What is the reason for Portugal's rise?

Portugal, the full name of Portugal, is a Republic country, located in the southwest of Europe. There are many reasons for Portugal's rise, so it is necessary for us to understand. The following is what I have done for you. I hope it will be useful to you.

The reason for Portugal's rise is that Portuguese trading houses are everywhere.

It is not difficult to see that as a coastal country, the rise of the Portuguese Empire is closely related to its maritime trade and overseas expansion.

Like? Sea power theory? Mahan, the founder of Mahan, said that as an important factor that determines the prosperity of a country and a nation, the development and utilization of the ocean must be the conscious policy trend of all coastal countries and nations. ? Ocean and maritime trade are the main sources of national wealth of coastal countries. Controlling the ocean can control world trade and even world wealth, and then determine the rise and fall of a country and affect world history. ? It can be seen that the rise of the Portuguese empire is actually its brilliant overseas expansion process and huge colonial empire history.

Portugal is one of the earliest European countries to establish a nation-state and the first European country to establish a constitutional monarchy.

/kloc-At the end of 0/3, when other parts of the European continent were still in melee, Portugal in the southwest of Iberian Peninsula had become a consolidated and unified kingdom, far ahead of other feudal dynasties in Europe. In the process of seeking national development and national prosperity, Portugal's geographical position, growing population and relatively poor domestic resources, advanced navigation experience and technology, the development of the bourgeoisie, the demand for spices, luxury goods, food, gold and slaves, and the need to defend Muslim forces in the southern Mediterranean, etc. All these factors are intertwined and contributed to Portugal's overseas expansion. ?

As mentioned above, the rise of the Portuguese Empire is inseparable from the development of its maritime power, and production is a necessary condition for product exchange. For Portugal, it is the first country in Europe to establish a constitutional monarchy. To some extent, while other European countries are still consuming huge manpower, material resources and financial resources for the war, it has begun to develop its own production under a relatively stable political situation, and it is far from the center of Europe, which makes Portugal engage in trade very early, especially maritime trade.

Constant exchange of shipping is the second link to establish and develop a maritime power. Shipping is the key and central link for a country to develop its sea power. Its existence makes a country have all the sea power or most of the comprehensive strength in the ocean, which is a solid foundation for a country to develop sea power.

From the north to the Mediterranean, the Portuguese sailed much earlier than other peoples on the European continent. Businessmen from Portuguese ports are used to sailing life and have long mastered advanced shipbuilding and navigation technology.

The third link of establishing and developing sea power is to occupy the vast colonies. Colonies can promote and expand shipping activities and protect shipping by increasing safety positions. During Manuel's reign, Portugal established a huge colonial empire on the vast land of Asia, Africa and Latin America, and developed from a small European country with only a few islands to the first worldwide empire.

Portuguese colony

Portugal's geographical location, natural structure (the land is not very fertile), national tradition of trade and navigation, adventurous spirit and religious enthusiasm, the demand of domestic political situation and the government's support for vigorously developing overseas expansion have contributed to Portugal's determination to make the country and nation strong through overseas expansion and trade, and the rise of the Portuguese Empire really stems from taking this correct path.

Route and time of sea expansion

Therefore, to a certain extent, the reason that prompted Portugal to carry out the marine cause drastically was also the reason for the rise of the Portuguese Empire.

A survey of Portugal's political system

Portugal is a parliamentary republic with 230 members. The whole country is divided into 18 districts and 2 autonomous regions. It is a member of the European Union, NATO and WTO. Portugal has a semi-presidential system, and the power organs include parliament, president and cabinet government. The president appoints and dismisses the head of government according to the decision of parliament.

form

The current Constitution was promulgated in 1976 and has been revised six times. The revision was completed in 2004. According to the constitution, the president, parliament, government and courts are the organs of state power; The president is the supreme commander of the armed forces, and appoints and dismisses the chief of general staff and the generals of the three armed forces according to government nominations. The President can dissolve Parliament only after listening to the opinions of all parties and the State Council. When necessary? You can dissolve the government and recall the prime minister.

parliament

Portuguese parliament building

One-chamber system, with 230 members, with a term of four years. The current parliament was elected on June 5, 20 1 1. Members of the Social Democratic Party assume Cao? Estevez (Asun? O estevez) as speaker. The four deputy speakers are: Guilherme? Guilherme Enrique Valenti Rodrí guez da Silva (Social Democratic Party), Ferro? Eduardo Lu? S Barreto Ferro Rodrigues (socialist party), Teresa? Vasconcellos？ Caeiro (female, People's Party), Antonio? Felipe (ant? Neo-Philippe Gay? O Rodriguez, * * * producer). The distribution of seats among political parties is as follows: Social Democratic Party (108), Socialist Party (74), People's Party (24), Producer Party (14), Left Alliance (8) and Green Party (2).

The early history of Portugal

Neanderthals first entered present-day Portugal and were later replaced by Homo sapiens. As early as 1 millennium BC in Portugal, Celts had settled in Iberian Peninsula.

In 2 19 BC, the Romans invaded the Iberian Peninsula for the first time. Around 140 BC, the Romans conquered Portugal and divided it into a province of the Roman Empire called Lucerne, which ruled until the 5th century.

In the 5th century AD, Germanic tribes (including Svibis, Vandals and Alans) invaded the Iberian Peninsula. Later, these tribes were expelled from Iberian Peninsula by Visigoths.

7 1 1 year, North African Muslim Moors invaded the Iberian Peninsula, and the Visigoth Dynasty perished. Only the highlands of asturias in northern Portugal are still in the hands of Catholic Gothic nobles. Goths started in asturias? The movement to recover lost territory? It aims to fight against the southern Muslim regime and re-rule the Iberian Peninsula.

1 179, the region became the kingdom of Portugal, and expanded with the recovery of the Muslim-occupied part. The Portuguese border in modern Europe was completed by King Alfonso III in 1270.

Imperial hegemony

15 and 16 centuries were the heyday of Portugal, which had a large number of colonies in Africa, Asia and the United States and was a maritime power. During this period, Portugal far surpassed other European countries in economy, politics and culture.

The Portuguese colonial empire was established on June 5438+0465438+August 2 1 day, 2005. The navigator Henry led the Portuguese fleet to conquer Ceuta, an Islamic trade center in North Africa. Then Portuguese navigators and explorers discovered uninhabited islands such as Azores, Cape Verde, Bioko, Sao Tome, principe island and Annoben.

147 1 year, the northern Moroccan city of Tangia, which had long competed with Spain, was finally occupied by the Portuguese.

1488 spring, Portuguese navigator Bartholomeu? Diaz first explored Morsel Bay in the Cape of Good Hope at the southernmost tip of Africa for another Portuguese navigator, vasco? Da? Gamma has laid a solid foundation for opening up a new air route to India. Arrive on May 20th. 1498? Gamma finally reached the beach not far from the Indian town of Coetzee Cote.

1500, Portuguese navigator Pedro? Cabral first saw the coast of Brazil.

150 1 year, Cabral discovered Madagascar in the Indian Ocean and arrived in Mauritius on 1507.

15 10, Albuquerque conquered Goa, India and Malacca, Malaysia (15 1 1).

After 15 14, Portuguese navigators arrived in China and Japan in the Far East. 15 17, Portuguese businessman and official Fernand? Perez? De? When andrade arrived in Guangzhou, his negotiation with the Ming court was called the beginning of the contact between China and Europe in modern times. 1542 The Portuguese discovered Japan by accident, and later many European businessmen and missionaries were attracted to Japan (see South Manchuria Trade). /kloc-in 0/557, the Portuguese rented Macao and began to trade with China.

1522, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand? The Spanish fleet led by Magellan sailed around the earth for the first time.

From 65438 to 0553, the Portuguese began to live in Macao. 1 887 65438+February1day, Portugal and the Qing government signed the Draft Convention of the Sino-Portuguese Conference and the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Reconciliation and Trade, and formally leased Macao through diplomatic formalities, becoming the first territory of European countries in East Asia (counting from 1553).

1On April 25th, 974, the Portuguese revolution was successful, and the policy of decolonization was implemented, which recognized that Macao was illegally occupied by Portugal and returned Macao to China for the first time. Due to the lack of proper handover conditions at that time, Zhou Enlai proposed to temporarily maintain the status quo of Macao.

The decline of the empire

However, with other European countries gaining maritime hegemony, Portugal's strength has declined. 1580 was occupied by Spain because of the inheritance of the royal in-laws, and it was not until 1640 that it got rid of Spanish rule. The Portuguese colony was attacked by the Dutch and the British.

/kloc-during the 0/7th century, a large number of Portuguese immigrated to Brazil until 1709. In order to prevent population loss, John V banned Portuguese immigrants.

1 755165438+1October1Sunday morning, an earthquake of magnitude 9 occurred in Lisbon. The losses caused by the earthquake, together with the ensuing tsunami and fire, razed the whole Lisbon to the ground. This disaster was an unbearable impact on the Portuguese economy at that time.

But at this time, the Portuguese empire was still strong. With the rise of the British Empire and the French Empire, the Portuguese Empire gradually declined. 1999 After Portugal handed over Macao to China, the 500-year history of the Portuguese Empire came to an end.

The sun is sinking in the west

Napoleon attacked Portugal in 1807 and occupied Lisbon in the same year 12+0. It was not until 18 12 that she got help from Britain and got rid of French rule. 1808, the Portuguese royal family and most Lisbon nobles fled to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From 1808 to 182 1, this city became the capital of Portugal and the only capital in Europe that was not in Europe at that time.

1820 in August, a liberal revolution took place in Portugal. The first measure of the new government is to invite King Joao VI of Brazil to return home. Joao VI finally decided to return home with almost all the royal family members and ministers, and landed in Lisbon in July.

After Joao VI returned to China, the first Portuguese Constituent Assembly attempted to cancel all the privileges granted to Brazil by Joao VI, which plunged Brazil back into a colonial situation. The Brazilian people have long been used to having their own king and government, which further stimulated the Brazilian people's mood of having their own king and government. Brazil cannot accept the abolition of its privileges and recolonization. Pedro, the son of Joao VI, decided to stay and oppose the Portuguese government's resolution, and Joao VI acquiesced in his son's practice.

18211February, the Portuguese parliament urged Pedro to return to China on the grounds of completing political education, and stipulated that all provinces in Brazil should accept the jurisdiction of Lisbon. Driven by Brazilian independents, Pedro rejected the order of the Portuguese parliament and established an Israel-Jose? Bonifacio? De? The new government was headed by Andrada and became independent in May 1822? Brazil's eternal protector? . As a result, the Portuguese Parliament deposed it as the Regent of Brazil. 1822 On September 7th, Pedro, who had just arrived in Sao Paulo, learned of this resolution, so he drew his sword and swore an oath on the Piranga River? Give me independence or give me death! ? (Portuguese: independence? You're dead! ), officially declared Brazil's independence.

1 82210 June 12 Pedro was called the emperor of Pedro I in Brazil, and the coronation ceremony was held on 1822 12 February/0.

First Republic of * * *

19 10 The revolution overthrew the monarchy and established the first republic.

Dictatorship period

1926 A military coup took place in May, when Marshal carmone came to power and established a military dictatorship.

Finance Minister Antonio? Salazar organized in 193 1? National league? 1932, promotion to deal with the financial crisis. The following year, he formulated a new constitution and established a new state system with fascist nature (Estado Novo, in Portuguese history? The second * * * and the country? ), become a dictator. Salazar pursued fascist dictatorship at home and followed German-Italian fascism 1936 abroad to help Franco rebels attack the Spanish government.

During World War II, it remained nominally neutral and actually approached the Axis Group. After the war, he joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in April 1949 and accepted the Marshall Plan in June of the same year. 195 1 signed a contract with the United States? Military assistance agreement? Later, various agreements were signed to allow the United States to establish military bases in Portugal and its territory.

1On April 25th, 974, the so-called carnation revolution took place, which was composed of a group of middle and junior officers? Armed forces movement? Overthrow the ultra-right regime that lasted for 42 years and began the process of democratization.

The third * * * Republic