What is Bachu culture?

Bachu culture, as its name implies, is obviously not unitary and does not speak in a linear way. Even if we only seek qualitative analysis, a few words will certainly be of no help, rather than a multi-level and all-round analysis.

(1) The Bachu culture we are talking about includes archaeological culture-mainly before Qin and Han Dynasties, historical culture and regional culture-mainly after Wei and Jin Dynasties. In short, it is an anthropological culture that exists in the transitional zone between Bachu and Chu from ancient times to the present, which is generally called anthropology, and of course includes physical anthropology, archaeological anthropology, linguistics, cultural anthropology or social anthropology.

(2) As far as archaeological culture is concerned, Ba culture is Ba culture and Chu culture is Chu culture, which are different in connotation and extension, so they are undoubtedly two cultures. Moreover, Ba culture is a branch of barbarian culture, and Chu culture is a branch of Chinese culture and belongs to different cultural systems. In the field of archaeology, Bachu culture can be understood as both Ba culture and Chu culture under a certain time and space framework. Neither Ba culture nor Chu culture can be traced back to the Neolithic Age, let alone the Paleolithic Age.

No matter the western culture in the north of the city, Daxi culture, Qujialing culture, Shijiahe culture and Mijinggou culture, they are not the predecessors of Ba culture or Chu culture.

From the linguistic point of view, Ba people are one or several branches of the ancestors of the Tibeto-Burman language family. They came to the upper reaches of the Yellow River from the upper reaches of Hanshui River and migrated to the east of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the west of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Qingjiang river basin is only the birthplace of Lin Junman, not the birthplace of Ba people including Lin Junman. As for the Chu people, there is a distinction between rich surnames and miscellaneous surnames. The former is a descendant of Zhurong in the Central Plains, and the latter is a descendant of Sanmiao, an old friend in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

There are early Ba cultural relics in Qingjiang Valley, but the early Ba cultural relics are not limited to Yu Qingjiang Valley. Just as there was an early Chu culture in Zhang Ju Valley, the early Chu culture was not limited to Zhang Ju Valley.

(3) The communication between Ba nationality and Chu nationality, and the communication between Ba culture and Chu culture has a long history and far-reaching influence. Therefore, regardless of national culture, Chu has a Ba and Bazhong has a Chu.

At the latest, since the reign of Xiongqu, Pakistan and Chu had a cultural exchange relationship.

At the latest, since the reign, Pakistan and Chu have been ambassadors to each other.

At the latest, since the King of Chu * * *, the Bagong people have intermarried with the Chu people.

In Bati, there are Chu immigrants and soldiers. Immigrants are like real estate gentry, and soldiers are Chu soldiers stationed in Ba County (Wuxian County). In Chu State, Ba people and Chu people live together. The Ba people's settlement in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was found in Tuojiang Temple in Jiangling, and the Ba tomb in the same place as the Chu tomb was found in Jingmen Bridge.

Occasionally, Chu wares were unearthed from Ba Tomb, and occasionally, Ba wares were unearthed from Chu Tomb.

It can be asserted that the relationship between Ba culture and Chu culture is not a plate structure, let alone a Pisces-shaped Taiji diagram structure. They are intertwined, intertwined, infiltrated and complemented each other, and are inextricably linked.

(4) Ba culture and Chu culture are both multi-source cultures with the advantages of integration and inheritance. When communicating with each other, it is easy to produce either-or cultural events, and the advantages of fusion inheritance are more obvious.

Chu tiger patterns are common in places close to Ba people. It is extremely rare in places far away from Ba people, and it is undoubtedly born out of the tiger pattern of Ba style. Ba-style cymbals are undoubtedly based on Chu-style cymbals, but the age is relatively late, the technology is rough and the shape is simple.

Ba people regard Gan Lan as their living room, which is now called "Diaojiaolou". Chu people's money came from the Central Plains, and there was no contact with it at first. Later, the "Taiwan Pavilion" was developed, which must be modeled after the dry column, but it was wonderful. Gan Lan of Ba people probably learned from Vietnamese, but shine on you is better than Lan. The "Diaojiaolou" left by Ba people is found in southwest Hubei, northwest Hunan, southeast Sichuan and northeast Guizhou, among which southwest Hubei is the most prominent. The reason should be that it is closest to the old capital of Chu and Ying, with more or less terraced fields, pavilions and pavilions. In architecture, the influence of Ba and Chu is two-way.

The bronze statue unearthed from Jingmen axle is strange and extremely difficult to untie. A similar bronze statue was unearthed in Buddy, but there was no similar statue on it. Therefore, it is uncertain whether the bronze statue on the axle originated from the beliefs of Ba or Chu people, or from the beliefs of Ba and Chu people.

During the Warring States Period, Du Ying had popular songs "Li Xia" and "Ba People". Scholars generally believe that it is Chu songs and Ba people are Ba songs. However, the popularity of Chu songs and Ba songs at the same time and in the same place will inevitably influence each other, that is, Chu songs have Ba style and Ba songs have Chu style, and there is no conclusion.

Some cultural events are similar to the Chu people, and it is difficult to distinguish them sooner or later. For example, Ba people have the legend of the goddess of salty water (Qingjiang River), while Chu people have the legend of the goddess of Wushan Mountain. There are many similarities between the two, and some aspects are quite confusing. Whether the Ba people spread to the Chu people or the Chu people spread to the Ba people is purely coincidental. Due to unclear clues and insufficient evidence, it is still an unsolved case.

No matter in Ba culture or Chu culture, in anthropological terms, there are cross-cultural elements, that is, hybrid culture or mixed culture, from which its genetic advantage comes.

(5) As a historical culture and regional culture, Bachu culture has always been a binary compound cultural entity of Bachu. Compound, first couple, then merge.

Zhi Zhu's Ci is the product of the integration and inheritance of Bachu culture, which has the advantage of appealing to both refined and popular tastes.

Modern folk songs and dances in southwest Hubei are also the product of Bachu culture, which has the advantages of simplicity and ingenuity.

(6) The term "Bachu culture" not only covers history and reality, but also shows generosity and openness.

"The terrain of China, from west to east, from high to low, can be roughly divided into three steps. The border area between the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River is located at the eastern edge of the middle section of the second step and the western edge of the middle section of the third step. Here is the dangerous gorge rapids with high mountains. The land is narrow and the people are poor, so it is easy to defend but difficult to attack. The historical rhythm is much slower than that of the Great Plains in the east and great basin in the west. If you are in the deepest part of the mountain, this person is like a person in the Peach Blossom Garden, talking about culture and cultural products, and writing a brilliant page for the cultural history of China. "

Having said that, some people may ask about the causes of Bachu culture. Mr. Tan Weisi believes that the "main reasons" are as follows:

"1, the result of national integration; 2. The crystallization of cultural exchange; 3. National movements and alliances have made contributions; 4. Natural geographical conditions and ecological environment. " It can be said that it is right. However, from the perspective of folk culture, it seems that two minks can be continued: first, the feudal rulers since Qin and Han dynasties adopted the policy of "detaining" the descendants of the Qianba people in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou; Secondly, Tujia people, descendants of Pakistanis, inherited Bachu culture in this closed environment. Bachu culture with a long history has never been interrupted or disappeared, and has become a historical culture. Of course, the living Bachu culture we see today mainly exists in the folk culture of Tujia nationality (and its border area with ancient Chu).

In a word, Bachu culture is a regional historical culture, mainly distributed in the border areas of Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan and Guizhou provinces, with the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River as the activity center. According to the article "Bachu Culture in Yichang Area of Three Gorges" in Guangming Daily, Bachu culture has the following characteristics: first, it overlaps and crosses in the region; Second, the core is deeply integrated; Third, intermarriage between ethnic groups; Fourth, the confusion of customs.

Foolishly, the study of Bachu culture should rely on one city (Yichang), two rivers (Zhang Ju and Qingjiang-the birthplace and prosperous place of Chu culture and Ba culture respectively) and the Three Gorges, radiating all over the country. Yichang is not only the intersection of Bachu culture, but also the intersection of ancient cultural sedimentary belt and Yangtze River economic development belt, and it is the hinterland of Bachu culture. Developed economy, convenient transportation and talent gathering. The study of Bachu culture takes up "the right time, the right place and the right people", what's more, we have made a useful attempt in the development of Bachu cultural resources: the dance drama "Tuqi Ba Ren" with the theme of Tujia marriage customs won the "Wenhua Award" from the Ministry of Culture and the "Five One Projects" award from the Propaganda Department; Bachu Music Palace, which mainly imitates the unearthed Bachu musical relics, receives hundreds of thousands of tourists every year. Changyang Tujia folk songs and dances are well-known overseas; Ballads, Stories and Proverbs, a collection of folk literature in Three Gorges, received rave reviews. ...

All these favorable local conditions, coupled with the support and suggestions of experts and scholars from Hunan, Hubei and Sichuan provinces, enable us to realize our long-cherished wish of establishing Bachu cultural projects, conducting academic research and writing a book in a relatively short time. Here, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the experts and scholars who have supported and helped us.

Everything is difficult at the beginning, especially the first academic step. Because it is the first step, there is no ready-made experience and lessons to learn from, so we must not hold back. The road is made by people. As for the quality of the journey, only "bystanders can see clearly". Being affirmed by society naturally makes people wither or dry up.

Yichang is facing unique challenges and opportunities, whether in the waist of cultural deposition belt or in the waist of economic development belt. Whether it is a challenge or an opportunity, it is luck.

Those cultural events that can still be found are precious cultural resources and should be rescued and utilized. Rescue is a systematic project. Through investigation and study, a group of famous scholars in Yichang can be trained. Utilization is developed on the basis of rescue, which means that everything should not be original like rescue, but should be inherited and created, in order to turn decay into magic and produce a number of Yichang's own cultural products.

Yichang's experience shows that the cultural sedimentary belt and the economic development belt complement each other, and a simple Ba people is convincing evidence. The cultural value of rural Ba people is far higher than their economic benefits. For Comrade Yichang, "rustic Ba people" may just be "Xiao He just showed his sharp corner", and more cultural products will follow.