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Benjamin Franklin (1706 ~ 1790) is an American scientist, physicist, inventor, politician and social activist. 170665438+1was born in a worker's family in Boston on October 27th. My father is an English immigrant who makes soap and candles. Because of his poor family, he dropped out of school at the age of 8 and became an apprentice after only two years of schooling. From the age of 12, I worked as an apprentice in my eldest brother's printing house, and later engaged in printing for a long time. He studies hard by himself. He said, "reading is my only entertainment." He often borrows books from others or bookstores, studies late into the night and returns them in the morning. He once contributed under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, and the newspaper editor thought that the article was written by "a famous writer". He not only learned all kinds of knowledge from books, but also wandered to new york, London, Philadelphia and other places to study in social life. At the age of 2 1, he founded the first youth self-study group "* * * Reading Club" in Philadelphia, and organized workers, technicians, shoemakers, masons and poets to discuss philosophy, science, technology, literature and art every Friday. This group later developed into the American Philosophical Society founded by 1743. 1769 was elected as the president of the association. At the age of 25, he founded the first public library in North America in Philadelphia and later developed into a public library in North America. At the age of 45, he founded Philadelphia College (later University of Pennsylvania).

As a politician, there are many important events related to Franklin in American and world history. He played an important role in the North American War of Independence, was one of the founders of the United States, and participated in drafting the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution. From 1776 to 1785, he went to France. His scientific prestige and extensive knowledge are very beneficial to his diplomatic mission. With his efforts, the United States and France formed an alliance at 1778. 1787 was elected as the representative of the Constituent Assembly and served as the highest executive speaker of Pennsylvania. He actively opposed the oppression and slavery of blacks and actively advocated the abolition of slavery.

In his life, he won many honors. 1753 was awarded the copley Medal by the Royal Society and honorary degrees by Harvard University and Yale University in the same year. 1756 was elected as a member of the Royal Society, 1772 as a foreign academician of the French Academy of Sciences, and 1789 as a foreign institute of the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg.

His main scientific work is in electricity. This only accounted for about ten years in his life. During the period of 1743 ~ 1744, Franklin saw a simple electrical experiment done by A.SPence from Scotland in Philadelphia and Boston, which aroused a strong desire to explore. He bought all the exhibits, and his friend Peter Cdlinson, who met at the Royal Society in London, learned about it. He sent him a lot of books, electrical works and some friction electrification equipment. Franklin and his friends from the Philosophic Society of Philadelphia conducted many electrical experiments and theoretical explorations.

Franklin made many important contributions to electricity. Through experiments, he systematically cleared up many confused electrical knowledge at that time (such as the generation, transmission, induction, storage, charging and discharging of electricity, etc.). He used to connect many Leiden bottles to store more charge. He used experiments to prove that the metal foil inside and outside the Leyden bottle has the same charge, but the electrical properties are opposite. 1747 On May 25th, he put forward the theory of single fluid of electricity in his letter to collinson, and expressed the surplus or shortage of this fluid with mathematical symbols. He also believes that triboelectrification is only charge transfer rather than creation, and the positive and negative charges generated must be strictly equal-this idea later developed into one of the basic laws in electricity-the law of charge conservation. He used this theory to explain the principle that capacitors have dielectrics.

Franklin's second greatest contribution was the unification of electricity between heaven and earth, which completely broke people's fear of lightning. During the period of 1749, while watching a series of experiments, his wife Lida accidentally touched the metal bar on the Leyden bottle and was knocked to the ground by an electric spark. She was ill for a week, which strengthened his determination to explore the nature of lightning. On the one hand, he listed the similarities between 12 electrostatic spark and lightning spark, on the other hand, he gave the experimental proof through the sentry box experiment and kite experiment (1752 June). His letter was read by collinson in the Royal Society, and at first it was laughed at and doubted. Later, he published his collection of essays "Experiments and Research on Electricity", especially "Kite Experiment Report", which caused a sensation in Europe and made people see that electricity is a promising science. Lightning rod broke superstition, promoted the development of electricity and electrician technology, and became an important technological achievement for human beings to conquer nature.

Franklin had a wide interest in nature. He studied the heat conduction of objects (especially metals), the propagation of sound in water and the method of obtaining low temperature by evaporation. He also studied plant transplantation and the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases; When crossing the Atlantic, he observed the influence of the Gulf Warm Current on the climate, and measured the velocity and temperature of the seawater.

As an inventor, he invented the elevated book fetching device, bifocal glasses for the elderly, three-wheel clock and so on.

1790 He died in Philadelphia on April 17. The epitaph he wrote for himself only called himself "Franklin as a printer" and did not mention his important post for the rest of his life. But French economist Turgut wrote a eulogy for him: "I got lightning from heaven and civil rights from tyrants".

Franklin roosevelt was born on1October 30th in new york, USA. 1900 to 1904 studied at Harvard university, 1905 transferred to Columbia university law school, and dropped out after passing the new york bar exam. 19/kloc-Senator new york in 0/0, 19 12 years. 19 13 vice minister Ren Haijun. 192 1 8 suffered from polio during his vacation. He was still an activist of the Democratic Party, and his wife attended the meeting on his behalf.

Roosevelt worked hard to promote the unity of urban and rural areas in the Democratic Party. 1920 failed to run for president as james cox's running mate. Lawyer new york 1920 1928. Mayor of new york from 65438 to 0928; Because of the tax reduction for farmers, it won the hearts of the people and was re-elected with 1930. 1932 ran for the presidency, put forward the "New Deal" plan, and won by an overwhelming majority.

When 1933 took office, most banks in the United States closed down one after another, the ratio of industrial production level to 1929 dropped by 56%, the number of unemployed people reached130,000, and farmers were extremely poor. Roosevelt expressed his determination to revive the national economy in his inaugural speech. As a result, people with different political views became his allies, and his "New Deal" was successfully implemented. Roosevelt balanced the members of his government geographically and politically, including members of the Liberal Democrats and conservative Democrats. There are three * * * and party member, and there is a female minister. His legislative plan is aimed at the broad masses of voters, trying to help the major interest groups in the American economy and win the support of * * * and party member. Its concrete measures include establishing the general administration of agricultural regulation, raising the price of agricultural products and restoring agricultural prosperity; Providing loans to large and medium-sized enterprises to stimulate business; Establish specialized agencies to provide relief and employment opportunities for unemployed workers. When Roosevelt ran for president in 1936, he got the support of farmers, workers and ordinary lower class people. During the second government, despite some minor setbacks, many reforms in the New Deal were still welcomed by most people.

1939 In September, when World War II broke out, Roosevelt asked Congress to hold a special meeting to amend China's legislation and allow belligerents to buy weapons from the United States under the rule of "cash purchase and self-transportation". 1940 When France was defeated, Roosevelt actively prepared for defense and decided to help Britain by all means except participating in the war. Provide 50 over-age destroyers for Britain in exchange for 8 bases in the western hemisphere.

1940 When running for the presidency, both Roosevelt and another candidate said that the United States would not intervene in foreign wars. However, those who advocated tough measures against Hitler supported Roosevelt, who won the third term of office. His lease bill was passed in Congress. The bill enables the United States to provide financial assistance to Britain and its allies. 194 1 In August, he met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on a warship and issued a joint press release announcing the Atlantic Charter, which included national self-determination, expanding economic opportunities, eliminating fear and want, maritime freedom and disarmament.

194 1 year 65438+On February 7th, Japan suddenly attacked Pearl Harbor. At Roosevelt's request, the US Congress met on February 8, 65438, and passed the resolution of declaring war on Japan within four hours. 65438+February 1 1, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. After the war, Roosevelt mobilized all walks of life to actively engage in military production. At this time, American military production is about the sum of Germany and Japan; 1944 reached twice the output of Axis countries. During the war, he focused on strategic issues and negotiated with his allies about future peace plans. 1943, 1 announced the principle that the axis powers must surrender unconditionally in June. He believes that the maintenance of war and peace depends on maintaining friendly relations with the Soviet Union. Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in Tehran. Roosevelt and Stalin got along quite well. 1945 in February, the three giants met again in Yalta, Crimea, when the European battlefield war was coming to an end. The United States expects Japan to fight for another year and a half. Although the atomic bomb is being made, the United States never thought that its power would reach the great level that actually happened later. Roosevelt and his military advisers were eager to win Soviet aid in Asia. Stalin promised to fight against Japan. Roosevelt and Churchill also made concessions to the Soviet Union in the Far East. Roosevelt hoped to establish an effective international organization, namely the United Nations, to maintain post-war peace. He had planned to attend the inaugural meeting of the United Nations scheduled to open in San Francisco on April 27th, 1945. However, since 1944, the sanitary situation has gone from bad to worse. In the presidential election from 65438 to 0944, Roosevelt exerted his last vitality, defeated Governor Dewey and was re-elected for the fourth time. Shortly after taking office, he went to the hot spring to recuperate and died of cerebral hemorrhage in April 1945.

As a politician, he is the most respected and hated person in American history. His political opponents think he is shallow, incompetent, cunning and dictatorial; His supporters call him the savior of the American economy and the defender of democracy all over the world. It is generally acknowledged that as a political leader, he has won the support of the broad masses of the people and has accommodated leaders of various viewpoints in his government. Many experts believe that, on the whole, the administrative efficiency of Roosevelt's government is very high, although there will be occasional confusion.