Introduction to Iktangga _ Introduction to Tang Zhijun and Yuan Keduo Golden Elephant Chocolate

Wu Dacheng (1835 ~ 1902) was born in Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province). Scholars, inscriptions and painters in Qing Dynasty. Good at painting landscape flowers, calligraphy is good at seal script. Thanks for the appreciation of epigraphy. At the beginning of Tongzhi, he traveled to Shanghai and joined Pinghua Society. In the seventh year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1868), he was a scholar, and in the twelfth year of Guangxu (1886), he served as the governor of Guangdong.

In August of the 13th year of Guangxu reign, he was appointed as the Governor of Shandong Province, Henan Province. In the eighteenth year of Guangxu, he was awarded the governor of Hunan. Since 1894- 1895, after the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1895, he led the Xiang army to recover Haicheng and was dismissed because of defeat. I have loved epigraphy all my life and engaged in poetry, calligraphy and painting. Lecture of Longmen Academy. Learn less from Chen Zhuan Shu, and after middle age, join the ancient Zhuan Yi Seiko. The lines of the inscription and postscript are beautiful and unique. And long lettering. Making landscape flowers, showing off with a pen, tasting a book of cloud landscape flowers and visiting historic sites are all wonderful things. Fine identification, fond of collection, especially able to interpret ancient Chinese characters. He is the author of Shuo Shu Bu, Gu Kao, Weights and Measures Kao, Lu Zhai Lu, Lu Zhai Wen Ji and so on. He was the editor of Hebei Road, Taipu Temple Green and Zuodu Yu Shi Yu. Died at the age of sixty-eight.

Wu Dayou's name is Da Chun. He avoided Mu Zong's taboo and changed his name. Also known as Qingqing, whose real name is Heng Xuan, also known as Baiyun Mountain firewood, Lu Zhai, Zheng Niche and Baiyun Sichuang. People from Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province. Editor-in-chief, Shaanxi, Gansu. Taoist priests, officials of Taibu Temple, officials of Taichang Temple, political envoys of generals, officials of Shi Yu, the capital of Zuodu, and governors of Guangdong and Guangxi in Henan and Hebei. He participated in the left westward camp and helped Ming 'an to train in Jilin, so he participated in the negotiations on the Sino-Russian border and the Sino-Japanese peace treaty. During the Sino-French War, he would deal with Beiyang affairs. During the Sino-Japanese War, I was invited to participate in the war. He paid attention to the collection and discussion of ancient artifacts all his life and was a famous stone archaeologist in the late Qing Dynasty.

1867 Jinshi, awarded to the editor. Learn politics for Shaanxi and Gansu. 1877 went to Shanxiang to do relief work, went to the disaster area to inspect and survey, and was sponsored by Zuo and Hebei Road the following year. 1880, awarded the title of Sanpin Qing, and handled the border affairs of Ningguta, Samsung and Hunchun with Jilin General Ming 'an. The following year, he was awarded the title of Taipu Temple Minister.

1883, France expanded from Viet Nam to China and was ordered to run Beiyang military affairs. 1884, moved to the left vice capital. Imperial edict to North Korea to deal with Shen Jia incident and Japanese aggression against North Korea. The following year, he went to Jilin with Deputy Commander-in-Chief Iktangga and Russian Ambassador to investigate and violate the border. 1886, he served as the chief representative of China, and held demarcation negotiations with Russia in Yanchu River-Hunchun. He argued with the Russian representative, recovered more than 100 miles of territory illegally occupied by Russia, and corrected the word "earth" in jiepai. And won the navigation right of Tumen River estuary for China ships. 1887 was transferred to the governor of Guangdong to fight against Portuguese invasion of Macao and seven villages in Xiangshan. 1888 Zhengzhou Yellow River burst its banks, and Wu Dacheng participated in the regulation. After the river regulation was successful, he was appointed as the governor of the river and was awarded the first prize. 1894, the Sino-Japanese War broke out, and Wu Dacheng was then the governor of Hunan and invited him to join the army. 15, 17 in August, even telegraphed "Please command the Xiang army to bid war in the DPRK". Soon, he was allowed by the Qing court to "go north with courage." Xuan was appointed as the Deputy Military Envoy of the Eastern Expedition.

1895 65438+ 10. In October, Wu Dacheng led more than 20 battalions of the new and old Xiang Army out of the customs and arrived at Tianzhuangtai on February 1 1 day. On February 2 1 day, Wu Dacheng joined forces with Heilongjiang generals Iktangga, Jilin General Changshun and Song Qing to launch the fourth counterattack against Haicheng. At that time, there were more than 100 battalions and more than 60 thousand people in the Qing army near Haicheng. Although there are many troops, due to the complex system, there are Xiang Army, Chu Army, Huai Army and Northeast Army, which are not subordinate to each other and lack unified command. Wu Dacheng nominally assisted in military affairs, but he could not command the whole army. Most generals will "support the troops according to the key points and wait and see, but at first glance they can't win a decisive victory." Wu Dayou's men had only two dozen battalions, and most of the generals of Xiang in Shanhaiguan pass led by him were incompetent and greedy. When dispatched, "it's too late to die."

After I passed the customs, I just looked on and hesitated. Liu Shuyuan, the leader of the pro-army, "chickened out" when facing the enemy, and Wu Yuankai, the leader of the artillery team, "retreated at the same speed" when he heard the situation. In addition, Wu Dacheng himself, although he volunteered to join the army, is not familiar with the army, and he is boastful and conceited. He overestimated himself, underestimated the enemy and lacked a serious plan for the overall situation of the war. Just when Wu Dacheng and others concentrated their forces on attacking Haicheng, the Japanese army took advantage of the weakness of the Qing army and adopted the tactics of "feinting Liaoyang and taking Niuzhuang" to contain it. On March 3rd, the 3rd and 5th Divisions were sent to attack Niuzhuang. Wu Dacheng and others failed to see through the Japanese plot, ignored Niuzhuang and laid siege to Haicheng with all their strength. Due to the emptiness of Niuzhuang's defense, it was captured by the Japanese in one day. On the day when Niuzhuang fell, Wu Dacheng rushed from Tianzhuangtai to Shishan Station. "After repeated battles and defeats along the way, the situation has collapsed." After Wu Dayou retreated from Shishan Station, Song Qing defended Yingkou's main force and retreated to Tianzhuangtai, which led to the emptiness of Yingkou's troops. On March 7, the Japanese army easily captured Yingkou, and Tianzhuangtai was subsequently captured. Tianzhuangtai fell, "the Xiang army was defeated, and there were too many casualties, which made people depressed." Wu Dacheng was very angry with Xiang, and wanted to draw his sword and commit suicide, but he was blocked by the left and right. But he sighed and said, "I can't beat the army. Please discuss it." /kloc-in March of 0/7, the Qing court ordered Wu Dacheng to be relieved of his deputy military post and handed it over to the Ministry for discussion. Revoke one's post, stay in office, and find a job. 1898 was dismissed by decree and no longer used.

In August of the 13th year of Guangxu reign, the Yellow River in Shibao (i.e. Shiqiao) in Zhengzhou burst south, causing serious losses. First, the Governor of Shandong, Henan Province, and the Governor of Henan Province, Ni, presided over the blockade, and the court sent Li Hongzao, a minister of the Ministry of Rites, to supervise the restoration. By May of the 14th year of Guangxu, the entrance was destroyed and impassable. Li Henian and others were fired. In July, the emperor appointed Wu Dacheng as the governor of Shandong River in Henan Province to take over the work of blocking the mouth, and took office in August of that year. He thinks that there are many disadvantages for river workers to send and receive materials by blocking their mouths, but he is traveling incognito alone, mixed among migrant workers who support himself, and carrying straw materials on his back. When Wu Dacheng discovered the shortage of materials and deducted wages, he deliberately led the masses to quarrel with the material management officials. When the official was about to push Dacheng off the whip, the entourage immediately stood up and shouted, He is the river chief. Who dares to do it? At this time, Wu Dayou ordered to punish the officials in charge of materials with sticks, and displayed them on the construction site with cangue as an example.

Wu Dacheng made a careful plan for the plugging project and took appropriate measures. For officials at work, the division of labor is clear and strict. He swore that if he couldn't finish the work within the time limit, he would also die in the line of duty. All the workers were in awe, so they rushed to stop work day and night and closed the dragon in1February of that year. This project saves more than 600,000 yuan compared with the appropriation bank. When Wu Dayou was the river chief, he attached great importance to dangerous workers in Zhengzhou, Zhongmou and Kaifeng. He said: The stone dike at the top of the Dawang Temple in Zhongtoubao, the herringbone dam and Tuotou dam in Babao (in Zhongmou), the Shuner dam in Xia 'an Hall and the Gai dam in Jiubao (in Kaifeng) are all very important, and they are the gateway to the provincial capital. He advocated building dams and strengthening projects with cement masonry, which was the beginning of repairing projects with cement on the Yellow River.

After the completion of Zhengzhou Shibao Project, due to the southward trend of the river, it will collapse on the embankment. Wu Dacheng sized up the situation and built a stone dam in front of the old beach in Yingze Babao (now around Helixia River in Zhengzhou). When it was finished, a stone tablet was erected. The inscription reads: "The old beach is hard, but it is slipping day by day and the dike is gradually collapsing. Today, I will build a dam to protect this ancient beach. If you don't go to the beach, the embankment is not simple. It is better to keep the beach. " This paper expounds his thought of consolidating beaches and protecting dikes and managing rivers.

In the 15th year of Guangxu, he asked the new method to survey and map the Yellow River, from Jindouguan (now Lingbaojing) in Kanxiang County, Henan Province to Haikou, tiemenguan, Lijin, Shandong Province. The measured river length is 102 1 km. The following year, the map was completed and browsed by Emperor Guangxu, and it was named "Full Map of the Yellow River in Three Provinces".

In the sixth year of Guangxu (1April 880), in March, Wu Dayou went to Jilin to assist Ming 'an affairs, and then changed to "supervising". He arrived in Kyrgyzstan in June, that is, he discussed defense matters with Ming 'an in Jilin General, and made many achievements in reorganizing the army, guarding and consolidating the border.

Wu Dacheng and Jilin General Ming 'an set up border guards in Jilin. Change the original Eight Banners soldiers, abolish the hereditary system and change to the recruitment system. * * * Establish a 5000-strong defense force in 13 battalion. The following year, the number of defense troops increased to 9000, which was later collectively called Jingbian Army. After strict training, it has become a powerful force. In Hunchun, the East-West Fort was built. In order to prevent Russia from invading from the water, Tumen River and Songhua River Naval Battalion were also established. At the same time, the General Administration of Land Reclamation was established to implement the policy of border consolidation. After on-the-spot investigation, he decided to set up Hunchun Reclamation Bureau with Hunchun and Sanchakou as reclamation centers, with Wudaogou and Nangang sub-bureaus. The scope of reclamation is wide and many preferential policies have been stipulated. At the end of 1880, in order to provide convenience for reclamation, business travel and the army, a 600-mile-long avenue and a north-south route from Ningguta to the capital of Jilin Province were built, and more than 100 wooden bridges were built. At the same time, many post stations have been added to strengthen the border defense forces.

On June 8th, 1885, Wu Dacheng and Iktangga, deputy commander-in-chief of Hunchun, re-surveyed the eastern border. After repeated argumentation by Wu Dacheng and Iktangga, they finally reached an agreement. On June1886 65438+1October 12, the Sino-Russian Hunchun East Border Agreement and the Sino-Russian Border Highway Demarcation Book were formally signed. Including the addition of "earth" plate, the addition of "pull", "scatter" and "horse" jiepai and one to eighteen marks; Take back the black top; We won the navigation right of the Tumen River estuary, thus defending the sacred territory of the motherland. The Dragon and Tiger Stone Carvings and Pentagonal Monument Pavilion, which stand in the urban area of Hunchun with the architectural style of Qing Dynasty, were established by the people of Hunchun to commemorate the victory of patriotic minister Wu Daxiao in the negotiations. The front of the stone carving is engraved with the word "Dragon and Tiger" and the lower left is engraved with "Wu Dacheng's book". The font is smooth and magnificent. During the negotiation, Wu Dayou wrote the words "dragon" and "tiger" many times, expressing his fearless patriotic spirit of "waiting for the dragon".

Wu Dacheng is good at the identification and textual research of ancient Chinese characters, as well as seal cutting, calligraphy and painting. Wu Dacheng's calligraphy is most famous for seal script. His seal script is very distinctive, combining the ancient seal script with the small seal script, and his skill is very deep, that is, he usually uses neat and exquisite seal script for it, with neat rules and unique feelings. He studied seal script with Chen Shuo's father in his early years, and took part in the study of ancient seal script after middle age, which was of great benefit to calligraphy. In Qin dynasty, he studied stone with Xiao Zhuan, and his calligraphy was like Li. Later, inspired by Yang Yisun, he combined Biography with inscriptions on bronze and wrote The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety and Letters in this way. His seal script was uneven in size, elegant and simple, which was a creation at that time. He studied epigraphy deeply, which broadened his vision of pre-Qin characters and made his seal script draw a lot of nutrition from it. Wu Dacheng writes seal script and likes to use official script. His official script is horizontal and vertical, and he also carries the Fahan tablet. Learning Zeng Guofan's running script is quite interesting for Huang Tingjian. Wu Dayou is also famous for his poems and essays. He is the author of ten books, including Luzhai Poetry and Fu Collection, Notes on Ancient Books, Notes on Characters, Records of Luzhai Ancient Records, Textual Research on Ancient Jade, Experimental Examination of Weights and Measures, Hengxuan Collection of Jin Jizhi, Notes on Delimitation of Jilin, and Records of Sixteen Villages in Jin Fu.

Wu Dacheng, the author of Textual Research on Ancient Jade, has a good knowledge of ancient jade. I also like teapot. I once invited Huang Yulin, a famous pot maker at that time, to my house to make pots. The bottom of the pot has the style of "land residence" in Yang Wen, and the pot shape is simple. Iktangga is good at painting landscapes and flowers, and Iktangga is good at calligraphy. He joined Pinghua Society's Calligraphy and Painting Society and was a scholar for seven years (1868).

Cheng Zi is slightly different from Cheng Zi. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, Chen Changzhi's engraving "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" Volume 11, the Ministry of Water became a leaf. Collect and save sounds from the water. [Note] Chen Xuan and others said: Today's customs are clear, not positive.