Qian migration

Generally speaking, in the early stage, Qian's family was mainly distributed in Jiangnan except Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan and other provinces. The imperial doctor of the Qin dynasty made money, and his descendants lived in Xiapi. Qian Lin, a native of Xuzhou in the Western Han Dynasty, abandoned his official position in the North Gate of Changxing because of Wang Mang's dictatorship. Qian Xun moved to Urumqi in order to avoid the war of follwed; At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the son of Gushi people in Gwangju entered Zhangzhou in Fujian, and a surname of Qian from the Central Plains will be stationed in Fujian with him. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, money developed to Guangdong, Sichuan, Anhui, Hunan and other provinces. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, today's Shanghai, Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Henan, Hebei, Guangdong, Liaoning and other provinces and cities all have settlements for the descendants of the rich. The specific development of migration in each period is as follows: although Qian's family existed as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was unknown in the early stage of development, and only Qian Dan, a hermit, was recorded in the history books of the whole pre-Qin period. At this time, the activities of Qiang people were limited to Pengcheng, their birthplace, and its surrounding areas. Among the Qian family in the Qin Dynasty, there was a famous person who belonged to Kanto at that time, named Xiapi (now Suining, Jiangsu). Because of his outstanding talent and elegant character, he was appointed as an ancient bachelor by Chao Yanshou. Because ancient scholars were three important positions in charge of supervising and correcting the rights of officials in the imperial court, they were respected and valued, and were generally not allowed to be the emperor's confidant. As a result, when the imperial edict came out, Qian Zen became famous, and at that time, Qian, who had been unknown, became a household name and entered the list of world names.

However, just as the development of Qian Chan and his clan was getting better, the long-term tyranny and harsh laws of the Qin Dynasty finally triggered the peasant uprising at the end of the Qin Dynasty led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu, which soon collapsed. From then on, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang and Chu Han contended, and the world was in chaos. After the death of Qian Chan, later generations left Xianyang, the capital, and went back to their hometown for Xiapi in order to avoid the sufferings of soldiers. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Qian family in Wucheng (now Xing Wu, Huzhou) and Changxing (now Huzhou) in the south of the Yangtze River showed an unprecedented vigorous development trend. Although the northern part of China once again fell into a persistent separatist dispute after the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, which became another great division period in the history of China, the "Yongjia South Crossing" triggered by the large-scale southward migration of the people of the Central Plains to avoid the increasingly frequent wars in the north brought development opportunities to Jiangnan, which was sparsely populated and economically backward.

Nandu not only greatly increased the population of Jiangnan, but also greatly promoted the development and progress of local economy and culture. At the same time, most of these people still maintain the habit of living apart after moving south, which makes the Nanqian surname in the south of the Yangtze River and the Nanqian surname in the north develop rapidly. Not only is the population prosperous and well-off, but also celebrities and sages emerge one after another. Many of them are getting married and gradually become a decisive force in society with increasing influence. For example, in the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei, a native of Changxing, Qian Sheng lived in Lujiang Prefecture (now Hefei, Anhui Province), and Qian Rui was appointed as the secretariat and general of Longxiang in Qinghai and Hebei provinces.

After entering the Jin Dynasty, Qian Mi, the grandson of Qian Xian IX, moved to the Great Wall (now Changxing East, Zhejiang Province) and served as a senior general to promote agriculture and assist the country, and was named the county magistrate (now Nanchang, Jiangxi Province). At the same time, Qian Chong, a member of the Great Wall, was awarded the title of the capital of Dongqian County (now Huzhou East, Zhejiang Province). Qian is a teacher, Qian Xiang is a general, an infantry captain, and Qian Feng is an armored general Cao Shenjun. In addition, Qian Duan, Qian Guang, Xiang Qian and others are also famous figures in this period. Today, Qian surnamed Jiangnan still lives in Wucheng, Changxing, the nearby Great Wall and places moving eastward. Since these places have been under the jurisdiction of Xing Wu County since the Sun and Wu Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms, Xing Wu naturally became the most eye-catching area of Qian's surname at that time, and then became one of the counties with Qian's name.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Qian family still developed around several traditional settlements. However, with the increasingly active clan of Qian surname, Qian surname in the south of the Yangtze River is no longer confined to Xing Wu, but begins to develop to other areas in the south, and its footprint gradually spreads all over Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong and other places. In 589 AD, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty moved to the south of the Yangtze River, captured and destroyed Chen, ending the division of China for more than 270 years since the Sixteen Countries of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and reuniting the world. During this period, the north and south were smooth, the society was stable and the economy was gradually prosperous. Shortly thereafter, Li Tang flourished, following the Sui system, and spread all over the world. After the unremitting efforts of the Sui and Tang emperors, the feudal society in China finally ushered in the heyday marked by the prosperity of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. With this historical process, the development of the Qian family has also entered a new historical period. Because the political and cultural centers in Sui and Tang Dynasties were still mainly concentrated in northern cities such as Chang 'an and Luoyang, people surnamed Qian often began to flow to the north in the form of officials and businessmen, and gradually spread all over the Central Plains.

Due to the short country in Sui Dynasty, the Qian clan was not obvious. Only Qian and Qian Boren from the Great Wall entered the DPRK as generals and Sanshui constant attendants respectively, and their influence was quite limited. In the Tang Dynasty, Qian's surname increased and his activities expanded accordingly. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, people from Gushi (now Henan) in Gwangju were ordered to enter Zhangzhou in Fujian, accompanied by many Qian families from the Central Plains, and later settled in Fujian to take root and became the ancestors of Qian families in Fujian. Later, Qian Jiulong and Qian Qi became the representatives of Qian surname in Tang Dynasty.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Qian Liu was born in Lin 'an, Hangzhou. He was born in Dazhong of Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty in six years (AD 852) and died in Changxing in the third year of the later Tang Dynasty (AD 932). When he was young, he was forced to make a living as a smuggler and then joined the army. During the reign of Tang Ganfu, he was a school general in Dong Chang, and gradually became a soldier of a country. In the process of exterminating local traitors, he occupied the land in Zhejiang and maintained the unity of the Tang Dynasty. In the third year of Tang Guangqi (887), Dong Chang was an observer in Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) and moved from Hangzhou to eastern Zhejiang. The Tang Dynasty took Qian Liu as the secretariat of Hangzhou and became independent from then on. In the second year of Tang Jingfu (893), Qian Liu was promoted to be my navy in Hangzhou. Ning three years (896), Dong Chang proclaimed himself, and Qian Liu advised him to give up, to no avail, so he destroyed Dong Chang and went across the state. Two years later (902), Tang Zhaozong made Qian Liu King of Yue. In 904, it was renamed the King of Wu. Zhu Wen built beams again, and Qian Liu sealed them. The establishment of the first and only Qian Dynasty in the history of China opened the period of governance, development and prosperity of Wu Yueguo for nearly a hundred years, and formed unexpected ties with later Zhao and Song Dynasties, resulting in "a thousand grandchildren Zhao Li". After the vigorous development of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, by the time of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the whole Qian family had shown all-round prosperity and its influence was gradually expanding.

After the "Chen Qiao mutiny", Zhao Kuangyin succeeded to the throne, fought in the south and unified the north, while Wu Yueguo was powerful and had the resources to compete with it. Wang Qian Hongchu, grandson of Qian Liu, King of Wu Yue, followed the family instruction of Wang Zu Qian Zhongshu: "Be kind to the Central Plains and safeguard unity". In order to protect people's lives and property from heavy losses and avoid untold sufferings, he gave up greatly. He made a painful and wise choice-canceling wuyue's throne, honoring Zhao as emperor, returning the land to Song, and giving his thirteen states and one army eighty-six.

Therefore, Qian's royal family did not encounter the misfortune of the country's ruin and death when the dynasty changed. After entering the Song Dynasty, most of them were still able to become officials and play an important social role. In A.D. 1 127, the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, and the northern part of China was once engulfed by war, resulting in huge loss of life and population. The Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty faced each other for a long time. Because the south of the Yangtze River was far away from the war, Lin 'an was its capital in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the development of Qian's family was not greatly affected. However, the development characteristics of Qian surname in Song Dynasty were basically based on Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, that is, Qian surname was the core and echoed with other branches.

1Feb. 276, soldiers of the Yuan Army entered Lin 'an and captured Zhao Gong, the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty. (xi m: n) and its imperial clan, although the soldiers and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty resisted tenaciously, they could not reverse the trend of destruction. 1279, the Southern Song Dynasty finally perished and the world was reunified. It should be said that the unified political situation of the Yuan Dynasty promoted the economic and cultural ties of various regions in China as a whole, and consolidated the achievements of a unified multi-ethnic country formed by China since the Qin and Han Dynasties. Although Qian lost his imperial power, his country was ruined and his ambition remained. It is recorded in Qian's Family History that during the Yuan Dynasty, no one wanted to be an official, and his incorruptibility was praised by later generations. In the Yuan Dynasty, many Qian clans did not forget their old owners, abandoned politics and lived in seclusion, and devoted themselves to culture, education and industry and commerce. In addition, with the development of the Yuan Dynasty's large-scale border defense policy to the western regions, Mongolia and other border areas, the scope of activities has also expanded accordingly.

In order to weaken the resistance of all ethnic groups and safeguard the privileges of Mongolian aristocrats, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty adopted a divide-and-rule approach to the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country, and divided the people of the world into four different classes: Mongolia, Semu, Han and Nanren, each of which enjoyed different rights and status. The people of all ethnic groups in the south of the Yangtze River under the rule of the Southern Song Dynasty were regarded as the lowest southerners because they resisted the Yuan Army the most fiercely and for the longest time.

However, after more than 100 years of operation in the Southern Song Dynasty, China's economic center of gravity has moved to the south of the Yangtze River, especially in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. It is known as "Suzhou and Shanghai are ripe, and the world is full", and it became one of the most important economic centers in the world at that time, with a prosperous population, prosperous society and extremely developed culture and education. After entering the Yuan Dynasty, although the development of this area was delayed for a time because of the war-torn (Xi m \u n), it quickly recovered, and the development momentum became stronger, even becoming a symbol of the prosperity of the Yuan Dynasty, and was hailed as a paradise. Under this background, Qian clan developed cultural undertakings based on its original residence in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and with its strong economic and cultural strength, it gradually migrated to some surrounding emerging cities and regions, and made remarkable achievements in economic and cultural aspects, with many emerging family branches, such as Qian Bi in Songjiang (now Shanghai), Qian Quanyi in Jiuting Township (now Songjiang, Shanghai), Qian Weishan, Jiangxi and so on. In A.D. 1367, in order to completely eliminate the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Taizu, swore to the death of the Northern Expedition, announcing that "Land Rover will be expelled, China will be restored, history will be established, and Simin will be relieved". After a life-and-death battle, in July of the following year (1368), the Ming army conquered Dadu (now Beijing). Yuan Shundi was forced to flee to the north, and the Yuan Dynasty ended in 99. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu took various measures to consolidate its rule, at the same time, maintained social order, vigorously developed production, and strived to restore the feudal economy abandoned since the end of the Yuan Dynasty, so that the country's situation improved rapidly. In view of the tragic situation of the Central Plains and other places that suffered the most in the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered immigrants to settle in the Central Plains on the grounds that "Suzhou, Songjiang, Jiaxing, Huzhou and Hangzhou in Jiangsu and Zhejiang at the end of the Yuan Dynasty had little experience in war, developed economy and gradually tense land". Soon, Taizu ordered the provinces where the soldiers and civilians fled to immigrate to Hunan and Hubei, which was quite large and had far-reaching influence.

It should be said that immigration not only plays a decisive role in restoring and developing the economy and culture in war-torn areas, but also makes a large number of Qian clans who originally lived in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces migrate to the vast areas of Jiangbei and Jiangnan again, further consolidating and expanding their activities, thus forming another immigration tide in Qian's history. It is worth mentioning that since the Five Dynasties, Qian's surname in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces rarely suffered from war, and his life was relatively rich and stable. In addition, he is rich in cultural traditions and advocates academics. Especially in the Yuan Dynasty, he took culture, education, industry and commerce as his profession, and worked diligently to keep the family. So in the Ming dynasty, a large number of well-read talents emerged rapidly. According to the genealogy of ancient and modern books compiled during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, there are only a few hundred famous people. They are either officials or officials, or writers or martial arts, which greatly promoted social progress and developed with practical actions, confirming that Qian's surname is "talented since ancient times." According to historical records, as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, many China people emigrated overseas, such as Xu Fudong crossing Fusang and Wei Manbei going to North Korea. However, until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the scale of such immigrants was very small, and most of them were businessmen, who engaged in business to make profits. It was not until the middle and late Ming Dynasty that the situation changed. At that time, due to the overlapping struggle between the eunuch's authoritarian power and cronies in the Ming Dynasty, the government was lax, the politics was corrupt, and the people were in poverty, especially in the southeast coastal provinces such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangzhou. Land annexation was more intense, taxes were heavy, exploitation was harsh, and a large number of farmers went bankrupt and went into exile, and many people had to leave their homes and move overseas to make a living.

Although this situation improved in the early Qing Dynasty, the domestic political and economic situation continued to deteriorate after the Opium War. In addition, during the same period, American and European colonies such as North and South America and Southeast Asia were in urgent need of cheap labor, so the number of overseas Chinese in Fujian, Guangdong and other coastal areas increased sharply. In order to make up for the huge foreign trade deficit and stabilize the currency, the Qing government also hoped to reduce social pressure and earn considerable foreign exchange income through overseas immigration. Therefore, the policy of laissez-faire immigration was adopted, which further promoted the growth of overseas Chinese. By the end of Guangxu, there were more than 4 million overseas Chinese. As a famous family in the southeast, the Qian family was naturally a force to be reckoned with. From the migration direction, the targets are mainly concentrated in Taiwan Province Province, Southeast Asia, Europe and America.

Taiwan Province Province is often the first choice for immigrants, because it is closest to the mainland and faces each other across the sea. During the Chongzhen period in the late Ming Dynasty alone, tens of thousands of hungry people in Fujian coastal areas moved to Taiwan Province Province, forming the first large-scale migration. By the beginning of17th century, the number of Han people in Taiwan Province Province had reached100000. 1662 After Zheng Chenggong, an anti-Qing general, led an army to recover Taiwan Province Province, a large number of anti-Qing soldiers and civilians came to Taiwan Province one after another. According to rough statistics, there were nearly 200,000 Han immigrants in Fujian and Guangdong at that time, and Qian in Taiwan Province Province also moved in and settled in this period. According to the Records of People in Taiwan Province Province and other books, Qian, a native of Tongan, Fujian Province, entered Zhuzaimen Village and Houzhuangzai Village in Guanyinli, Kenfengshan County, and first moved to Taiwan Province Province in Nanming Wang Yongnian (1647 ~ 16 1).

In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), the Qing army invaded Taiwan Province Province, pacified the Zheng regime, and the two sides of the Taiwan Strait declared reunification. In order to further develop the local economy and consolidate coastal defense, the Qing court officially lifted the sea ban from the beginning of the Qing Dynasty and took measures to encourage mainland people to enter Taiwan for reclamation. Subsequently, the southeast coastal provinces, especially Fujian and Guangdong, set off a new wave of immigrants. During the Qianlong period, there were hundreds of thousands of Fujian people and hundreds of thousands of Guangdong people in Taiwan Province Province, and the population of the whole island doubled. During the Jiaqing period, the population of Taiwan jumped to 2 million, and most of them were immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong. Accordingly, Qian's surname who entered Taiwan Province became more active than before. In the second year of Qianlong (1737), Qian Fu, a native of Anxi, moved his family to Cuokeng, Dashanke Village, Taishan Township, Taipei County, becoming the first famous Qian surname in Taiwan Province Province. From the 12th year of Qianlong (1747) to the 59th year of Qianlong (794), Qian, Qian (whose name is unknown) and others led their families to Taiwan in three batches and settled in Fengshan, Miaoli and Hukou. In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Gantong moved to Fengshan County. In the seventh year of Daoguang (1827), Qian Xing and Qian Tou moved to Keelung. In the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), Guo Zhen, a rich family, moved to Taiwan County, and in that year, he became an important figure among local immigrants. During the nearly 300 years from the end of Ming Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty, people surnamed Qian entered Taiwan Province Province for eight times, which not only opened up their original living space, but also brought new population and labor force to Taiwan Province Province, greatly promoting the development and progress of local economy and culture.

1949 During the period, the Kuomintang regime was defeated in the civil war and forced to retreat to Taiwan Province Province, and a large number of military, political, scientific and educational personnel also moved to Taiwan Province. Among them, there are many people named Qian, such as Qian Mu, a master of Chinese studies, Qian Siliang, a chemical educator, Qian Zhen, a newspaper tycoon, Qian Dajun, a senior general of the Kuomintang, Qian Huaiyuan and so on, all of whom are representatives. Their arrival further expanded Qian's influence in Taiwan Province. Today, Qian's surname ranks 92nd in Taiwan Province Province, mainly distributed in Taibei, Fengshan, Miaoli and Hsinchu.