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From the tenth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty in China (the tenth year of Gengshen in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, 1860) to the eleventh year, the Taiping Army fought an important battle to stop the Xiang army from advancing eastward and rescue the siege of Anqing. Ten years in the summer, just as the Taiping rebels broke the camp in the south of the Yangtze River and moved eastward to Suzhou and Changzhou, Zeng Guofan and Hubei Governor Hu Linyi commanded more than 50,000 amphibious divisions of Xiang Army. Taking advantage of the opportunity to make a massive eastward advance from Hubei, after even falling into the buried hill of Taihu Lake, Anqing, which the Taiping rebels will save, was taken as the main goal, with 10,000 marines led by Taoist Ceng Guoquan and 4,000 navy men surrounded by Yang Zaifu, and Li Xuyi, the deputy commander, was ordered to lead "Anqing" since Xianfeng was occupied by the Taiping rebels, which has been the western barrier and food source of Tianjing (now Nanjing) and directly threatened the security of Tianjin. In the autumn of ten years, Tianjing authorities mobilized troops from Jiangsu and Zhejiang battlefields, forcing Xiang troops to withdraw westward. In the spring of the eleventh year, Tianjing authorities mobilized troops from the north and south of the Yangtze River to attack the enemy who besieged Anqing, but they suffered a fiasco. The Tianjin authorities decided to reinforce the Qing army from Wang Yangfu, who was transferred from southern Anhui. In late June, Yang Fuqing and Chen Yucheng attacked the moat outside the project for several days, but it was not broken. On the first day of August, the Xiang army bombed the northern city of Anqing with mines, and the land and water forces took the opportunity to rush into the city. More than 10,000 hungry and exhausted defenders would rather die than surrender, or fight back, or throw themselves into the river and die heroically. Anqing fell, Tianjing West Line barrier was completely lost, and the whole situation was shaken. From then on, the Taiping army turned to the defensive stage against the Qing army.

This crucial battle is related to the fate of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

After the Taiping Army won the second camp-breaking battle in Jiangnan, the battlefield situation in Anhui was very grim. Xiang army took advantage of the second attack of Taiping rebels on Jiangnan Daying and the eastward expedition to Su Chang, and made a massive eastward advance, besieging Anqing. From September 1860 to September 186 1, Taiping Army and Xiang Army fought around Anqing for a year, and Anqing finally fell. As a result, the military situation in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom deteriorated day by day.

Anqing is an important gateway to the upper reaches of Tianjing, and its gains and losses are of great significance to the overall situation of the war in the late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Zeng Guofan, commander-in-chief of Xiang army, knew the significance of capturing Anqing and thought that Anqing was a battleground for military strategists. "At present, the overall situation in Huainan is related to the recovery of Jinling in the future." (Complete Works of Zeng, manuscript, volume, page 43). So, in June of 1860, his brother led nearly Wanxiang Army into Jixian Pass in the north of Anqing, and dug two long trenches outside the city, the former trench was used to attack the city and the latter trench was used to refuse aid. Zeng Guofan himself, under the repeated orders of Emperor Xianfeng, led more than 10,000 people to camp in Qimen, southern Anhui, at the end of July 1860, pretending to move eastward into Jiangsu, but actually his attention was still focused on taking Anqing.

1in late September, 860, in view of the situation that Anqing was besieged by the Xiang army, the leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom decided to take the plan of "encircling Wei to save Zhao" again, that is, to March into Hubei according to the policy determined by the Tianjing meeting in May 1860, forcing the Xiang army to rescue and breaking the siege of Anqing. The specific deployment is divided into five roads, and Jiangnan and Jiangbei go hand in hand: Chen Yucheng leads the army from the north bank of the Yangtze River to the west and enters eastern Hubei through northern Anhui; Li Xiucheng led the army from the south bank of the Yangtze River to the west, passing through southern Anhui and Jiangxi, and entering the southeast of Hubei; Yang Fuqing and Huang Lingbing marched along the south bank of the Yangtze River to northern Jiangxi; Li Shixian led the army into eastern Jiangxi via Huizhou; Liu led an army to attack Zeng Guofan's camp in Qimen. In the above five roads, Li Xiucheng and Chen Yucheng took a pincer-like offensive, and scheduled to join forces with Wuhan in the spring of the following year to occupy the base areas behind the Hunan and Hubei armies in order to mobilize the enemies who besieged Anqing; The latter three roads mainly contained Hunan troops in southern Anhui and Jiangxi, waiting for an opportunity to annihilate the enemy. Each road has tens of thousands of troops, more than 65,438+10,000.

1At the end of September, 860, Chen Yucheng led an army from Tianjing to the north and entered the northern part of Anhui.

165438+1On October 26th, Chen Yucheng led Nianjun to advance to the trailer river in the southwest of Tongcheng, and camped for more than 40 miles in an attempt to directly rescue Anqing. However, they were constantly attacked by Hubei Army in Duo Long and Xiang Army of Li Xuyi, the new Anhui provincial judge, and suffered heavy casualties, so they had to go north to Lujiang to rest. Efforts to rescue Anqing failed directly.

186 1 February, the Li Xiucheng department on the south bank has entered Jiangxi from Zhejiang and is moving westward. According to the established policy of entering Hubei, Chen Yucheng began to March into Hubei. On March 22nd, Chen Yucheng entered Huangzhou.

British Counsellor Parkes threatened Chen Yucheng not to attack Wuhan. Chen Yucheng was taken in and decided to stop marching into Wuhan. In addition to staying in Huangzhou with Lai's troops, the troops were divided into several roads, and occupied Hubei's, (now Hong 'an), De 'anfu (now Anlu), Xiaogan, Huangpi, Suizhou, Yunmeng, Yingcheng and Macheng from late March to mid-April. In late April, in view of the tight siege of Anqing, Chen Yucheng failed to enter Hubei as scheduled, and made up his mind to give up the plan to enter Hubei, and once again led troops directly to the east to rescue Anqing.

Li Xiucheng set out from Tianjin in late June of 10 and moved to southern Anhui and Zhejiang. It was not until mid-February that 1862 entered Jiangxi from Zhejiang. At the beginning of June, it entered Hubei in three ways: Wuning on the right attacked Xingguo State (now Yangxin) in Hubei, Yining State on the middle attacked Tongshan in the north, and Tongcheng on the left. In mid-June, Li Xiucheng received a leave from Huangzhou and learned that Chen Yucheng had left for Anqing. Li Xiucheng was not very active in attacking Hubei, so he led his army out of Hubei in early July and folded into northwest Jiangxi. In this way, the Taiping Army once again lost the opportunity to seize Wuhan, and all the plans to take Hubei by two routes fell through.

Although Yang Fuqing and Huang fought tenaciously in the battlefields in southern Anhui and southern Jiangxi, they were frustrated many times. The plan to March into northern Jiangxi, cut off the connection between Jiangxi and Qimenying, and solve the siege of Anqing has not been realized.

Li Shixian and Liu also met Xiang's stubborn resistance in the battlefields in southern Anhui and Jiangxi, and failed to conquer Qimen Camp. The plan to March into eastern Jiangxi also fell through because of the resistance of the left item. In this way, the original five-way plan to save Anhui failed because of the failure of coordination among the generals.

1860 After Xia Anqing was besieged, more than 20,000 Taiping troops led by Xie Tianyi, Zhang Chaojue and Tian 'anye held fast to reinforce the city. 186 1 in April, Chen Yucheng returned to Anhui from Hubei, led 30,000 troops to Jixian Pass in Anqing, and approached Zeng Guofan Xiang in the besieged city.

On April 29th, Chen Yucheng and Ye Lingbing, the city guards, camped on the north and south sides of Linghu Lake in the northeast of the city and exchanged views by boat. At the same time, Hong Xiuquan decided to fuck Wang Hongren because he failed to realize the plan of saving Anqing by uniting Hubei. Lin led troops from Tianjing to save Anqing; Huang Ye, governor of Dingnan, led his troops to explore Wuhu in the west.

186 1 year, Hong Ren? Lin in Tongcheng, Lujiang and Wu Ru small department * * * twenty thousand people, with a battalion 15 km, to the north of Anqing Xindu, Hengshanpu, Liantan, and meet with Chen Yucheng department to solve the Anqing crisis. Zeng Guofan is also determined to invest more troops to fight the Taiping rebels in Anqing.

1861may 10, Zeng Guofan moved to Liu Dong on the river and took command nearby; At the same time, 6000 people from the flank department were transferred from Jingdezhen to Jiangbei. Hu Linyi, who is in Taihu Lake, also dispatched 5,000 troops from the company commanders to help Anqing, and put forward the operational policy of "late in the south and fast in the north", that is, Hong Ren and Lin attacked quickly, while Chen Yucheng attacked late and cautiously. In this way, Taiping Army and Xiang Army launched a fierce battle outside Anqing City.

/kloc-In May, 2000, Chen Yucheng and Ye fought Quanguo and Yang Zaifu in Linghu, but the outcome was not even. On the 2nd, nearly 10,000 people from Abe, Duo Long, swooped down on Liantan and Hengshanpu in four roads. More than 10,000 Taiping troops stationed in Xin 'an went to the rescue. Duo Long fought with the 3rd Infantry Battalion, the 5th Infantry Battalion attacked from the flank, and the cavalry attacked from the back. Taiping rebels were attacked from front to back, with heavy casualties, Hong Ren? Lin, Wu Ruao led people back to Tongcheng. On the 3rd, seven or eight thousand people from the Yellow Department and more than twenty thousand people from the Nian Army arrived and camped in Tianlinzhuang, southeast of Tongcheng. On the 6th, Huang and Hong Ren led 30,000 people to attack Xindu and the old camp of Tuohe River in Hubei, and were repelled. Huang and other departments were blocked by Abe and could not meet Chen Yucheng, so they withdrew from Tianlinzhuang and retreated to Kongcheng town east of Tongcheng.

Chen Yucheng saw that Hong Ren and others led reinforcements to be blocked, so that on May 19, he led five or six thousand people to bypass Tongcheng, leaving Liu and others to guard the bases inside and outside Jixian Pass.

On may 20th, Chen Yucheng arrived in Tongcheng, where he met with Hong Ren? Agreed to attack the enemy of the trailer river on the 23rd. The battle plan of Taiping Army was mastered by Duo Long A, so Duo Long A decided to preemptively ambush the Taiping Army's marching route. On the 23rd, the Taiping Army began to take action and launched an attack on the 24th, but it soon fell into the encirclement of the enemy, causing great casualties and had to return to Tongcheng.

Prior to this, Bao Chao and Cheng Daji, two Xiang armies, reached the Commissioner of Jixian County on May 20th, and immediately attacked the Fourth Battalion of Taiping Army in Chigangling, which was repelled by Liu. The Xiang army built dozens of forts near Chigangling, and since June 2, it has been bombarding the fourth base of Chigangling. On the 8th, the third base of Taiping Army was destroyed, but the first base where Liu was located was still stubbornly resistant. On the 9th, Liu Bei was defeated by Bao Chaobu. Liu is dead. The 4,000 Taiping rebels in the fourth base of Chigangling are all elite Taiping rebels. All of them were wiped out this time, which greatly affected the fighting capacity of Chen Yucheng.

1 July, Wu Dingcai was defeated by Xiang Xiang from Ling Huchong.

On July 8th, Ceng Guoquan overseers attacked the north and south sides of Linghu Lake 18 Taiping Army camp, and thousands of Taiping Army troops surrendered (all of them were killed). Wu Dingcai led the remnants to retreat into Anqing City.

Anqing has been besieged for several years, and its grain, grass and ammunition will be exhausted. The rescue of Taiping Army failed again. Tianjin authorities decided to deploy reinforcements from Yang Fuqing in southern Anhui. In late July, Yang Fuqing crossed the river from Ningguo Mansion. From August 2/Kloc-0 to August 24, about 40,000 people, including Chen Yucheng and Yang Fuqing, arrived in Jixian Pass one after another, with more than 40 battalions. On 25th and 26th, the overseers of Chen Yucheng and Yang Fuqing launched a fierce attack on Zeng's rear trench. Ceng Guoquan led the battalions to persevere. When the Taiping army approached, it fired, causing many casualties to the Taiping army. From August 28th to September 2nd, the Taiping Army attacked the enemy camp every night. On the night of September 3, another fierce attack was launched, and at the same time, rice was transported into the city by boat, all of which were robbed by Xiang Shuishi. In the early morning of September 5, Xiang army pushed down the city wall in the north city and broke into the city. Together with the Yangtze river navy, the north and south attacked. The Taiping army guarding the city was completely annihilated, Ye and Wu Dingcai were martyred, and Zhang Chaojue broke through by boat and disappeared.

The battle of Anqing was the most tragic battle in the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War. Anqing fell and lost the barrier of Tianjing West Line. Hong Ren said: "The biggest loss of our army is that Anqing fell into the hands of the Qing army. This city is the key to Tianjin, which ensures the safety of Tianjin. Once I fall into the hands of the devil, it can be the basis for attacking me. Anqing fell, and Tianjing City fell one after another along the way, unable to recover. Anqing is not guilty for one day, and Tianjing is safe for one day. " (Hong Ren's readme) In the year-long battle of Anqing, the Taiping Army invested hundreds of thousands of troops, and finally failed, and the lesson was extremely profound. Strategically, the Taiping Army is in a passive and conservative position, and being forced to engage in a strategic decisive battle with the enemy because of Anqing's gains and losses is the biggest lesson. At the same time, he also made a series of serious mistakes in operational command.

First, the main generals lack unanimous and firm determination. Except for Chen Yucheng, who actively advocated the rescue of Anqing, other major generals were not very active.

Second, the Lord will not be decisive. Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng rashly gave up their plans to attack Hubei and did not resolutely seize Wuhan.

Third, there is a lack of centralized and unified command. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom did not appoint the supreme commander of the front line, and the ministers basically went their own way, which violated the principle of the art of war that the military strategists were powerful and powerful. The enemy is very clear. This is one of the main reasons for the defeat of Anqing Battle.

All these mistakes eventually led to the fall of Anqing, and the revolutionary situation in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom went from bad to worse.