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Daniel defoe (1660- 173 1) is an English novelist and journalist. He occupies a special position in the history of western literature development and is called "the father of modern novels". His works are mainly for individuals to overcome difficulties through hard work and relying on their own wisdom and courage. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, novels rose. Defoe, as the spokesman of the emerging bourgeoisie in the west, opened up the development path of modern novels with realistic style and realistic effect. His novel is full of twists and turns, self-reported and readable. It also shows the social atmosphere of pursuing adventure and advocating personal struggle at that time. Since the opening of the new sea line from 14 to 15, sailing has become the ideal of every young person. Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece, is famous all over the world, and Robinson has become a typical example of struggling with difficulties, so he is regarded as one of the pioneers of English novels.

Defoe ranked first among the four famous British novelists in the18th century. Robinson Crusoe, written by Defoe, had a great influence at that time and is still a masterpiece that appeals to both refined and popular tastes.

Defoe was born in 1660. 1640, the British bourgeoisie gained political power through violence, but in the year when Defoe was born, the Stuart royal family representing the feudal reactionary forces was restored in Britain. Defoe was born in a small oil candle merchant family, belonging to the middle and lower bourgeoisie, and politically opposed the feudal rule of Stuart royal family. When Defoe was 28 years old, that is, 1688, the bourgeoisie drove out the Stuart royal family and regained power. While doing business, he engaged in political activities and wrote many pamphlets. Because some books and speeches exposed unreasonable phenomena in society at that time, he was put into prison three or four times. At 59, he wrote Robinson Crusoe. This novel is based on a true story. More than 200 years ago, selkirk, a Suge, was a sailor on an English ship. 1704 One day in September, selkirk was abandoned on an uninhabited island in ancient Latin America because of a conflict with the captain. Selkirk was in a bad mood, but he gradually got used to it. He caught goats as food, built two small houses out of wood and sheepskin, used nails as needles, and took apart broken socks for sewing. He lived on a desert island for two years and four months. On February 1709, an English navigator rescued him from the island. When Selkirk returned to Scotland, he often told people about his extraordinary experiences in hotels. Later, Defoe wrote this book based on this story. After Robinson Crusoe, he wrote many novels, such as Captain singleton, Captain Jack, Rock Cha Na, London Plague, Memoirs of a Knight and so on. But he never got into the famous literati circle at that time. These literati have higher social status than him. He was poor all his life, and had to leave home to hide from his debts before he died. 173 1 passed away in grief and indignation on April 26th.

Content introduction: (Fan)

Robinson was born in a respectable merchant family, eager to sail and bent on seeing something overseas. He went to sea without telling his father. On his first voyage, he was caught in a big storm and the ship sank. He managed to escape. The second time I went out to sea to do business in Africa, I made a fortune. The third time, he was unfortunately captured by the Moors and became a slave. Later, he escaped by rowing his master's boat and was rescued by a Portuguese cargo ship on the way. After the ship arrived in Brazil, he bought a manor there and became the owner of the manor. Not content with getting rich in this way, he went out to sea and sold slaves in Africa.

On the way, the ship was attacked by a storm and all the sailors and passengers on board were killed. Only Robinson survived and drifted to an isolated island. He made a raft from the mast of the sunken ship, transported the food, clothes, guns, ammunition and tools from the ship to the shore again and again, and set up a tent on the hillside to settle down. Then he put a fence around the tent with sharpened stakes and dug a hole behind the tent to live. He used simple tools to make furniture such as tables and chairs, hunted game for food, and drank the water in the stream to tide over the initial difficulties.

He started planting barley and rice on the island, making wooden mortar, pestle and sieve, processing flour and baking coarse bread. He captured and domesticated wild goats and let them breed. He also makes pottery and so on to ensure his own needs. Even so, Robinson never gave up looking for a way to leave the island. He cut down a big tree and spent five or six months making a canoe, but the boat was too heavy to drag into the sea, so he had to give up all his previous efforts and build a small one himself.

Robinson lived alone on the island for 17 years. One day, he found that the coast of the island was covered with human bones, which had been burnt. It turned out that a group of savages from outer islands held a feast of human flesh here. Robinson was surprised. Since then, he has increased his vigilance and paid more attention to the things around him. Until the 24th year, another group of savages came to the island, ready to kill the captive. Robinson found and rescued one of them. Robinson named the rescued aborigines "Friday". From then on, "Friday" became Robinson's loyal servant and friend. Then Robinson took Friday to rescue a Spaniard and Friday's father. Soon an English ship was moored near the island, and the sailors on board made trouble and abandoned the captain and other three people on the island. Robinson and Friday helped the captain subdue the sailors and take back the ship. He left the sailors on the island and left the desert island for England with the captain on Friday. By this time, Robinson had been away from home for 35 years. He got married in England and has three children. After his wife died, Robinson went out to sea for business again, passing through the desert island where he lived. At this time, the sailors and Spaniards who stayed on the island have settled down and thrived. Robinson sent new immigrants, gave them the land on the island, left them all kinds of daily necessities, and left the island contentedly.

Fan Wener:

British young Robinson likes sailing since he was a child. He left home for South America three times. One day, with great ambition to travel around the world, he bid farewell to his family, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and experienced countless dangers in his thrilling voyage. Later, the whole ship was unfortunately buried in the Pacific Ocean, and everyone on board was buried at the bottom of the sea. Only he miraculously survived and came to an uninhabited island alone. He got the inspiration of life from the gap of despair, and Robinson, with strong personality, lived independently on the island for 28 years. He worked and lived on an isolated island, reclaimed wasteland, raised livestock, and produced rice and wheat. He kept company with loneliness year after year and overcame all kinds of difficulties that ordinary people could not overcome. The Bible became his spiritual pillar. With amazing perseverance and tenacious labor, he built houses, harvested grain, domesticated goats and made clothes out of animal skins. He once fought bravely with wild animals and savages who ate human flesh. Later, he saved a local, called him "Friday" and took him as a servant. With extraordinary perseverance and courage, he overcame unimaginable hardships and created a home for himself with hardworking hands. It was not until the 28th year that an English ship came near the island that Robinson helped the captain subdue the rebellious sailors and then returned to England. At this time, his parents died, and Robinson recovered all the income from his Brazilian manor and distributed it to some people who helped him.

After reading: (Fan Wenyi)

Reading Defoe's Robinson Crusoe reminds me of a sentence: knowledge is power. Robinson can live alone on a desert island for 28 years because of his wisdom and labor: if he doesn't work, he will only be eaten by cannibals; If he has no knowledge, he can only die on a desert island.

Robinson used his own hands to set up tents in the wilderness, dig caves and build fences, and built a safe and solid "castle" for himself, free from cannibals. You have to eat if you live. Although there is a lot of food on board, it is really limited. If you don't depend on yourself, you will have nothing. So Robinson began to grow his own crops and raise livestock in captivity. The weather on a desert island is changeable. Robinson fell ill in his first year on a desert island. He is very ill and feels groggy all day. This is an example that he successfully saved his life by taking advantage of the fact that Brazilians eat tobacco leaves instead of taking medicine no matter what disease they get.

After reading Robinson Crusoe, I feel that human wisdom is endless. With wisdom and labor, it is not difficult to live on a desert island for 28 years.

Robinson Crusoe, a great work that makes people marvel at human wisdom and efforts, makes people marvel at the beauty of life.

Robinson Crusoe is a novel written by daniel defoe, the father of European novels, in his later years. Robinson he created is a representative of the new bourgeoisie and an idealized hero. He not only endowed Robinson with courage, strength, wisdom, love of labor and other excellent human qualities, but also endowed him with the spirit of hard work, religious belief and rigorous style that an "ideal" bourgeois should have. With vivid details of student associations, the author makes the fictional scene seem to be immersive and makes the story have a strong sense of reality. After reading this novel, I not only admire the author's unique writing technique and rich imagination, but also admire Robinson's unyielding character in the rough experience. I deeply realize that Robinson's colorful experience is inseparable from his fighting spirit and strong character. And I just lack this spirit and character. I have long been used to the superior conditions created by my parents. Just like the flowers in the greenhouse, if you don't experience the wind and rain and love the tempering of life, you won't realize the hard-won happiness. Being content with the status quo all day, not making progress, only talking about ideals, lacking a serious and solid spirit of struggle. In my study, I often encounter some difficulties, but these difficulties are nothing compared with the difficulties and obstacles Robinson encountered when he lived alone on a desert island. He can work miracles with his hands. Why can't I summon up the courage to overcome the difficulties? After watching the legendary career of an adventure hero, I was deeply shocked by the indomitable spirit and soul of a hero. Then from now on, I will be strong and brave, and face a better life with a positive attitude.

Thoughts on Reading Robinson Crusoe

He is a strong and brave wanderer. Yes, he-Robinson is the protagonist of Robinson Crusoe written by Defoe in 17 19. Robinson Crusoe adopted the literary genre of chronological nautical memoirs that were all the rage at that time; The protagonist is based on a sailor who was exiled to a desert island due to negligence. He is an actor who is never tired and restless. He is a typical product of society in the primitive accumulation period of capitalism, and he is constantly expanding and plundering. He disdained persistence and devoted himself to pioneering, leaving the well-off family three times and five times and going out to sea to break the world. He is sensible, diligent and good at labor. After he was shipwrecked on a desert island, he didn't sit still and bemoan his fate. Instead, he made full use of his mind and hands to build a residence, grow food, domesticate livestock, make utensils and sew clothes, and transformed the desert island into an orderly and prosperous home. After years of wandering and hardship, he finally gained a considerable fortune, subdued a loyal servant "Friday" and completed the entrepreneurial process of a typical hero of his time. After reading this novel, I understand a truth: "Fundamentally speaking, people are inseparable from society and a healthy self." It is the desert island experience that makes Robinson's desire and humanity described as "original sin" clearly show its sociality. Robinson's living environment has changed: first, nature is his companion, and he stays with mountains and trees. His lonely life formed a certain religious seclusion environment, forcing him to talk with himself, nature and God. There is also a good foundation for him to get out of the desert island and integrate into society. Thoughts on Reading Robinson Crusoe

He is a strong and brave wanderer. Yes, he-Robinson is the protagonist of Robinson Crusoe written by Defoe in 17 19. Robinson Crusoe adopted the literary genre of chronological nautical memoirs that were all the rage at that time; The protagonist is based on a sailor who was exiled to a desert island due to negligence. He is an actor who is never tired and restless. He is a typical product of society in the primitive accumulation period of capitalism, and he is constantly expanding and plundering. He disdained persistence and devoted himself to pioneering, leaving the well-off family three times and five times and going out to sea to break the world. He is sensible, diligent and good at labor. After he was shipwrecked on a desert island, he didn't sit still and bemoan his fate. Instead, he made full use of his mind and hands to build a residence, grow food, domesticate livestock, make utensils and sew clothes, and transformed the desert island into an orderly and prosperous home. After years of wandering and hardship, he finally gained a considerable fortune, subdued a loyal servant "Friday" and completed the entrepreneurial process of a typical hero of his time. After reading this novel, I understand a truth: "Fundamentally speaking, people are inseparable from society and a healthy self." It is the desert island experience that makes Robinson's desire and humanity described as "original sin" clearly show its sociality. Robinson's living environment has changed: first, nature is his companion, and he stays with mountains and trees. His lonely life formed a certain religious seclusion environment, forcing him to talk with himself, nature and God. There is also a good foundation for him to get out of the desert island and integrate into society.

On the long road of life, there are many difficulties and obstacles, and there are also many difficulties and obstacles that will stop you from moving forward. If you never give up anything, you will be conquered by yourself.

The title is Never Give Up. It is best to add an inscription at the beginning, and it is best to include the words never give up. Giving up is an idea, but never giving up is a belief and a spirit. In real life, we often choose the former consciously or unconsciously. So it is easy for us to become ordinary people without edges and corners, while some people are almost stubbornly determined to choose the latter. Although such people are a minority, they often win the applause of most people. )

(Fan) According to

On the long road of life, there are many difficulties and obstacles, and there are also many difficulties and obstacles that will stop you from moving forward. If you never give up anything, you will be conquered by yourself.

The ancients said: you can't take ten steps in one leap; It is a great achievement to be angry with a horse and drive ten times. Perseverance, rotten wood can't be carved; Perseverance, the stone can be carved.

Unconsciously, suddenly appeared in front of a piece of Wang Yang sea, an island in the distance. On this quiet island, only birds are singing, goats are flying, trees are growing and flowers are emitting fragrance. Gradually, a boat appeared on the rough sea, rowing, and the strong wind overturned his boat, leaving him alone on this desert island.

The man holding the rudder is the hero of Robinson Crusoe and Robinson Crusoe written by Defoe.

He stubbornly lives alone on this isolated island, and a voice keeps echoing in his mind: "Give up, what's the point of living like this?" No one will come to save you. "But the persistence of faith soon defeated the idea. Robinson persisted in overcoming difficulties one by one and finally got the opportunity to return to civilized society.

In fact, we should do the same. When we encounter bumps, we should overcome them and never give up. In this way, we may become stronger and braver. Never give up and persevere, so that you can become bright and succeed.

Believe me, stick to it and fight to the end. Only in this way will the victory belong to you. Because, stick to the end, struggle for a lifetime, and he will help you through your life.

(Fan Wensan)

I read Robinson Crusoe this holiday and benefited a lot.

Robinson, the hero, was born in a relatively wealthy family, but he resolutely gave up his comfortable family life and was willing to associate with the waves and realize his dream of sailing. He sailed to London, Africa and Brazil, where he was hijacked by pirates and became a slave, but he finally saved the day. Once, on a voyage to Africa to buy slaves, he was unfortunately caught in a big storm and the whole ship was wiped out. Only Robinson survived and drifted to a desert island, from which he began his 28-year island life. On the desolate and lonely desert island, Robinson struggled with difficulties and obstacles alone with his spirit of daring to take risks and create, and finally created his own sky. On a desert island, Robinson built houses and fences with his own hands, and learned to make clothes, utensils and other necessities. He also kept goats, parrots and other wild animals in captivity, and after sowing the remaining seeds repeatedly, he ate his own food. He also saved a young local, named him "Friday" and took him as a servant. Finally, he made the desert island beautiful and rich, and lived a happy life instead of being overwhelmed by difficulties. It was not until the 28th year that an English ship came near the island that Robinson helped the captain subdue the rebellious sailors and then returned to England. At this time, his parents died, and Robinson recovered all the income from his Brazilian manor and distributed it to some people who helped him.

Living on a desert island for 28 years! What an amazing number! This shows how brave Robinson is. When he first arrived at the isolated island, he was desperate. He said, "I feel sad for my desolate environment all day. I have no food, no house, no clothes, no weapons, no way out, no hope of salvation, and only death in front of me, either swallowed by wild animals or chewed by wild people ..." However, slowly, his unique personality came out, full of hope for life, and he was no longer immersed in the pessimism of his own design all day. Made a table and a small box; Lambs and puppies caught; He planted wheat and rice ... in this way, he created his own small kingdom with his own hands.

Robinson is still a firm man. He once said, "My temper is to make up my mind to do one thing and never give up until I succeed", "I will try my best. As long as I can paddle, I won't drown. As long as I can stand up, I won't fall down ..." He has no assistant, incomplete tools and lack of experience, so it takes a lot of manpower and a long time to do anything. It takes forty-two days to make one piece. Many things he did were futile and failed, but he never lost heart and always summed up the experience of failure and started over. Hard work has brought gratifying returns. He finally got a boat, bread, pottery, plantation and pasture, and two more "luxurious" residences ... none of them were obtained without much effort and overcoming many difficulties.

The most attractive thing about this story is that it tells in detail Robinson's bizarre experience of living on a desert island for 28 years, showing a person's difficult living situation, loneliness and helplessness, and his constant desire for help.

Robinson's biggest problem on the island is to overcome loneliness and fear. But then he met a savage, who called him "Friday" and they got along well. Later, Robinson and Friday established a warm friendship.

From his deeds, I feel that Robinson has a strong pioneering spirit and adventurous spirit; He is hardworking, brave, witty and tenacious. He is pious and kind, and he also knows that every voyage and adventure of Entubao Robinson has a clear business purpose, constantly calculating his own property and interests; He also regards the isolated island where he lived as his own territory, which also shows Robinson's high IQ economic mind, and I admire him very much.

After reading this book, I can not only get pleasure from the twists and turns of bizarre stories, but also make people nervous and get involved. I can also understand the great significance of labor to human survival from Robinson's story of survival on a desert island, and thus get many useful inspirations.

We should learn from Robinson's wisdom and tenacious will to survive.

After reading this book, I really benefited a lot, and I learned a lot. I learned Robinson's qualities, such as tenacity, hard work, diligence and kindness. Can enlighten everyone!

Reading a good book during the holiday is a very enjoyable thing. A good book can get us a lot …

(Fan) According to

Robinson Crusoe by Defoe, an English novelist, describes the legendary story of the protagonist wandering on the island, overcoming difficulties and starting a business hard. The novel is true, natural and legendary.

It tells the story of an Englishman named Robinson, who likes sailing and adventure. He could have lived a quiet and rich life according to his father's arrangement and relying on a solid family business. However, Robinson, who wanted to go out, became a thrilling sailor. Because he has unimaginable strength, perseverance and courage, he relies on his own wisdom and efforts to open up wasteland, cut down trees to build houses, raise goats and build ships. Save the savage Friday. Just as Robinson was preparing to rescue a group of Spanish sailors who became natives, he was hijacked by a mob and sent to a desert island. Robinson once again showed extraordinary courage. He single-handedly defeated the mob, rescued the crew, regained the ship, and ended his life on a desert island. Once, he went to South America by boat, and when he was caught in a strong wind, his boat capsized and all his companions died. Robinson is the only one lucky enough to survive. Robinson was washed to the edge of the island by big waves. This is an uninhabited desert island. Facing this harsh environment, he is cold and hungry. Finally, Robinson overcame everything with his perseverance. After reading this book, I understand that only by paying, working hard and working can I achieve excellent results. Struggle hard-after reading Robinson Crusoe, I feel that May Day holiday. I read the original version of Robinson Crusoe, and I was deeply attracted by it. Because I read the bilingual version, the shrinkage is too serious. So I can't wait to find a Chinese version to read. After reading it, I felt a lot. First of all, I think the title Robinson Crusoe seems a bit inappropriate. The most important experience of Robinson Crusoe's life is that he spent 28 years on a desert island, which is basically the same as drifting. Most of the time, he sailed purposefully. Even if he occasionally encounters a storm, the ship deviates from the course or he falls into the water, he doesn't let it drift, but tries his best to steer the ship back to the course or swim like a destination himself. So I think the title and content of Robinson Crusoe are inconsistent, and some of them are inconsistent with the name. I might as well change it to Robinson Crusoe, which can better reflect his adventure. Robinson spent 28 years on a desert island. During these twenty-eight years, he endured loneliness, hardship, illness and danger. On the island, he had never seen anyone except cruel barbarians and poor prisoners. During these twenty-eight years, he recalled his father's advice countless times and regretted it every time, blaming himself for not listening to his father's advice. He sailed for the first time, and after he came back safely in a storm, he tried to give up the idea of continuing to sail, but in the end. Ignorance triumphs over reason. I think Robinson is too irrational. He has a good family, a good job and a good future, but he has devoted at least 28 years to his impulse, even his life. I think if I were Robinson, maybe I would take his advice. After all, he is my father. His life experience is richer than mine. He is calmer than me. Robinson has done many things. He built three caves at home. At first, he killed wild animals to eat and made clothes out of their skins. Then he grew grains and made bread himself. I can't imagine how hard Robinson's life is. It's hard for me to imagine that if I were Robinson, would I be able to stand all the difficulties? I'm afraid I can't, so I must learn Robinson's spirit. Maybe this is one of the reasons why I read this book. In the book, Defoe described Robinson's psychology in detail from the first-person perspective, which brought us into another real world and made me feel as if I had experienced this adventure personally. It is worth mentioning that there are many kinds of mistakes in the text, such as typos before and after. Wait a minute. I don't know if the author made a mistake on purpose because he wrote the book too hastily, or if he wanted to turn this article into a real sailor diary. Maybe only the author can understand it. In a word, I learned a lot from Robinson. Maybe, from now on, I must do something important by myself.

Reflections on Robinson Crusoe

When a person lives independently, it is really valuable to have such confidence in life. Because people can't be intimidated by difficulties, they should face them, overcome them and challenge themselves. Only in this way can they overcome the difficulties. On a backpacking trip, Robinson's plane crashed on an uninhabited island. What is this place? In front of Robinson's eyes, the blazing sun and the endless sea unfolded a romantic, lonely, exciting and adventurous picture. However, what if you really stay alone on an uninhabited island? No running water, no gas stove, no cell phone, no takeout. There is nothing for human beings to live on the uninhabited island except soil, ocean and animals and plants that have been living there. You must find a drop of water and light the flame yourself. Do you still feel romantic under such circumstances? Robinson is not a genius, but he is more curious. He escaped from death by a hair's breadth. He experienced the pain of no fresh water, overcame the fear of living alone, spent a long rainy season in an uninhabited island, and overcame his spiritual despair. Finally, he took a British ocean liner and sailed for the promised land. Although Robinson lived on a desert island far away from the society at that time and lived a life without food and clothing, he never left the society and used his previous life in the society. It is an undeniable fact that people cannot exist without society. Robinson can live on a desert island for decades, not only because of his indomitable thinking and super survival ability, but also because of his rich social experience. Robinson never gave up his original life when he was on the island. This may be his belief in survival! Although Robinson lived on a desert island far away from the society at that time and lived a life of food and clothing, he never left the society and used the knowledge he learned in the society to keep himself alive. What if he was born on a desert island? It is an undeniable fact that people cannot exist without society. Robinson can live on a desert island for decades, not only because of his indomitable thinking and super survival ability, but also because of his rich social experience. When Robinson was on the island, he never gave up trying to go back to his original life. This may be his surviving belief novel Robinson Crusoe, which has always been loved by people. After reading this book in winter vacation, it is really a treasure. This book describes the adventures and inner activities of Robinson, the only survivor, who lived on a desert island for 28 years after a shipwreck. Robinson was alone on the island, facing difficulties and setbacks, and overcame many difficulties that ordinary people could not imagine. He did it himself, had plenty of food and clothing, and survived with amazing perseverance. He found some wood from the wrecked ship.

After eating all the food on the boat, Robinson began to hunt, and sometimes he might be hungry. So he decided to sow, and after a few years, he could finally eat the fruits of his labor. Later, he had the opportunity to go to his own country.

In fact, learning is the same, there is such a step-by-step process.

If I were him, when the ship was wrecked in the storm, would I continue to sail like him and not bow to fate? No, if I can choose, I won't accept a life full of difficulties and setbacks, because I don't have that confidence.

If I were him, when I was alone on a desert island, I wouldn't give up and rekindle my hope for life like him, when I was called every day and the ground was invalid? No, in the face of sudden disasters, I can't keep pace with the times and actively save myself like him, because I don't have the ability.

If I were him and saw the savage having a party with his own kind, would I stand up bravely like him and fight them with only one assistant? No, I'd rather stay away and pray that they will never find me, because I don't have the guts.

I have to admit my weakness and incompetence. My parents and school paved the way for us to grow up with schoolbags. I walked on this smooth road year after year, without any setbacks and storms, complaining about this and that all day. In fact, I have never chewed the bitterness of life at all. I am happy. However, I didn't realize that I could eat and wear warm clothes and go to school happily.

An easy life can't make a capable sailor, and a calm lake can't make a great man of the times. Superior environment and comfortable life often induce this inertia and hinder people's growth. However, a bad environment can motivate people to change their situation, thus promoting a person's growth. With this spirit of daring to challenge, no matter whether the environment is good or bad, we can create conditions to overcome difficulties and become talents. Otherwise, the superior environment will become a hotbed for nourishing inertia, and the hard environment will become an abyss for burying the weak. Just like the road of life, it is bumpy and full of thorns, stones, mountains and rapids. This is a web of pain, suffering and happiness. When we encounter setbacks, treat them positively. I saw this sentence: "The sky is not always blue, the water is not always clear, the grass is not always green, the flowers are not always bright, and life may be smooth sailing!" Flowers will wither and grass will wither, but spring will give them life. The revelation of Robinson Crusoe is that only struggle can lead to a way out.

(Fan) According to

Robinson Crusoe is a novel written by the British writer Foday in 17 19. The book mainly introduces that the ship on which the protagonist Robinson was riding encountered a storm on the way, and all the sailors and passengers on board were killed. Only Robinson survived and drifted to an uninhabited island alone. He made a raft from the mast of the sunken ship, transported the food, clothes and tools from the ship to the shore again and again, and set up a tent on the hillside to settle down. He lived for 17 years, not only growing barley and rice on the island by himself. I also need to make pottery and the like to ensure my life needs.