Bauhaus's main ideological trend and its influence

In the 20th century, there was such a design school: it took only 14 years from its establishment to its forced closure, during which * * * there were 1250 students and 35 full-time teachers studying and working here; It is in a bad political and economic environment, but it has played an important role in the development of modern design. It has made outstanding contributions to the development of modern design and has a far-reaching impact on design education all over the world. Anyone who studies modern design, without exception, will talk with pen and ink. It's Bauhaus

19 19 April 1 day, that is, shortly after Germany's defeat in World War I, Gropius, a famous architect and designer, founded the National Institute of Architecture in Weimar, Germany, with the ideal of revitalizing national art and design. The word Bauhaus was coined by Gropius and consists of the roots of German words "build" and "house". It is formed by the merger of Weimar Art School and Technical School, and its purpose is to cultivate new design talents. Although Bauhaus was called the School of Architecture, there was no architecture major before 1927, only textiles, ceramics, metalworking, glass, sculpture, printing and other subjects. Therefore, Bauhaus is mainly a design school.

Bauhaus is the gathering place of modern art and design elites in the 20th century. Many representatives, famous architects and designers of various schools of modern art have taught or lectured in Bauhaus School, such as Russian artist Kandinsky, American artist Faninger, Swiss artists Klee and Eton, German de stijl representative Tausberg, and the main members of this school, Hungarian artist Nagy and architect Hans? Meyer, etc. Among the four greatest modern architects and designers in the 20th century, two (namely, Gropius and Mies) were the directors of Bauhaus.

Bauhaus was deeply influenced by the British arts and crafts movement in his early days and attached importance to handicraft teaching. Its teaching time is three and a half years. Students have to go through basic course training for half a year after entering school, and then enter the workshop to learn various practical skills. The formal names such as "teacher" and "student" were cancelled in the workshop, and they were replaced by the names of medieval handicraft guilds such as "master", "craftsman" and "apprentice". But unlike the arts and crafts movement, Bauhaus is not hostile to machines, but tries to establish extensive ties with industry.

Under the guidance of Gropius, the school has implemented a set of new principles and methods in design teaching, and gradually formed the following characteristics: 1, advocating free creation in design and opposing imitation and ruthlessness; 2. Combine handicrafts with machine production, advocate understanding the characteristics of modern industry while mastering handicrafts, and create high-quality products with handicraft skills for mass production in factories; 3. Emphasize basic training. Basic courses such as plane composition, three-dimensional composition and color composition developed from modern abstract painting and sculpture have become one of Bauhaus's greatest contributions to modern industrial design. 4. Pay equal attention to practical ability and theoretical accomplishment; 5. The combination of school education and social production practice. In design theory, Bauhaus put forward three basic viewpoints: ① the new unity of art and technology; ② The purpose of design is people, not products; ③ Design must follow the laws of nature and objectivity. These viewpoints have played a positive role in the development of industrial design, making modern design gradually move from idealism to realism, that is, rational and scientific ideas have replaced artistic self-expression and romanticism.

1925, 1 In April, Bauhaus closed its campus in Weimar and moved to Dessau, a small town with quite developed industry at that time. After moving to Dessau, Bauhaus developed further. Especially worth mentioning is the new school building in Bauhaus (figure 1). The school building designed by Gropius occupies an important position in the architectural history and is a masterpiece of modern architecture. Bauhaus's most influential designs come from the metalworking workshop in charge of Najib (Figures 2 and 3) and the furniture workshop in charge of brower. Bauhaus Gold Workshop is committed to educating students to engage in internship through the combination of metal and glass, which has opened up a new road for lamp design. In Bauhaus's furniture workshop, brower created a series of influential steel tube chairs (Figure 4 and Figure 5), which opened a new chapter in modern furniture design. Although it is still controversial who first thought of making furniture with steel pipes, there is no doubt that Bauhaus first realized the idea and industrial production of steel pipe furniture. These steel tube chairs make full use of the characteristics of materials, with light and elegant shapes and simple structures, and become typical representatives of modern design (Figures 6 and 7).

1933 In July, with Hitler's National Socialist Party coming to power, the Gestapo occupied the school and Bauhaus was officially dissolved. After the school was dissolved, members of Bauhaus brought Bauhaus's thoughts to other countries, especially the United States. In a sense, Bauhaus's thought has been fully realized in America. 1937, Gropius went to Harvard University as the head of the Department of Architecture, and established Concord Design Office. Brower also arrived in the United States at the same time, working with Gropius on architectural creation. Miss arrived in the United States on 1938 and became a professor of architecture at Illinois Institute of Technology. Najib founded the "New Bauhaus" in Chicago on 1937, and the new Bauhaus later merged with Illinois Institute of Technology.

The achievement of Bauhaus is actually the epitome of modern design thought. It summarizes and develops the essence of various design reform movements since the British Arts and Crafts Movement, and inherits the tradition of deutscher werkbund. Bauhaus's contribution to modern design is enormous, especially its design education has far-reaching influence. Its teaching methods have become the basis of art education in many schools around the world, and its outstanding architects and designers have pushed modern architecture and design to a new height (Figure 8 and Figure 9).

For a time, Bauhaus's thought was regarded as a classic of modernism. But the limitations of Bauhaus are gradually recognized by people. In order to pursue new and industrialized expression, Bauhaus overemphasized abstract geometric figures in his design. No matter what kind of products and materials use geometric modeling, they have embarked on the road of formalism, and sometimes even destroyed the use function of products. In addition, strict geometric modeling and the pursuit of industrial materials make the products have a sense of indifference and lack of proper human touch. The most criticism of Bauhaus is aimed at the so-called "international style". Although Gropius himself opposed any style, Bauhaus advocated breaking away from tradition and advocating geometric composition. Some architects misinterpreted the essence of Bauhaus and replaced creation with plagiarism, which made the square-box architecture with flat roofs, white walls and long windows popular all over the world, forming an "international style" with thousands of people, which had a great influence on the architectural cultural traditions of various countries and was widely criticized.

No matter how much people have reservations about Bauhaus, its great influence is indisputable. The elites gathered under the banner of Gropius have their own distinct personalities, but they have developed a powerful * * *. When they immigrated from the Third Reich, they all spread Bauhaus's thoughts in their respective places of work with firm beliefs and carried them forward.