latin american history

Indians are pioneers of South American civilization. The plateau in the middle of the Andes is the birthplace of ancient civilization in South America. As early as around 10 century, the Incas, an Indian tribe living in this area, established the Inca Empire centered on Cuzco in southern Peru. At the peak of15th century, its territory started from northern Ecuador in the north and reached Talka in Chile in the south, with a population of about 900 ~120,000. At that time, agriculture was quite developed, with corn, beans, potatoes, cassava, quinoa and other crops planted, llamas and alpacas domesticated, and reached a high level in water conservancy irrigation projects, transportation routes, construction and handicrafts. Brilliant Inca culture is an important part of human material civilization and spiritual civilization. Colombia, southern Chile and Paraguay are relatively densely populated areas outside the Inca Empire.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, Portuguese and Spanish colonists began to invade. Portugal invaded Brazil, and Spain ruled a vast area of South America except Brazil. /kloc-At the end of 0/6, British, French and Dutch colonists fought fiercely to carve up Guyana and some offshore islands. Since then, the whole continent has entered a period of 300 years of colonial rule. Spain has established three viceroy posts in South America: Peru (including Peru and Chile), Granada Novo (including Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela) and La Plata (including Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay), and Portugal has established a viceroy post in Brazil. Colonists used violence to promote all kinds of slavery, forced Indians to work in plantations or mines for free, and plundered land and gold and silver wealth in South America. Indian homes were destroyed, ancient civilizations were destroyed, and the population dropped sharply. In order to supplement the shortage of labor, the colonists imported a large number of black slaves from Africa. The mercantilist policy of the suzerain forced the colonial people to specialize in producing one or two kinds of agricultural and mineral products that could make huge profits in the international market, forming a single product system, which led to abnormal social and economic development. With the influx of immigrants, the social systems, customs, religious beliefs and cultural traditions of Spain, Portugal and other countries spread to all parts of South America, and Spanish and Portuguese gradually replaced Indian and became widely used official languages.

The people of South America have waged a long and heroic struggle for freedom and reconciliation. In the second half of the18th century, the colonial system maintained by the suzerain country became the biggest obstacle to social development. The development of this major contradiction pushed the people of South America onto the road of the war of independence. 18 10, the fire of armed uprisings spread all over South America. After more than ten years of bloody fighting, the colonial rule of Spain and Portugal was finally overthrown. By 1826, 10 national independent countries were established one after another, and only a few areas such as Guyana were still under colonial rule of Britain, France and the Netherlands.

After independence, the white landlord class in Latin America mastered the political power of most countries, implemented the "Cordero" military dictatorship with Latin American characteristics, safeguarded land ownership and feudal exploitation of large manors, and the economic development was slow. Britain, the United States and other countries take advantage of this situation to turn the country into a place where they supply raw materials, dump goods and export capital. In particular, the United States, which rose at the end of 19, with its economic strength and favorable geographical position, squeezed out other countries and became the hegemon of South America. The people of South America have waged a long struggle against imperialism, hegemonism, colonialism and safeguarding national sovereignty. After World War II, the struggle became deeper and wider. South American countries took the lead in launching the struggle against the maritime hegemony of superpowers, set off a wave of nationalization with the recovery of their own resources as the main content, actively promoted regional economic integration, strived to establish a new international economic order, and made great achievements in developing the national economy.

1966 and 1975, the former British Guiana and Dutch Guiana gained independence from colonial rule. Today, South America has 12 independent countries besides the disputed Malvinas Islands (Falkland Islands) in French Guiana, Britain and Argentina. They are all developing countries.

Latin America used to be the place where Indians worked and lived. Since Spanish and Portuguese adventurers set foot in Latin America in 1492, they have quickly become colonies of these two countries. /kloc-At the end of the 6th century, Britain, France, the Netherlands and other countries seized some islands of the West Indies, the edge of the South American continent and a few areas of the Central American isthmus from Spain. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Spain and Portugal successively declared their independence. In recent ten years, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Guyana, Bahamas, Grenada, Suriname, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda have successively shaken off the rule of Britain and the Netherlands and declared their independence. There are more than a dozen colonies ruled by Britain, America, France and Holland. Latin American countries that gained independence from Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule were later controlled and plundered by the United States, Britain and other countries.