Analysis of the structure of dynasty replacement in Song Dynasty

The economically developed Song Dynasty has basically become * * * Knowing Fu Song has long been a historical conclusion (accounting for 8% of the world's GDP at that time), so I will briefly talk about why Fu Song

adopted the policy of "restraining business" in most dynasties in China history, except in the early Song Dynasty, when Zhao Boxin, the great ancestor of the Song Dynasty, said, "Accumulate more fields and houses in the gold market to bequeathed children, sing and dance in order to enjoy the eternal life", and Song Taizong also called it "the technique of making the two systems discuss politics rich" when Shenzong was in power. The idea of attaching importance to economy has been running through the Song Dynasty, which is a very important premise to ensure economic development.

At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, officials studied the way of managing money and seeking wealth. The Song Dynasty adjusted the traditional practice of emphasizing criminal law over civil law in previous dynasties, and specially studied and implemented monopoly laws such as salt law, wine law and tea law. The Song Dynasty became one of the most active periods of ancient economic legislation in China, and the economic laws and regulations of the Song Dynasty unified the distribution of interests between the state and economic activists and conformed to the law of commodity economy. Regular scientific laws and regulations, these correct policy orientations made the commercial tide flourish, commerce developed rapidly, handicrafts developed rapidly, and the earliest paper money (Jiaozi) bank in the world appeared in the Song Dynasty, which is unique! Even banks can borrow money to pay in different places. Even in modern times, it is a very advanced economic management system. Geographically speaking, the development of Song Dynasty was not limited to old-fashioned areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan, but even the social, economic and cultural development of mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas was greater than that of Tang Dynasty. This is also surprising. < P > From the perspective of handicrafts, pits, mines, tea, salt, shipbuilding, paper making, sugar making, textile making and porcelain were all more advanced than those of Tang Dynasty. Besides expanding the production area, the handicrafts of Song Dynasty also improved greatly. Obviously, for example, the production technology of "sugar ice" (rock candy), the excellent excavation of Song porcelain and so on all reflect the maturity and innovation of technology, and the rise of commerce and handicrafts has liberated a large number of farmers who have been captured in the land and invested them in commercial handicrafts. In the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of mineral deposits such as gold, silver, copper, iron and coal have been mined, and the earliest manufacturing plants and processing plants in the world, such as shipyards, paper mills, printing mills, weaving mills, firearms factories and official kilns, have appeared all over the country, which shows that the prosperity of handicrafts

As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, China learned how to use coal to make steel. The large handicraft industry employs hundreds of full-time industrial workers, while the two military industries of the government employ 8, workers-this is already the scale of heavy industry! The average annual output of steel in the Song Dynasty reached 15, tons (some people think that the industrial base in North China in the Song Dynasty reached the level of 1.25 million tons per year, which is basically a wrong understanding. Most of them originated from the data in Sun Longji's Millennium Review of China-A Bird's Eye View of Global History. There are many sets of data about the steel output in the Song Dynasty, and it is verified that "15, tons" is still suitable among many data). In 1788, that is, at the beginning of the industrial revolution, Britain only produced 76, tons per year. In addition, the mining, metallurgy, paper making, porcelain making, silk weaving and navigation are also highly developed. The Song Dynasty was worthy of being the "high-tech" home before modern times in the world, and it was the overlord of handicrafts in the world at that time!

From the commercial point of view, cities in the Tang Dynasty tend to be administrative centers, while towns in the Song Dynasty tend to be industrialized. The trade areas in the Tang Dynasty are strictly controlled by officials, and the Song Dynasty is more free. Due to the further development of the commodity economy, the boundary between residential areas and commercial areas gradually disappears. Some of these "new" cities in the Song Dynasty have developed to a large scale, such as Kaifeng and Hangzhou, where the latter is Kyle Polo. An "unprecedented" city seen in the early Yuan Dynasty, even in the late Yuan Dynasty, the largest city outside China was "Baghdad", and its population was only between 3, and 5,. Hundreds of years later, Arab traveler Ibn Betuta called Hangzhou "the largest city in the world"! The population engaged in industry and commerce has gradually increased, the output has increased, and the investment capital has greatly expanded. Therefore, it is not only agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue. The proportion of industry and commerce has surpassed that of agriculture < P >, and advertisements printed on copper plates have appeared in its commercial operation, which is more than 3 years earlier than those of western capitalism. For Su Dongpo, a bachelor, once wrote an advertising poem for an old woman who cooked oil and made it prosperous < P > More interestingly, there was a similar modern newspaper in the Song Dynasty. It is of great significance that the tabloid of paper and the earliest trademark in history are Xiaoke, which marks the gradual improvement of the commercialization system in the Song Dynasty

In addition, the theory of the speed of money circulation written by the famous scholar Shen Kuo also reached the level of modern monetary theory

The strong commercial wave in the Song Dynasty was also the mother of the earliest capitalist bud in the world, while the rapid economic development in the Song Dynasty created unprecedented wealth and prosperity

2 Cultural glory

The pursuit of the spirit of abundance in material life became more and more. Urgently, in the Song Dynasty, there was a strong cultural need at the same time as the economic development, and the national leisure life aesthetic interest contributed to the high cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty. Poetry, songs, acrobatics, operas, folk music, novels, calligraphy and other arts all developed at a high speed in the Song Dynasty. At the same time, a large number of famous literati and poets appeared in the Song Dynasty. Everyone is familiar with Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shen Kuo, Xin Qiji, Zhu Xi, Li Qingzhao and other scholars even now. However, the elegance remains the same, and its luster does not diminish. Among the eight most famous Tang and Song masters in ancient and modern times, the Song Dynasty accounted for as many as six, which shows how dazzling its cultural brilliance is! Calligraphers are even more numerous. The four most famous calligraphers are Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Their works are enough to amaze calligraphers. Even Qin Gui, the "great traitor", can learn a wonderful pen and dance well. If he is decent, he must be a calligrapher and writer, not to mention Yue Fei and other heroic figures!

Because of the flourishing culture, the two Song Dynasties were divided into the north and the south:

There were four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, You Mao

There were two journeys in the Northern Song Dynasty, Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao (Neo-Confucianism)

There were three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi and Zhang Wei, Lv Zuqian

It was precisely because of the vigorous development of Song Wenhua that the Song Dynasty completed the "Confucian revival" and produced new Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism). The traditional "Confucian Classics" entered a new stage of "Song Studies", which also promoted the in-depth development of the intersection of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.

"Ci" rose in the late Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Song Dynasty through the Five Dynasties. Therefore, there are Tang poetry and Song poetry, and Yuan Qu, etc. It is said that visible ci is one of the representatives of the Song Dynasty culture. To study the Song Dynasty culture, it is necessary to understand its ci first, and the most representative is Su Shi's "When is the Moon", which is almost unknown. The whole sentence is elegant and floating, which makes people feel like they are in a fairyland, alone in the world, lonely and sad everywhere. It can be said that it is the pinnacle of the work, which brings the advantages of Shuidiao's epigraph to the extreme! "Jiang Chengzi? Hunting in Mizhou is also written by him, and other poets have also made great achievements. Even female poets such as Li Qingzhao are indispensable. Women are good at writing and have reached such a level. Since ancient times, Li Qingzhao is the only one in the Song Dynasty. If I list the people of Song Ci one by one, I may not be able to say it all in one day, but I will just count the nine Niu Yi hairs of Song Ci culture. As far as Song Ci is concerned, the whole book is * * *. Kong Fanli's Supplement to the Poems of the Whole Song Dynasty, which received more than 1,3 poems by more than 2, poets, added more than 1 poets to write more than 4 poems on the original basis, which fully reflected the status of Ci culture in the Song Dynasty and the fact that Ci was worthy of being the representative of Song culture and showed Song Wenhua's cheerful vitality!

"Poetry" is the essence of China's ancient literature. In the Song Dynasty, the interpretation of "Poetry" was raised to a new level, a more popular and universal level, and a more free metrical level. Although the Song Dynasty was the heyday of "Ci", it was also a country of "Poetry". No matter in primary schools, middle schools, universities or even graduate students, the poems of the Tang and Song Dynasties were the most contacted, which was the continuation, development and breakthrough of the poems of the Tang Dynasty. As far as I know, Peking University is compiling The Complete Poems of Song Dynasty. According to preliminary statistics, there are no fewer than 9, authors, four times as many as The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty! As far as the number of individual poems is concerned, the individual with the most poems was born in the Song Dynasty. Let's always remember the name of this man who cares about the country and the people. He is Lu You. Do you still remember this great poet's dying wish for national rejuvenation? Do you remember his last words? If you forget, then listen! What a simple language it is to say "Julian Waghann Beiding Central Plains Japanese Family Festival never forgets to tell me". A patriotic martyr's last words. I didn't see Zionism before my death. I will also hear this news after my death ... My children, don't forget to tell your father this news when you worship the sacrifice ... so that I can close my eyes in my grave ...

I don't know why I shed tears, but I am really crying. (Hehe, let's take a rest on the keyboard.)

Poems of Tang and Song Dynasties are a huge treasure house, which is inexhaustible. Poems contain countless wealth of knowledge, but we have little knowledge and development of this treasure house. Can we not regret it? There are so many potential resources waiting for us to develop. Why are we not tempted?

Before I talked about the calligraphy of the four great calligraphers, I didn't say much about the achievements of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty, which painters emerged in the Song Dynasty? The most famous painters are Zhao Ji, Fan Kuan, Ma Yuan, Xia Gui, Guo Xi, Li Tang, Zhang Zeduan and other famous artists < Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival > It is from Zhang Zeduan's hand that the non-Song landscape painting that best represents the highest artistic achievement of Chinese painting in the history of China is the one that is sometimes broad and sometimes ethereal, and the artistic conception is like a cloud. The landscape painters in the Song Dynasty can be described as talented people with their own strengths. For example, the painters in the Northern Song Dynasty have Fan Kuan (who is good at mountains and snow scenes), Xu Daoning (who is good at trees and wild waters), Guo Xi (who is good at depicting the subtle changes in the four seasons) and Li Cheng (who is good at Selinping's vision). Mi Fei Mi Youren and his son (who are also known for their ink operas in Yunshan) have rich contents that cannot be exhausted in words

The poetic landscape paintings of Xia Gui Ma Yuan and Li Tang in the Southern Song Dynasty reflect the continuous change and development of the landscape painting art, and they and Liu Songnian * * *. Known as the four unknown or reclusive folk painters in the Southern Song Dynasty, there are also a dime a dozen

It can be seen that calligraphy and painting in the Song Dynasty have reached the peak of Chinese artistic creation

In addition, Huaben, which rose in the Song Dynasty, has also opened up a new era in the history of Chinese literature. It can be said that it pioneered vernacular novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

And civilian culture has also flourished during this period, such as shadow play, burlesque, acrobatic puppet show, talking and so on

With the rapid economic development. The prostitutes in Song Dynasty were clearly divided into four categories: commercial prostitutes, geisha, vocal prostitutes and official prostitutes. Of course, most of these prostitutes did not sell themselves but only entertained, and quite a few of them were proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy, painting and poetry. Some prostitutes could even set up their own families, that is, the current folk artists. Among these four types of geisha, the most talented official prostitutes were natural official prostitutes. > During the Song Dynasty, all tea cultures were tasteful and could be prepared according to personal preference. It is not so much tea as tea drinks. Even tea cups can be divided into four types: black glaze, sauce glaze, green glaze, blue glaze and white glaze. It can be seen that the Song people also enjoyed it in a superior way. There was also a wind of fighting tea in the Song Dynasty. There were various petal teas popular among the people, and Huizong, the monarch, also introduced the tea culture in the 2 articles of Daguan Tea Theory. It can be said that the tea culture in the Song Dynasty was a comprehensive embodiment of the elite culture and popular culture in ancient China, which was * * The culture

Because Huizong loved jade, the jade carving art has made great progress. At the same time, wood carving, bamboo carving, lacquerware, inscription, seal, bronze ware, gold and silver ware, tooth horn, pen and ink, paper and inkstone, etc. all of these show the superb and profound culture and art of the Song Dynasty!

The Song Dynasty also created the "Song Zi" which is now used, which shows that it has a profound influence on the characters.

The history circle in the Song Dynasty has also undergone earth-shaking changes, and the genre of history in the Song Dynasty is diverse, and epigraphy (similar to archaeology) has emerged. Historiography works are also extremely rich, and famous historians have reached the peak of the development of ancient historiography in China. The earliest dictionary Shuo Wen Jie Zi in China has long been lost since the Eastern Han Dynasty and was re-edited by Xu Xuan's brothers in the Song Dynasty.

Most scholars believe that there were three major climaxes in China culture before the establishment of new China.

1 A hundred schools of thought contended in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Cultural revival in the Song Dynasty and the New Culture Movement after the May 4th Movement. These comments are worthy of attention. Historian Toynbee (Britain) once said, "If I had to choose the Song Dynasty that I would like to live in China", and Mr. Yu Qiuyu once said, "The dynasty I most yearn for is the Song Dynasty!" Even Deng Guangming once said that "the height of material civilization and spiritual civilization in the Song Dynasty can be said to be unprecedented in the whole feudal social and historical period!" It can be seen that the culture of Song Dynasty attracted many literati and elegant guests, and it was indeed unprecedented in the whole feudal social and historical period!

3 agricultural leap

Everyone knows that if you want to know the development of productive forces in a feudal society, the ruling class's rule, natural conditions and conditions, agriculture is undoubtedly the most direct barometer, so what about the agricultural situation in the Song Dynasty?

The yield per unit area of crops in Song Dynasty was quite amazing. According to Mr. Meng Wentong's research, the average yield per mu in Tang Dynasty was about 1.5 stones (5% higher than that in Han Dynasty), while the average yield per mu in Song Dynasty was about 2 stones, which was about 3% higher than that in Tang Dynasty. The yield of economic crops was higher than that in Tang Dynasty, regardless of planting tea, cotton, sugarcane, mulberry and sericulture, and the division of labor was also very careful. For example, the tea production in Song Dynasty was mainly manifested in the emergence of garden households who specialized in planting and processing tea in The yield is abundant and the types of agricultural products are obviously increasing. < P > The Song Dynasty also greatly promoted traditional crops, especially wheat in the south, and rice in the Huaihe River and Yellow River basins in the Northern Song Dynasty. At the same time, cotton planting was also widely promoted. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, cotton planting expanded from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian to the Yangtze River basin (even in the Northern Song Dynasty, there were "thousands of kapok plants, Eight people don't worry about poverty ") South china agriculture's production level has surpassed that of the north

and there are two main reasons for the agricultural development:

First, the policies and behaviors of the Song government, such as the policy of rewarding farming, encouraged the farmers to improve their enthusiasm for labor production, and scientifically promoted agriculture to promote the development of agriculture (such as focusing on promoting Zhancheng rice, etc.) ...

Second, the rapid development of production technology, agricultural production as a direct affected person also developed rapidly

In addition, local officials in the Song Dynasty also developed rapidly. Great attention was paid to the maintenance and construction of water conservancy facilities, which laid a good foundation for agricultural development in the Song Dynasty. At the same time, the extensive sowing of high-yield grain crops greatly increased the output of grain crops per unit area and promoted the planting and development of cash crops. Therefore, the industrial structure within the small-scale peasant economy changed to a certain extent, forming an economic pattern in which agricultural and sideline production promoted each other. The agricultural structure also changed < P > In the Song Dynasty, southern farmers cultivated many excellent rice seeds and introduced foreign excellent ones. Among the excellent foreign rice varieties introduced by good varieties, Zhancheng Rice (Vietnam) and Huangli Rice (Korea) are the most famous. Of course, Zhancheng Rice (also known as Zaohe or Zhanhe belongs to early indica rice) has the greatest influence. It is native to Vietnam.