Do you know anything about American history? War of independence, founding, constitution-making, civil war?

The full name of the United States of America (English: United States of America) was originally a British colony, but it gradually rose to become a powerful country due to various factors.

Pre-colonial era

Portraits of Indians

Major projects: pre-Columbian period and Native Americans.

Before Europeans came here, Indians and other North American aborigines lived in this vast land. According to legend, their ancestors crossed the Bering Strait and Siberia to North America about 10,000 years ago, and lived here. They don't have their own words, but they have rich oral literature. There are great differences in historical statistics about the aboriginal population. According to 1492 (Columbus first came to North America), the total number of North American Indians is about 8 million to10 million. With the deepening of European colonists, the health and territory of aborigines were seriously threatened. Due to all kinds of germs brought by Europeans, the indigenous population decreased by 90% in 150 years; Their village was destroyed, and the land originally used for animal husbandry or planting was also destroyed.

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Colonial era (1493- 1776)

Mayflower conference

Major projects: colonial era in North America

"We hope to transplant a country that has never been seen before."

/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, Britain began to colonize North America. The first North American immigrants were mainly farmers who lost their land, hardworking workers and Puritans who were persecuted by religion. 1620, they took the Mayflower to North America and made the Mayflower Convention on board. On June165438+1October 2 1 day, the Puritans landed in Plymouth and signed the Mayflower Convention with 4 1 free adult men. The content is to organize citizen groups; Drafting laws and regulations, etc. Lay the foundation of autonomous government.

In the colonial era, with the long-term war with Native American Indians, the serious shortage of labor produced slaves, contract slavery and other non-free labor, and the laissez-faire policy of the British government allowed the unique American spirit and culture to develop its uniqueness. The slave trade prevailed in America. From 1607 to 1733, British colonists successively established thirteen colonies on the east coast of North America (Atlantic coast). First, British immigrants immigrated to North America in pursuit of freedom and wealth, such as persecuted Puritans and poor farmers. Second, local governments enjoy autonomy. Third, colonial residents have more opportunities and rights to participate in politics than the British, and have cultivated the consciousness and ability of autonomy. Therefore, they believe that in the social contract, the government is formed because the people need protection and get the support of the people.

/kloc-In the mid-8th century, the economy, culture and politics of the colony were relatively mature. The colonial parliament still believed in King George III of England, but pursued the same status as the British parliament and refused to be a second-class citizen of Britain. But at this time, after the end of the seven-year war between Britain and France, he was so eager to consolidate his territory that he imposed heavy taxes on the North American colonies. King George III of England changed his laissez-faire policy and advocated high-handed means. This led to the dissatisfaction of the North American colonists, such as "no tax without representation", "Boston Massacre", "intolerable bill" and other declarations. 1775 In April, the "Fires of Lexington" started in Lexington and Concord, which started the American War of Independence. Later, these colonies became the original thirteen independent states in North America.

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Important historical events

1665438+In July 2009, the Virginia Parliament was held in Jamestown, Virginia, which is the earliest representative institution in the world.

1620165438+10 In October, a group of Puritans persecuted by Britain arrived in Plymouth Port by may flower, signed the Mayflower Convention, and decided to manage according to the wishes of the majority and establish a government ruled by the people.

1763, George III prohibited the North American colonists from expanding westward because they wanted to avoid conflicts with Indians and increase military expenditure. But at this time, the population and land price in North America have surged, and farmers and businessmen hope to actively expand westward. Among them, George Washington and Franklin are the strongest opponents

1764- 1765, 1764, in order to make up for the debts of the seven-year war, the British Parliament passed many clauses, collecting taxes from North America and setting up customs offices. The stamp tax law of 1765 goes further, and even newspapers are taxed. The declaration "No taxes without representatives" was issued, stating that no taxes would be paid if no colonial representatives attended the British Parliament. From then on, the tug-of-war between North American colonists and Britain was not limited to economic interests, but escalated into a political issue-the definition of government power.

1767, the British Parliament ignored the demands of the North American colonists and passed the "Donshende Act" in which the North American colonists subsidized the reduction of local taxes in Britain. Colonial businessmen in Boston and new york boycotted British goods, and Britain sent troops to Boston, and finally the Boston Massacre happened. The incident caused anti-British sentiment, and the British side revoked most taxes, only retaining the tea tax. The British side retained the tea tax and helped the British East India Company to dump tea cheaply.

1773 Boston tea incident

1774 at the first continental congress, colonial representatives decided to terminate their trade with Britain, refused to accept the Tang Shende Act, and called on European colonists to strengthen their armed forces and prepare for war.

1775 The battles of Lexington and Concord were the prelude to the American War of Independence, which lasted for eight years.

1775 the second continental congress was held in Philadelphia, with George Washington as commander-in-chief of the continental army.

1776 common sense release. In this booklet, the author Thomas Paine proposed that the colony must be independent, because, first, Britain exploited the interests of the colony; Secondly, North America does not belong to Great Britain. There are French and Germans in America. They are pursuing freedom and wealth in this new world. This book is very popular in North America and has a great influence.

1On July 4th, 776, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, declaring the new country independent and completely divorced from Britain, in order to "seek survival, freedom and happiness" and realize the ideal of the Enlightenment.

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American War of Independence (1775- 1783)

Major projects: American War of Independence

American militia celebrated their victory after the War of Independence.

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background

In the18th century, the North American colonies gradually prospered and began to seek economic independence, reducing their dependence on Britain. However, this caused dissatisfaction in Britain, because Britain hoped to use the North American colonies as suppliers of cheap raw materials and dumping markets for goods. The British government took the lead in promulgating laws prohibiting colonial residents from exploring the west, forbidding them to issue their own banknotes, imposing heavy taxes on them and dissolving their parliament, which led to large-scale demonstrations by colonial residents. It was on March 5th, 1773 that the British authorities sent troops to shoot Boston residents who resisted Britain, which was called the "Boston Massacre" and created the "Boston Tea Party".

1774, the British authorities promulgated five "intolerable decrees", which intensified the contradictions between the two sides. 1774 On September 5th, except Georgia, 12 elected 56 representatives from the colonial congress, held the first continental congress in Philadelphia, adopted a declaration and established the continental association. People in New England organized militia, and adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 776, officially announcing the independence of 13 colony.

Under the leadership of George Washington, North American colonists won the American War of Independence against Britain and established the United States of America.

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treaty of peace

1783 The United States and Britain signed the Paris Treaty in Paris. In addition to the representatives of the United States and Britain, there are also representatives of France and Spain. During the talks, representatives of France and Spain ignored the interests of the United States, and the United States negotiated secretly with Britain. In the end, the United States and Britain signed a treaty on an equal footing and gained international recognition.

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1787 Constituent Assembly

After independence, the states formed a confederate government because of confederate regulations, and each state had independent power, which was like a loose sand. 1787, Shays led the peasant uprising and accelerated the pace of formulating the federal constitution. In the same year, 13 states held a constitutional convention in Philadelphia. In the Federal Constitution, the democratic system of separation of powers (legislative, judicial and administrative) was first adopted. 2. Adopt representative system. This is the first written constitution in the world, which embodies the idea of separation of powers and checks and balances and prevention of dictatorship.

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1790 bill of rights

It supplements the basic rights of the people that are not stipulated in the federal constitution. It also established the principle of separation of church and state.

Important historical events:

1On March 5, 770, Boston citizens clashed with the British army, and the British army opened fire on North American civilians, causing the Boston tragedy that attracted worldwide attention.

1773 12 16, Boston Tea Party.

1774 On September 5th, colonial representatives from all over the world held the first Continental Congress in Philadelphia.

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American history ranges from 1789 to 186 1 year.

1863, civil war

Main items: American history (1789—186 1 year) and the civil war.

The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 allowed farmers to use the important Mississippi River waterway, withdrew French troops from the western border of the United States, and provided large areas of land for American farmers.

A few weeks later, a war broke out between England and France under Napoleon. At that time, the income of the United States depended on exporting agricultural products to Europe, so it tried to export food and raw materials to two powerful countries in the war at the same time and transport products between them and their Caribbean colonies to make a profit. When this kind of behavior is beneficial to the belligerents, they will allow it, but when it is unfavorable to them, they will oppose it.

1805 When the French navy was destroyed in the Battle of Trafalgar, on the one hand, Britain wanted to cut off France's overseas trade ties, on the other hand, it also wanted to retaliate against American trade behavior, so Britain imposed a blockade on the American coast.

American history ranges from 186 1 year to 1865.

/kloc-European immigrants to the United States in the 0 th and 9 th centuries

In the next four years, the American Civil War broke out. The increasingly urbanized and industrialized northern States defeated the southern States dominated by plantation agriculture. But 600,000 to 700,000 Americans died on both sides, and many southern lands were destroyed. Finally, slavery was abolished and the United States began to rebuild slowly.

This period is also an unprecedented immigration climax. Between 1840- 1920, 37 million people immigrated to the United States, covering Europe, Africa and even Asia. This not only provides sufficient labor for the United States, but also enables the development of previously undeveloped areas, such as central California. Racial conflicts began in the United States, and a large number of blacks were oppressed so that white farmers and ranchers could take over their land.

American history 1865 to 19 18.

1897 electric lights for Tennessee centennial exposition.

After the Civil War, the American government encouraged people to emigrate to the west and also encouraged the construction of railways to connect the west with the economically developed east coast. At the same time, gold mines have been discovered in many places in the west since the 1850 s, attracting many people living on the east coast to seek gold. 1869 the completion of the railway connecting the east and west coasts of the United States has brought more conflicts to native Americans. When local Native American leaders and immigrants signed a land agreement, the two sides had different understandings of the agreement. Aborigines can't understand the concept of private property of immigrants and think they can hunt on the land. A battle for survival began. Many aborigines bought guns and attacked immigrants, carriages, railways and American cavalry. White Americans, on the other hand, slaughtered a large number of bison that the aborigines depended on, from 1860 to150,000 to only 2,000 in 1885. Indigenous people are forced to grow crops on barren land. They are not used to planting and cannot become American citizens. The long-term battle between the aborigines and the American army almost wiped out the aborigines. 1890, in the last battle, more than 200 Sioux people died. Soon all the aborigines were driven into the reservation. The Indian way of life is over forever.

During this period, the United States made use of its abundant population, domestic industrial development and a series of international speculative activities to make its international influence rise rapidly. /kloc-By the end of the 9th century, the United States has become a world industrial power, and the emergence of new technologies (such as telegraph and Bessemer steelmaking) has built a larger railway network.

During this period, the United States also became an international participant. 1900- 1903, he conquered more than one million Filipinos and slaughtered a large number of Filipinos.

American history 19 18 to 1945.

1929 economic panic, run.

World War I destroyed Europe, but the United States lost little and gained great reputation because it stayed out of it. Throughout the1920s, the prices of agricultural products continued to decrease, the industrial profits increased substantially, and the American economy developed extremely prosperously. This wave of economic growth is also driven by credit growth and stock market prosperity. Finally, the stock market crashed 1929, followed by economic panic.

In order to revive the economy, the franklin delano roosevelt government implemented the New Deal, which greatly increased the government's intervention in the economy. However, the New Deal did not fully take effect, and the American economy did not fully recover until after the Second World War.

After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the United States joined the anti-fascist alliance against the Axis powers. The next war became the most expensive war in American history. However, a large number of job opportunities created by the front and back, as well as the production recovery driven by the military industry, have completely pulled the American economy out of the haze of panic. As a result, American women entered the workplace on a large scale.