Characteristics of Guangxi Caidiao Drama

One of the local operas in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is loved by people of all ethnic groups in Guangxi. It originated in northern Guangxi and is widely distributed. Colored dramas are popular in Guilin, Liuzhou, Hechi and Baise. Due to dialect differences, there are different names in different places: Guilin is called "Lantern", "Colored Tone" and "Singing Lantern"; Pingle, Lipu, Liuzhou and Hechi are called "tea picking dramas" and "flirting"; Baise and Nanning are called "big tea picking", "harmonious drama" and "harmonious happiness"; However, "flirting" and "tea picking" are the most common. It was not until 1955 that it was uniformly named "tonal drama".

The development of history

In the early years, tea-picking songs and lanterns were popular all over Guangxi, but they did not form a drama. In the mid-Qing Dynasty, Hunan immigrants moved to counties in northern Guizhou and introduced this tune (another name for southern Hunan Huagu Opera) into Guangxi. In the process of spreading, it absorbed the folk songs and minor tunes in northern Guangxi and gradually enriched them. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, a kind of vocal drama originated from ancient paintings and operas and was different from it.

During the light years of the Qing Dynasty, Quyi artists began to teach in counties in northern Guangxi and Xinning Prefecture in southern Guangxi (now Fusui County), making a living by teaching and performing Quyi, and gradually became professional artists. During the Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, the tune spread from north to south, forming a main distribution area centered on Guilin, Liuzhou and Yishan, and continued to spread to the south. During the reign of Daoguang and Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, under the influence of ancient paintings and operas in Hunan, flirting gradually developed from the "two plays" of clown and Xiao Dan to the "three plays" of Xiao Sheng, clown and Xiao Dan with characters (the so-called "thirty-six tunes"). There is a "seven tight, eight loose and nine music" in the rural areas of northern Guangxi, that is, a "mountain-crossing class" composed of seven, eight or nine people, which requires artists to specialize in a variety of skills to facilitate them to wander between villages. Through their long-term performances in rural areas, festivals and temple fairs, they have accumulated 36 "three plays", such as "double visits", "double shops", "fortune telling for the blind", "three dozen birds", "three visits to relatives", "asking for money for study" and "going to Nanjing", which are called "Jianghu tunes" locally. Modal music in this period initially formed three categories with their own characteristics, namely, tune, board and tune, which has been called "nine tones and eighteen tones", and at the same time, it has also been reformed in makeup, performance and business. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1906), the most famous grass head broke the old habit of "women don't sing tunes" for Xu Diaoban, and the first batch of female roles appeared in color-coded dramas. Before and after the Revolution of 1911, famous artists came forth in large numbers, such as the "four top scholars": Leng Guifu, Zhu, Luo and Qin Laosi; "Four famous Dan": Wu Laonian, Pan Fafu, Liang Rushan and Liu Fangsi; "The grimace king" Zhou Chaogang; "Yin Wang" Li Dashu, Chen Songshan, etc. Tone art has matured in this period.

After the Revolution of 1911, the multicolored tune entered the town stage from the rural building, and the "mountain-crossing class" developed into a semi-professional tune-up class for twenty or thirty people including Le Tong Hall, Cuile Hall and Group Amusement Park. At this time, the original 36 "Jianghu Tunes" could not meet the audience's requirements, so artists compiled and performed "major" dramas such as "Two Women Fighting for Husband", "Catch grinding bean curd", "Broken Spoon" and "Bad Daughter-in-law Becoming a Cow" based on novels and folk stories. At the same time, in order to make a living, artists have also created many "anti-Taiwan dramas", such as Class A's performance of "Mom Sending Girls", Class B's performance of "Girls Sending Girls", Class B's performance of "Three Visits to Family" and Class A's editing of "Four Girls Dating". The results of this competition against Taiwan not only enriched the repertoire of timbre, but also promoted the development of timbre music and performing arts. Color plays are mostly small plays reflecting rural life, family ethics and fairy tales. There are about 500 traditional plays, of which 344 are recorded as scripts.

After 1927, the artists were devastated and the color tone was on the verge of decline. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Caidiao was reborn, and professional troupes such as Guilin Guihua Troupe and Liuzhou Peasant Troupe were established one after another, and amateur troupes were also spread all over urban and rural areas. 1955 In the spring, Guangxi Literature and Art Cadre School held a training course on color tone, and trained a number of outstanding young actors, such as Fu Jinhua, Tang Ji, Wang Yuzhen, Luo Liang and Yang Aimin. 1956, Guangxi Caidiao Drama Club was established. 1959, Liuzhou Color Tone Drama Troupe compiled and performed the color tone drama Liu Sanjie, which was warmly welcomed by audiences inside and outside the region and contributed to the improvement of color tone art. 1965, Guangxi Color Tone Drama Troupe compiled and performed the modern drama Three Little Red Flowers, which was made into a color film by Beijing Film Studio.

Artistic feature

Pay equal attention to singing and dancing, especially among the "three major operas", there are three kinds of musical vocals: cavity, board and mode. The same tune in the banqiang can change according to different professions and characters, and there is a saying that "the tune is multi-purpose and the banqiang is subdivided". For example, the cavity types are named according to the industry, such as Lao Dan cavity, Yao Dan cavity, Xiaosheng cavity, Shoujiao cavity, Ugly foot cavity, Laosheng cavity and Wazi cavity; According to the identity and occupation of the characters, there are Xianggong, Huazi, Matchmaker, Robber, Monk and Immortal. According to labor and daily life, there are load-bearing cavities, rowing cavities, digging cavities, dressing cavities and drinking cavities. There are complaint boards, crying boards, scolding boards and worrying boards. There are two kinds of tunes: Bigu and Zouma. In addition, it also absorbed some tunes of folk rap music, such as coloratura, fishing drum cavity and so on. Music accompaniment is divided into left and right fields. The left field is orchestral music, mainly for tuning Hu, as well as dulcimer, pipa, sanxian, suona, flute and so on. The right field is percussion instruments, including gongs, drums and cymbals. Gong and drum are commonly used as "one stop" and "three nods", and are also called "dragon gong", "one cymbal", "three cymbals" and "four cymbals".

The eye, hand, posture, footwork and other basic features in tone expression are mostly seen in Xiao Dan and the clown (including Xiao Sheng), followed by Ugly Dan. The footwork, turn, appearance, fan flowers and hand flowers of the clown and Dan characters are very rich in the characteristics of this play, especially the footwork. Only clown footwork can be divided into four categories: short pile, middle pile, high pile and high-low pile, such as lame step, twisting step, kicking step, exploratory step, horizontal step and short step. The "heel step", "broken step" and "cloud step" of Dan Jiao. Fans, handkerchiefs and ribbons are the three treasures of color-coded performances. Among them, fan is the most important one, and there are dozens of dances of fan flowers, such as: three strikes and five moves, round fan, high and low fan, butterfly fan, cover fan, swing fan, swing fan, swing fan, rolling fan, wave fan, wall fan and reverse fan. In the performance, fans can be used as brooms, umbrellas, paddles, poles, knives and guns, which are really universal props.

The appearance of all walks of life is also called "Mingtai", and there are more than ten kinds of works. There are stage corners, fans, fans, fans, fans, sideways, and shame. Xiao Sheng and Dan Jiao often use Golden Rooster Independence, Hu Fu Wolong, drunken fairy lying on the pillow, looking back at the bright moon, looking back at the eyes and so on.

Cosplay

Color-coded dramas mainly have three businesses: life, Dan and ugliness.

Shenghang

Divided into three categories: minority students, old students and doll students.

Xiao Sheng plays a resourceful, brave, lively and lovely young man who pays equal attention to singing, doing, reading and dancing. Most of them performed singing and dancing skits, and many of their characters were ugly. However, after 1949, they were changed to Xiao Sheng for allegedly demonizing the working people because of their ugly faces. For example, the third-class role in "Wang San Beats Birds" is.

Old students often play the role of old positive figures, and the white-bearded crane (sticky beard) sings again. For example, Xu Fengshan in Wuzitu, Zhang Guangcai in Wuniang Haircut, and the land god in Land Helper.

Dolls play the role of underage children, such as Wang Ma in Wang Ma's Sister-in-law, dog owners and schoolchildren in Dog School. During performances, students often use Hua Dan and Xiao Sheng instead of their feet.

Danhang

Divided into Hua Dan, Zheng Dan, Lao Dan and Yao Dan. . Hua Dan often plays musical, which is smart and graceful, lively and warm, handsome and lovely, and pays equal attention to singing and dancing. For example, Mao Gumei in "Wang San Beats Birds", the dragon girl in "Dragon Girl and Han Peng" and Liu Sanjie in "Liu Sanjie".

Zheng Dan's words and deeds are steady and dignified, and he is good at singing and doing. For example, Ponzi in Changed Son, Sanjie in Lower Nanjing, and the mother in the modern drama Three Little Red Flowers. Sometimes he acts as a cheerful and provocative figure, and his performances are close to Dan's, such as Sun Erniang in Doubles Shop and Zhang Ersao in Plastic Bodhisattva.

Lao Dan's characters include a white-haired mother-in-law with crutches and an ordinary old woman. They have diverse personalities and different identities, and they all focus on singing and doing. For example, the mother of "Mothers Send Daughters", the housewife of "Changing Children" and the mother-in-law of "Daughter-in-law and Fat".

Yao Dan, also known as Ugly Dan, plays the role of a provocative shop hostess, matchmaker, witch and other characters, performing white thoughts and work. For example, the matchmaker in Sanjie Liu, the second sister-in-law in Fire Fighting in the Pavilion, and the daughter-in-law in Bad Daughter-in-law Becomes a Cow.

In the color-coded drama, Dan Xing's repertoire is very rich, and there is a saying that "nothing can be done without Dan".

Shameful/shameful behavior

There are three types: positive ugliness, rotten ugliness and pleated ugliness.

Most of the people who are decorated with ugliness are farmers and laborers of various occupations, old and young, with different personalities. They are all decent characters in comedy, performing humor, acting lively and generous, and paying equal attention to singing, doing, reading and dancing. For example, the painter Hu in The Painter married a girl, A San in The Master of Three Dramas, and A Zhi in grinding bean curd.

Ugly people often play people who are not doing their jobs. They take twisting short piles as the main footwork, and their facial muscles are flexible, moody, funny in words and deeds, and good at reading and doing. For example, Wang Er in Wang Li, Wang Li in Blowing Smoke, and Hu Piao in the doubles shop.

Wrinkles are ugly, robes are ugly. Most of the decorated figures are high-ranking people. The performance is mainly high, medium and short piles. They are good at reading and doing, and they have many skills of fanning flowers. For example, Mr. Liu in Seeing a Family Across the River, Ma Jinlong in Washing Embroidered Shoes, and the county magistrate in midnight worshipping Bodhisattva. The performance of ugliness in color-coded dramas is very characteristic, and there are many scenes.