The humiliating history of modern China, the story of Chinese sons and daughters' struggle for patriotism and love for the people.

1, treaty of nanking

Treaty of nanking was originally called the Peace Treaty of Ten Thousand Years by the Qing court, and later called the Jiangning Treaty and treaty of nanking, which was the first unequal treaty in China's modern history. The agreement was signed on August 29th, 1842 by Jiao Ying, an imperial envoy of the Qing government, and Pu Dinghui, a British representative, aboard the HMS Gaohuali anchored on Xiaguan River in Nanjing, marking the end of the first Opium War. ?

Ceding Hong Kong Island; Compensation to Britain for opium prices, commercial debts and military expenses * * * 21000000 silver dollars; Trade with the five ports, opening Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports, allowing British people to live and send consuls; For the agreed tariffs, British businessmen have to pay import and export taxes and reimbursement fees, and China Customs has no right to be immune; Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen to trade freely in China.

In addition, it also provides for equal exchanges between officials of both sides, the release of soldiers and civilians of the other side and the withdrawal of British troops. ?

Treaty of nanking destroyed China's territorial integrity and tariff sovereignty, facilitated British exports to China, and made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. After the treaty of nanking was signed, western powers took advantage of the fire to rob the Qing government and forced it to sign a series of unequal treaties, which further violated China's sovereignty, destroyed China's natural economy and accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty.

2. Tianjin Treaty

The unequal treaties that Britain, France, Russia and the United States forced the Qing government to sign in Tianjin during the Second Opium War in Xianfeng, Qing Dynasty. The Second Opium War was a war of aggression launched by Britain and France against China in order to further expand the privilege of aggression. 1856 65438+ 10 broke out, 1860 65438+ 10 ended.

1858, the British and French fleets attacked Dagukou with the support of the United States and Russia. Dagubao fell and the British and French forces invaded Tianjin. The Qing government sent imperial envoys Gui Liang and Hua Shanna to sign the Tianjin Treaty with representatives of Russia, the United States, Britain and France respectively.

3. Beijing Treaty

Including 1860 The unequal treaties signed by the Qing government and Britain, France and Russia in Beijing after the Second Opium War, namely, the Sino-British Treaty of Beijing, the Sino-French Treaty of Beijing and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing. The Qing government appointed an imperial minister Yi? As a negotiation and signing representative.

These three treaties and conventions are now in Taiwan Province Province, and kept in Shuangxi Palace Museum on the outskirts of Taipei. The signing of this treaty further deepened the degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.

4. Aihui Treaty

Also known as the Peace Treaty of Ai Hun City, it was an unequal treaty signed by nicola nikolaevich Muraviev, Governor of Eastern Siberia of Russian Empire, and Yi Shan, General of Heilongjiang in Qing Dynasty, in Aihui (now Aihui District, Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province) on May 28th, 858, which made China lose about 600,000 square kilometers of territory north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains.

The territory of China east of the Wusuli River is included in the Sino-Russian * * * tube; Only Chinese and Russian ships are allowed to sail in Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers; At that time, the Qing government refused to ratify the treaty. The Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty was concluded in 1860 and was recognized by the Qing government.

5. treaty of shimonoseki

It was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government of China and the Meiji government of Japan in Shimonoseki, Japan on April 1895. It was originally called Shimonoseki New Testament, and Japan called it Shimonoseki Treaty or Nissin Peace Treaty. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki marked the end of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The Chinese plenipotentiaries are Li Hongzhang and Li, and the Japanese plenipotentiaries are Ito Bowen and Lu Aozongguang.

According to the provisions of the treaty, China ceded Liaodong Peninsula (failed due to triple interference), Taiwan Province Island and its affiliated islands, and Penghu Islands to Japan, and paid Japan 200 million taels of silver. China has also opened Shashi, Chungking, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, and allowed Japanese to invest and set up factories in trading ports in China.

Treaty of shimonoseki has benefited Japan enormously and stimulated its aggressive ambition. The national crisis in China is unprecedented, and the degree of semi-colonization has greatly deepened. The treaty met the needs of the imperialist powers to export capital to China, and then the powers set off a frenzy to carve up China.

Second, Chinese people struggle hard.

1, Liu Hulan

1in the autumn of 946, the army attacked the liberated areas on a large scale, and Wenshui County Committee decided to keep a small number of armed forces and persist in the struggle, and a large number of cadres went up the mountain. At that time, Liu Hulan also received a notice of transfer, but she volunteered to stay and persist in the struggle. /kloc-a 0/4-year-old woman, born in party member, travels in her hometown which has become an enemy-occupied area, secretly mobilizes the masses and cooperates with the armed forces to fight against the enemy.

1947 65438+1October 12, Yanjun suddenly attacked Yunzhou West Village, and Liu Hulan was arrested for being a traitor. Liu Hulan was unmoved by threats and inducements. She lay quietly on the knife seat. Liu Hulan died before 15 years old.

2. Yang Jingyu

Yang Jingyu joined the revolution at the age of 2/kloc-0. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/940, he was besieged by the Japanese army and was seriously injured. He could not chew the bark, so he had to swallow cotton and ice cubes in his cotton coat to satisfy his hunger. Yang Jingyu, who was only 35 years old, died heroically when the Japanese army failed to persuade him to surrender and fired indiscriminately.

The cruel Japanese army cut open his body. When he saw that there were only weeds and cotton wool in his stomach, all the invaders who were overwhelmed by the anti-Japanese coalition led by Yang Jingyu froze. In the snowy forest of Changbai Mountain, supporting Yang Jingyu's strength against the enemy is a deep love for the motherland.

3. Zhang Zizhong

After the Japanese army heavily encircled General Zhang Zizhong, in order to contain the main force of the Japanese army, our army launched an anti-encirclement campaign against the Japanese army. General Zhang bravely killed the enemy and was shot seven times in the end. General Zhang Zizhong left his last words on his deathbed: "I fought bloody battles and sacrificed heroically. I ask myself that I have a clear conscience about the country, the nation and the Chief Executive! "

Immediately killed by the Japanese, a generation of famous Zhang Zizhong died heroically. After General Zhang Zizhong's heroic martyrdom, thousands of people in Chongqing cried and worshipped the spirit and gave him a funeral. His subordinates sang "Song of Revenge" with indignation: "The sea can dry up, the stone can rot, and you will never forget the pumpkin shop!" "Said to resolutely revenge for general Zhang Zizhong. In May of the following year, his department shot and killed Japanese chief Takehiko Yokoyama who besieged General Zhang Zizhong in Dangyang area.

4. Five strong men of Langya Mountain

In the battle, they were fearless in the face of danger and stopped bravely. When the bullets ran out, they fought back with stones. Facing the approaching enemy, they would rather die than surrender, destroy their guns and jump off a cliff dozens of feet deep without hesitation. The feats of the five soldiers showed lofty patriotism, revolutionary heroism and unyielding national integrity, and were praised by the people as "the five strong men of Langya Mountain".

5. Zhao

In order to effectively destroy the enemy in the offensive position, Zhao asked the troops to wait for the enemy to enter within 100 meters, then suddenly attack, bomb with grenades and cut with broadswords. Because the two armies are mixed, enemy planes, artillery and tanks can't play a role. At night, Zhao took advantage of his vigilance and negligence to lead his troops around the enemy's side from the two wings, which caught him off guard and caused heavy casualties.

In the battle, Zhao's leg was injured by a bomb, but he was still injured. He led the troops into hand-to-hand combat with the enemy. After several days of fierce fighting, the enemy's repeated attacks failed and his spirit was frustrated. China's army won the battle of xifengkou. At the Battle of xifengkou, * * * wiped out five or six thousand Japanese troops, which dealt a heavy blow to the arrogance of the enemy.

Baidu Encyclopedia-treaty of nanking

Baidu Encyclopedia-Tianjin Treaty

Baidu Encyclopedia-Beijing Treaty

Baidu Encyclopedia-Love Soul Treaty

Baidu Encyclopedia-Liu Hulan

Baidu Encyclopedia-Yang Jingyu

Baidu Encyclopedia-Zhao