority of the country where the criminal fled.

Anyone who is supposed to serve or work hard in a country according to its laws shall not be relieved of his service or work hard because of any laws or regulations of another country when he flees to another country, but he shall be handed over at the request of the party entitled to ask for service or work hard.

Section 3: Congress may allow NSW to join the Union; No new state shall be established within the jurisdiction of any state without the consent of the state legislature and the national assembly of the state concerned; It is also forbidden to merge two States or several States, or part of several States to form a new state.

Congress has the right to dispose of American territories and other industries and formulate all necessary laws and regulations concerning these territories and industries; Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed as prejudicing the rights of the United States or any state.

Section IV: The United States guarantees that every state in the Federation is a political system and protects them from foreign aggression; And according to the requirements of the captured state legislature or administrative department (when the state legislature cannot convene), put down internal riots.

Article 5

When a two-thirds majority of the members of the House and Senate consider it necessary, the Congress shall propose an amendment to this Constitution. Alternatively, when two-thirds of the existing state legislatures make a request, Congress should convene a constitutional amendment meeting. If the above two amendments are passed by three-quarters of the state legislatures or three-quarters of the state constitutional amendment conferences, they will become part of this constitution and take full effect. As for which approval method to adopt, it is up to Congress to decide; However, the amendments that may be made before 1808 will not affect the first and fourth items of the ninth paragraph of Article 1 of this Constitution under any circumstances; Without its consent, no state shall be deprived of equal voting rights in the Senate.

Article 6

Before the adoption of this Constitution, the debts owed by the government of the United States and the treaties it signed have the same effect as those owed by the federal government after the adoption of this Constitution.

This Constitution and the laws of the United States enacted in accordance with this Constitution; And all treaties that the United States has concluded and will conclude are the supreme laws of the country; Judges in every state are bound by it, and nothing in the constitution or laws of any state may violate this provision.

The above-mentioned senators and representatives, members of the state legislature, and all administrative and judicial officials of the US government and state governments shall swear or swear to support this Constitution; However, no position or public office in the United States government can be based on any religious standards.

Article 7

This Constitution shall come into force among the states that have ratified it after it has been approved by the constituent assemblies of nine states.