Briefly describe the contradictions and problems existing in the development of energy industry in China.

Main problems faced by China's energy development

Although China's energy development has made great achievements, we should also see that with the rapid economic and social development, the contradictions and problems accumulated over the years are further highlighted. This focuses on six aspects:

First, resource constraints are obvious, and the contradiction between supply and demand is prominent. Although China's total energy resources are large, and the proven reserves of fossil energy are about 750 billion tons of standard coal, the per capita possession is far below the world average. The per capita remaining recoverable reserves of coal, oil and natural gas are only 58.6%, 7.69% and 7.05% of the world average respectively.

Coal. China is rich in coal reserves, but in the medium and long term, it faces the pressure of "three shortages" to transform the reserves into an effective supply to meet the needs of economic and social development: First, the coal reserves are insufficient. According to estimates, the coal mine projects to be started before 20 10 are short of more than 50 billion tons of refined reserves, and 20 1 1? There will be a shortage of1more than 2 billion tons in 2020. Second, the production capacity is insufficient. According to China's current coal production capacity, considering the aging and scrapping of some mines, it is necessary to increase the coal production capacity 1 100 million tons before 2020, which is close to the current total coal production in the United States, which means that China will build about 1 10,000 million large coal mines. Third, the transportation capacity is insufficient. China's coal consumption is mainly concentrated in the eastern region, but coal resources are mainly distributed in the north and west. This unbalanced geographical distribution of resource endowment and demand determines the pattern of transporting coal from north to south and coal from west to east. According to the calculation that 70% of the 654.38 billion tons of new coal needs to be transported abroad, another 7 billion tons of railway lines and corresponding ports need to be built before 2020. These are very difficult to achieve.

Oil. According to the latest National Evaluation Report on Conventional Oil and Gas Resources, China's recoverable oil resources are 210.20 billion tons, and the proven remaining recoverable reserves are 2.5 billion tons, with an average proven rate of 33%, which is in the middle of exploration. At present, the oil exploration in China is becoming more and more difficult, and the quality of new reserves is getting worse and worse. It is still possible to achieve stable production and small growth through hard work, but it is unlikely to increase significantly. For example, the stable and high yield of Daqing Oilfield in China lasted for 27 years, and the output began to decline from 2002, with an average annual decline of 6.5438+0.5 million tons. From the distribution point of view, the main oil-bearing basins in the east have entered the middle and late stage of exploration and development. The oil resources to be discovered are mainly concentrated in Songliao, Tarim, Junggar, Ordos Basin and Bohai Sea. The main oil-bearing basins in western China and China's sea areas are rich in resources and low in proven degree, which are in the early stage of exploration and development. It is estimated that the oil gap will still reach 250 million tons in 2020, even taking into account factors such as energy conservation, economic restructuring and the development of alternative energy sources.

Natural gas. Generally speaking, China's natural gas exploration and development potential is great, and it is in the early stage of exploration, and its reserves and output will increase rapidly. Kuqa area in Tarim basin, Ordos basin and its surrounding Paleozoic, eastern Sichuan basin, northwestern Sichuan and western Sichuan foreland basins, Sebei and Tainan areas in Qaidam basin, East China Sea, Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan are the key areas for future exploration and development. However, the rapid growth of natural gas production is difficult to meet the faster demand growth. It is estimated that 3.4 trillion cubic meters of proven geological reserves of natural gas will need to be added by 2020, which means that the proven recoverable reserves of natural gas need to be doubled again.

In addition, although new energy and renewable energy have great potential for development and utilization, they also face many constraints. For example, the surplus hydropower resources are mainly concentrated in the western and central regions, and it is more and more difficult to develop due to the influence of natural conditions and immigration factors. Due to the intensive investment and long construction period, it is difficult to increase the new nuclear power production capacity rapidly in the short term.

In sharp contrast to resource constraints, the rapid growth of energy consumption. Judging from the situation of energy supply and demand in recent years, the total energy consumption is increasing, and the fast-growing energy supply still cannot keep up with the faster-growing energy demand. The elastic coefficient of energy consumption has rebounded, with an average of 1.05 during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the highest value since the reform and opening up. At present, the per capita consumption level in China is still very low, and it is in the period of accelerated development of industrialization and urbanization. International experience shows that this stage is the rising stage of "inverted U" energy consumption. With the further expansion of economic scale, the contradiction between energy supply and demand will exist for a long time, especially the contradiction between oil and gas supply and demand.

Second, energy technology is still backward and energy efficiency is obviously low. Although China has made great progress in energy technology, it still lags far behind the development requirements and the international advanced level. Fully mechanized mining equipment and core equipment of coal liquefaction technology in large coal mines need to be imported, gas extraction and utilization technology is backward, and the equipment level of mine production system is low. Major petroleum exploration and processing equipment, UHV transmission equipment and advanced nuclear power equipment cannot be designed and manufactured independently. The research and development of technologies such as hydrogen energy, fuel cell and distributed energy are insufficient, the development of technologies such as renewable energy, clean energy and alternative energy is relatively backward, and technologies such as energy saving and consumption reduction and pollution control are not widely used.

The backwardness of technology restricts the improvement of efficiency. From the overall energy efficiency, according to the current exchange rate, China's energy consumption per unit GDP is about 2.2 times higher than the world average, and 2.4 times, 4.6 times, 8 times and 0.3 times higher than that of the United States, the European Union, Japan and India respectively. Especially in recent years, high energy-consuming industries have developed rapidly, the economic growth mode is extensive, energy consumption is increasing, and the energy output efficiency is far below the international advanced level. In 2004, China's GDP was $65,438 +0.9 trillion, accounting for about 4.4% of the world's GDP. To this end, it consumes 2 billion tons of coal, accounting for more than 35% of the world's total consumption. It consumes 300 million tons of crude oil, accounting for 7.8% of the total world consumption. Compared with the above, even considering the exchange rate, it is an indisputable fact that China's energy efficiency is low. From the main energy-consuming industries and energy-consuming equipment, the comprehensive energy consumption of cement is 23.6% higher than the international advanced level, the comparable energy consumption per ton of steel in large and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises is 15. 1%, the coal consumption of thermal power generation is 20.5%, and the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers of motor vehicles is 25% higher than that in Europe, 20% higher than that in Japan, and 10% higher than that in Japan. For example, the comprehensive recovery rate of coal mines is generally 45% internationally? 60%, the average in China is only 30%, and some small coal mines are only 10%? 15%。 Since the reform and opening up, the output of small coal mines in China has increased from more than 95 million tons in 1978 to 850 million tons in 2005. During this period, the cumulative production of coal is about1200 million tons, and the consumption of resource reserves is about 80 billion tons. According to the normal mining method, 80 billion tons of resources reserves can produce about 40 billion tons of coal, which means that the same amount of resources can produce nearly 30 billion tons less coal, which is equivalent to the total output of coal in China since the reform and opening up. The comprehensive utilization rate of coal gangue in China is only 40%, and the total amount of coal gangue in China is about 3.8 billion tons, covering an area of about 1 10000 mu, and it is still increasing at a rate of about 200 million tons every year. It also produces nearly 1 100 million tons of fly ash every year, and the accumulated stock has exceeded 3 billion tons for many years. At present, comprehensive utilization is limited to the production of cement, wall materials, paving roads, damming, etc. There are still a lot of substances that have not been developed and utilized.

Third, the energy structure is still unreasonable, and the environmental carrying pressure is relatively high. China's energy structure rich in coal, short of oil and short of gas is hard to change. Compared with the world energy consumption structure, China's primary energy consumption presents completely different structural characteristics: the proportion of coal consumption is basically the same as that of world oil and gas consumption, accounting for 60%? 70%; The proportion of oil and gas consumption is the same as that of coal consumption in the world, accounting for only 20%? 30%。 Although the energy structure of China will be continuously optimized and the proportion of coal will be reduced, the dominant position of coal will be difficult to change in a certain period of time. By 2020, the proportion of coal in China's energy consumption structure may still exceed 55%.

Compared with oil and natural gas, coal has a greater impact on the environment. The phenomena such as vegetation destruction, groundwater level drop and water pollution caused by coal mine ground collapse, coal spontaneous combustion and gangue hill spontaneous combustion are more serious. In addition, the clean utilization level of coal in China is low, and the washing rate of raw coal is only about 30%, which is 60% lower than that in developed countries such as the United States and Australia, and the pollution is more serious. Coal combustion accounts for 70% and 90% of the soot and sulfur dioxide emitted nationwide. At present, the emission of sulfur dioxide in China is the largest, which leads to regional environmental acidification, and the area of acid rain has exceeded 40% of the land area. In addition, the carbon dioxide produced by coal combustion will aggravate the greenhouse effect.

Fourth, the international environment is complex and changeable, making it more difficult to use overseas oil and gas resources. China's oil and gas resources are relatively insufficient, and the growth of domestic production capacity is limited. It needs to make more use of overseas resources, but the international environment it faces is very complicated. Relevant data show that the world's remaining recoverable coal reserves are 984.5 billion tons, oil14.27 million tons and natural gas 156 trillion cubic meters. Even if the current consumption level remains unchanged, the total reserves of fossil energy can only maintain human consumption for about 100 years. In the global energy output, the international trade volume is less than 50%. At present, most of the oil and gas resources with good development environment and conditions are developed and controlled by western developed countries, and the proportion of international free trade is even lower, so China's energy import demand cannot be met indefinitely. Most of China's oil import transportation modes are long-distance and large-volume, and about 80% of imported oil passes through the Straits of Malacca every year. The existing ocean-going fleet is seriously short of super-large tankers, and about 95% of imported oil is transported by overseas companies. At the same time, energy resources are strategic resources. As a big country, China relies too much on imports, which involves not only the pattern of supply and demand and price changes, but also extremely complicated international economic, political, diplomatic and military issues such as how to break the existing monopoly pattern and transportation line security. If it is not handled properly or there is uncontrollable turmoil, it will endanger the national security of China.

Fifth, the oil reserve system is not perfect, and there are hidden dangers in safety production. Petroleum reserve plays an important role in energy supply security. After the first oil crisis in the 1970s, the International Energy Agency asked its member countries, including seven western countries, to undertake the obligation of oil reserves equivalent to 90 days' net oil imports. The EU also requires its member states to undertake the obligation of oil reserves. These countries have successively established relatively perfect petroleum reserve systems and played an important role. China's oil reserves have just started, and the project construction is progressing smoothly at present, but there is still a lot of work to be done. It will take several years for oil reserves to reach the reserve target, and there is still a long way to go to form a national oil reserve system and emergency mechanism.

The situation of safe production of energy, especially coal, is more severe. In recent years, the strong market demand has driven the rapid increase of coal output, but the output of nearly13 lacks safety guarantee conditions, and serious accidents such as coal mine gas explosion have not been effectively curbed. Last year, a particularly serious accident 1 1 occurred in China, and the coal safety situation this year is not optimistic. There are still potential accident risks in oil and gas production and pipeline network. In recent years, with the rapid development of electric power construction, there are many security risks in equipment manufacturing and installation, engineering construction and so on, which may bring some security problems. Blackouts in the United States, Canada and Moscow have sounded the alarm for power construction and safe operation.

Sixth, the reform of the energy system has not yet been put in place, and laws and regulations need to be improved. The mechanism transformation of coal enterprises is lagging behind, the social burden is heavy, the competitiveness of enterprises is not strong, the institutional environment for cross-regional operation of enterprises is not fully formed, the coal circulation system is not perfect, and the supporting reforms such as railway transportation system reform and coal trading market construction are lagging behind. There are still many problems to be solved in establishing a market system for crude oil, refined oil and natural gas that meets the requirements of the WTO and improving the government's macro-control and supervision system. The reform measures defined in the power system reform plan also need to be further implemented.

At the same time, China's energy laws and regulations can not meet the needs of energy development and reform, which are highlighted as follows: the basic laws that embody China's energy strategy, maintain energy security and link up energy policies are still incomplete; There is no corresponding legal basis for energy security and oil reserves so far; Some laws, regulations and policy documents, such as the Electricity Law and the Coal Law, have failed to meet the needs of development and need to be further coordinated, revised or abolished.

In short, we should not only see that China's energy resources still have great potential, but also have the ability and means to solve the energy support problem in economic and social development with the continuous progress of science and technology, the deepening of resource utilization and the further enhancement of the supplementary role of unconventional energy. However, we should further strengthen our sense of hardship and crisis, and clearly realize that China's per capita energy is relatively low and the degree of protection is not high; Recently, there is a great contradiction between supply and demand, and the future resource bottleneck is more prominent; It is urgent to do everything possible to alleviate the energy bottleneck constraint, which is related to the overall situation. From the perspective of successfully achieving the grand goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way and ensuring the long-term development of the Chinese nation and the well-being of future generations, we fully understand the extreme importance of doing a good job in energy work and take effective measures to actively solve the outstanding contradictions and problems faced by China's energy development.