Wan Li Great Wall Information

The Great Wall is a great miracle created by the working people in ancient China and a witness to the long history of China. Together with Tiananmen Square and Terracotta Warriors, it is regarded as a symbol of China by the world. Because it is longer than Wan Li, it is also called "Wan Li Great Wall". According to records, Qin Shihuang used nearly one million laborers to build the Great Wall, accounting for 1/20 of the national population. At that time, there was no machinery, and all labor depended on manpower. The working environment was steep mountains and steep cliffs. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in order to prevent other countries from invading, the vassal States built beacon towers and connected them with city walls, forming the earliest Great Wall. Since then, most kings have been reinforced and repaired. The Great Wall starts from Hushan, Dandong, Liaoning Province in the east and ends at Jiayuguan, Gansu Province in the west, passing through 10 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities from east to west. The total length of the Great Wall is 885 1.8km, including 6,259.6km of artificial Great Wall and 2,592.2km of trench and natural formation. ..

The topography of the Great Wall

"Because of the terrain, traffic is blocked by danger" is an important experience in building the Great Wall, which was affirmed by Qin Shihuang and recorded by Sima Qian in Historical Records. After that, every dynasty built the Great Wall according to this principle. All the passes in Guancheng are built between two high mountains and canyons, or at the bend of a river, or where they will pass through the plain, which can not only control the danger, but also save manpower and material resources, and achieve the effect of "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it". Building castles or beacon towers is also an option in Four Essentials. As for building city walls, we should make full use of the terrain. For example, Juyongguan, Badaling and other Great Walls are all built along the back of the mountain. Some sections are very steep from the outside of the city wall, but very gentle from the inside, thus achieving the effect of "easy to defend but difficult to attack". In Liaoning Province, the Great Wall of Liaodong Town in Ming Dynasty was called the Mountain Dangerous Wall and the Split Gable, which was made by slightly splitting the steep cliff. Some places completely use cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers, which can be said to be wonderful. As a great project, the Great Wall has become a precious heritage of the Chinese nation.

On June 25th, 20001year, the Great Wall, as an ancient building from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Ming Dynasty, was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Contributions of various dynasties

In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the "outer" Great Wall, the "inner" Great Wall and the "inner three passes" Great Wall were also built. The "Neiguan" Great Wall, built in the Northern Qi Dynasty, starts from Pianguan at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi in the west, passes through Yanmenguan and Pingxingguan in the east, enters Hebei, then turns to the northeast, passes through Yuanyuan, Fangshan and Changping counties, reaches Juyongguan directly, and then reaches Huairou Siguan from north to east, and is connected with the "Outer" Great Wall, with Zijingguan as the center, generally showing a north-south trend. The "Neisanguan" Great Wall is parallel to the "Inner" Great Wall in many places. In some places, the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" have been built. There are 24 "heavy cities" in Yanmenguan area!

The Great Wall lies in the north of China. It starts from Hushan, Liaoning Province in the east and reaches Jiayuguan, Gansu Province in the inland area in the west. It runs through 9 provinces, cities and autonomous regions such as Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu, with a total length of about 885 1.8km and a length of about 17703.6 Li, and is known as the "Great Wall of Wan Li" in the world. It criss-crosses the east, west, north and south, and stretches on the vast land of our great motherland. It is like a dragon, crossing towering mountains, vast grasslands, vast deserts and heading for the vast sea. According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If you add up the Great Wall built in past dynasties, it is about 10 Wan Li. The length of the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties exceeded 1 Wan Li. At present, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions have the remains of the ancient Great Wall and beacon towers. Among them, the Great Wall of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region alone reaches 3 Vandory.

The beginning and end of the Great Wall

According to historical documents, there are three dynasties where the Great Wall is more than 5,000 kilometers: First, the Great Wall of Wan Li, which starts from Lintao in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east, was built by Qin Shihuang; Second, the Great Wall and beacon towers built in the Han Dynasty, with a total length of more than 10000 kilometers, from Xinjiang in the west to Liaodong in the east; 3. Jiayuguan in the west and the Great Wall along the Yalu River in the east, built in the Ming Dynasty, with a total length of 8851.8km (revised in 2009). If you add up the Great Wall built in different periods, it will be more than 50,000 kilometers. These Great Wall sites are distributed in Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shandong and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions/kloc-0. Among them, only Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has 1.5 million kilometers of sites. Followed by the Great Wall of Gansu.

Because of its long history, most of the early Great Wall was incomplete, and now the Great Wall built in Ming Dynasty is relatively complete. So when people talk about the Great Wall, they mainly refer to the Ming Great Wall. The length of the Great Wall also indicates the length of the Great Wall, from Jiayuguan in the west to Yalu River in the east.

Great Wall Pass Jiayuguan, Shanhaiguan, Juyongguan, Yumenguan, Jingxingguan, Niangziguan, Yanmenguan, Piantouguan, Pingxingguan, Gubeikou, xifengkou, Yulin, Huangyaguan, Waqiaoguan, Hushan Great Wall, Raven Pass, Niuzhuang City, fenshuiguan, Ningyuan City, Yangguan and Pingding. Dushikou, Zhangjiakou, Mashikou, Yangfangbaoguan, Shuikouguan, Zijingguan, Xuanhua City, Santunying, Sandaoguan, damao mountain, Yiyuankou, Jielingkou, Chongyukou, Xuliukou, Lengkouguan, Baiyangyuguan, Qingshan Pass, tiemenguan, Panjiakou, Longjingguan, Hongshankou, Shangguan and Changyukou. Lupiguan, Hefanggou, Lianhuachiguan, Huanghua Chengguan, Qiaodaokou, Jiukonglou, Sihai Estuary, Juyansai Old Town, Gill Sai, Gaoquesai, Datong, Shahukou, Weilubaokou, Jinsuo Pass, Huangzeguan, Huangyuguan, Beiloukou, Ning Wuguan, Liminbaokou, Shengshengkou, Zhenhongbaokou, Pingping. Refuse to be a wall fort, refuse to be a door fort, Fuma Fort, Broken Road Fort, Security Fort, Luning Fort, Broken Tiger Fort, Residual Tiger Fort, Ma Bao Fort, Marble Fort, Shaojia Fort, Dahe Fort, Defeated Tiger Fort, Ying 'en Fort, Blocked Tiger Fort, General Huibao, Yajiao Mountain, Laoying Fort, Hongmenkou Fort and Tiger Fort.

Building structure and building materials of the Great Wall

In the long history of China, many feudal dynasties built the Great Wall many times in order to consolidate their rule. In ancient China, thousands of working people in Qian Qian contributed wisdom and blood to it, making it a wonder of the world. Both the dragon-shaped city wall and the throat artery reflected the war thought of building a city at that time, and also marked the high achievement of architectural technology at that time. For example, during the Ming Dynasty, with the high development of feudal economy, the construction industry also embodied a huge production process and a relatively scientific brick and tile firing workshop. Therefore, the output of brick products has greatly increased, and bricks are no longer precious building materials, so the inner and outer eaves of many places in the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty are built with giant bricks. Under the conditions of manual construction and manual handling of building materials at that time, it was not only convenient to build the city wall with bricks with small weight and the same size, but also improved the construction efficiency and building level. Secondly, the gates of many passes are long-span arches made of blue bricks. Some of these blue bricks have been severely weathered, but the whole gate is still magnificent, showing the superb skills of building arches at that time. Judging from the architectural decoration of the Guanta Tower, many stone carvings and brick carvings are extremely complicated and elaborate, reflecting the artistic talent of craftsmen at that time.

The city wall is the main part of the city wall, with an average height of 7.8 meters, and some sections are as high as 14 meters. Where the mountain is steep, the building is low, and the flat place is high; The key places are higher, and the general places are lower. The wall body is the main part of defending the enemy, with a relatively wide total thickness, a foundation width of 6.5 meters and an average floor width of 5.8 meters on the wall, so as to ensure that the two wagons run in parallel. The wall is composed of an outer eave wall and an inner eave wall, filled with soil and gravel. The cornice wall refers to the side of the skin wall facing the city. There are obvious points when building, generally 25% of the wall height. The separation of the wall can increase the width of the lower part of the wall, enhance the stability of the wall, strengthen its defensive performance, and make the outer wall magnificent. The inner cornice wall refers to the inner side of the outer skin wall, which is generally constructed as a vertical wall without obvious points. As for the thickness of the outer cornice wall, the thickness of the wall at the "crib" shall generally prevail. The thickness here is generally one and a half bricks wide, and it gets thicker as it goes down. Bricklaying method is mainly flat masonry.

The structural content of the wall depends on the local climate conditions. Generally speaking, the Wan Li Great Wall has the following construction methods:

(1) version of rammed earth wall

(2) Adobe masonry wall

(3) Brick masonry wall

(4) Stone wall

(5) Mixed masonry

Bricks, stones and masonry are used to build city walls. When the slope of the terrain is small, bricklaying or masonry is parallel to the terrain, and when the local potential slope is large, the wall is built by horizontal descent method.

The defense engineering system of the Great Wall

In the era of cold weapons, the military role of the Great Wall defense system is fruitful. During the Qin Dynasty, "the Great Wall was built in the north to guard the fence. The Huns were more than 700 miles away, and the Hu people dared not go south to herd horses." ("New Book Crossing Qin") When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "build fortresses, pavilions, outer cities, set up garrison and guard them, and then use less border security." (History of Xiongnu)

King Wuling of Zhao, who built the Great Wall and blocked the highest gate in the next generation of Yinshan Mountain, is a world-famous politician who changed customs and clothes and learned to ride and shoot (Biography of Xiongnu in Historical Records). In fact, the Great Wall was built by Qin Huang and Wu Han, including in the early Ming Dynasty, when they took the initiative to attack and gained overwhelming military superiority. It can be seen that building the Great Wall is not only an active defense, but also a strategy of accumulating strength and continuing to forge ahead.

The construction of the Great Wall is a positive measure taken in view of the actual situation in the northwest, which is to turn passivity into initiative, because for the nomadic tribes in the north, "the master of construction will run away, and if he fails to get it, he will be punished." When the teacher came back, the money went up again; "The cost of keeping soldiers vigilant will be high, so we must build the Great Wall to prevent it." "However, the Great Wall was built, so it is necessary to preserve the garrison, prevent money from being stolen, and stop the army and let the people rest." (Chapter III of Lv Simian and China Ethnic History)

Moreover, it should be emphasized that the defensive function of the Great Wall is not reflected in what most people think is "self-defeating"; Its real use lies in that the invaders may concentrate on breaking through one or two passes occasionally and breaking into the mainland, but as long as the whole section of the Great Wall is still stationed with a strong army, the invaders will always face the danger of being blocked and ambushed and unable to go home; In particular, the Great Wall has seized the traffic arteries of Yanshan Mountain and the northern branch of Taihang Mountain. Even if the nomadic cavalry broke through the customs, they could only harass the mainland, and their logistics could not be transported through the customs and could not stand on the mainland, thus shaking the foundation of the Chinese empire. No matter how serious scabies are, they can't be invaded, which is the fundamental significance of the existence of the Great Wall.

The role of the Great Wall now

With the Great Wall of Wan Li as the intermediary, the Great Wall Belt, which is composed of vast northern and southern regions, runs through a considerable part of Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other provinces (cities, autonomous regions), including parts of the Mongolian People's Republic and the Korean Peninsula in historical period. Its range is hundreds or even thousands of kilometers wide from north to south and thousands of kilometers long from east to west. The Great Wall Belt has been inhabited by many ethnic groups since ancient times, and the development of ethnic groups and their relations is the key to observing and understanding everything in the Great Wall Belt. In the course of historical development, some ancient ethnic groups in the Great Wall Belt disappeared, and some new ethnic groups merged and formed, all of which are closely related to more than 20 ethnic groups distributed in the Great Wall Belt today. All ethnic groups, whether they have disappeared or continue to develop today, have made important contributions to the historical development of China.

The Economic Structure and Ethnic Pattern of the Great Wall Belt

Economic and cultural structure

China's special geographical location and topographical features constitute the geographical environment and climate characteristics, which determines that the ancient economy and culture of Chinese mainland can be roughly divided into two regions: east and west and two natural layouts: north and south. The eastern and western regions start from Xing 'an Mountains in the north, pass through Yanshan Mountain, Yinshan Mountain, Helan Mountain and Minshan Mountain to Hengduan Mountain, the eastern region is an agricultural economic development zone, and the western region is an animal husbandry (mainly small watershed or oasis agriculture) economic development zone. Qinling Mountains and the south of Huaihe River are paddy agricultural economic development zones; Qinling Mountains, north of Huaihe River to Yinshan Mountain, south of Yanshan Mountain and northeast plain are dry farming economic development zones, while north of Yinshan Mountain and west of Helan Mountain are animal husbandry economic development zones. The natural layout of the two districts and three belts constitutes two major economic and cultural types of agriculture and animal husbandry in ancient Chinese mainland. The Great Wall Belt includes the whole dry farming economic development belt and most animal husbandry economic development belts, forming a complete and independent economic system. Economically based on agricultural economy, animal husbandry is an important supplement to agriculture, and the two economies are interdependent and complementary. Culturally, farming culture is dominant, and farming and animal husbandry cultures permeate and absorb each other, constantly merging and radiating. In the course of historical development, agriculture first developed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, becoming the center of the whole agricultural economy and culture in China and the center of national economic and cultural exchanges. In the whole animal husbandry economic zone, the Inner Mongolia prairie west of Xing 'an Mountains and north of Yinshan Mountain has developed into the economic and cultural center of animal husbandry with its unique conditions. Located at the natural intersection of these two economic and cultural centers, the Great Wall is the product of a certain economic development foundation. The Great Wall not only separates the two economies and cultures, but also links them together.

Now, the Great Wall has lost its military use, more embodies the spiritual civilization of the Chinese nation, and inspires the Chinese people to defend the Chinese nation. At the same time, we are also witnessing the unity, hard work and enterprising of the people of China in this land of China, expressing miracles and glory.

Unity of opposites and development of economy and culture in the Great Wall Belt

Agriculture and animal husbandry are two completely different modes of production. Agriculture needs people to settle down and stabilize production, and people in animal husbandry graze on the move. The two modes of production have different characteristics, so the economy and culture of agriculture and animal husbandry have been contradictory since ancient times. The singleness and instability of animal husbandry production make it highly dependent on agriculture, which often leads to the imbalance of economy and culture between them, resulting in serious opposition. However, the cluster social organizations of tribes and civilians retained in ancient pastoral areas are easy to form military advantages, and sometimes they will enter agricultural areas for looting, causing great damage to agricultural areas. The construction and existence of the Great Wall separated the two ethnic groups, namely agriculture and animal husbandry, in order to enhance the resistance of animal husbandry to plunder and make it difficult to succeed easily, thus contributing to the protection of the agricultural economy and advanced production methods in the Central Plains and the development and accumulation of social productive forces and feudal civilization. From Qin and Han Dynasties to Ming Dynasty, most of the rulers who controlled the Central Plains made use of the powerful organizational strength of agricultural society to build the Great Wall continuously, and at the same time took large-scale measures to emigrate along the Great Wall, build traffic passages and open up new frontier areas, which promoted the economic and cultural development of the Central Plains. However, the opening of the Hexi Corridor to the Western Regions and the extension of the Great Wall split the animal husbandry economic zone in two, weakened the threat of nomadic people to the Central Plains agricultural zone, and connected the Central Plains agricultural zone with the southern Xinjiang agricultural zone as a whole. With the development of history, this passage has further formed a corridor and an important hub connecting Central Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Europe and Africa, and has become an extremely important transportation line for economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West, as well as economic and cultural exchanges and radiation between the eastern and western ethnic groups in China. All these provide broad opportunities for the economic and cultural development and diffusion of the Central Plains.

More importantly, agriculture and animal husbandry are interdependent, mutually needed and mutually promoted. The agricultural economy not only needs animal husbandry to provide its own animal power for farming and transportation, as well as animal power and material resources such as war horses, livestock, furs and precious medicinal materials, but also needs to continuously sell agricultural and sideline products and handicraft products to the animal husbandry economic zone, making the animal husbandry economic zone an important commodity market in the agricultural economic zone; Animal husbandry economy not only needs agricultural economic zones to provide handicrafts such as grain, cloth, iron, copper, tin, gold, silver and pottery, but also needs to sell their own products such as fur and medicinal materials, thus promoting trade exchanges between the two economies along the Great Wall. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many passes along the Great Wall have historically become places or centers for ethnic exchanges in the two major economic and cultural systems of agriculture and animal husbandry. Coupled with the looting among ethnic groups under special circumstances, agricultural products have been circulating along the Great Wall, which has become the largest trade market and material supply and demand and distribution base in China. In the course of historical development, many passes have gradually developed into important towns along the Great Wall. It can be seen that the Great Wall not only ensures the normal development of agricultural economy, culture and animal husbandry economy and culture, but also provides a place and convenience for their exchange and complementarity; It also plays an important role in mediating the two economies and making the agriculture and animal husbandry economy develop in the direction of mutual assistance. In this sense, the Great Wall is also the intersection of agriculture and animal husbandry economy. Therefore, the Great Wall not only plays a role in separating the two economies and cultures, but also shoulders the heavy responsibility of linking them together.

cultural heritage

The miracle of human history

The continuous construction of the Great Wall takes a long time, the amount of work is large, the construction is arduous, and the historical and cultural connotation is rich, which is really incomparable to other ancient projects in the world. Commenting on the Great Wall, Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of China's modern democratic revolution, said: "The most famous engineer in China is the Great Wall of Wan Li. ..... This project is unparalleled in ancient times and the only miracle in the world. " Former US President Nixon said after visiting the Great Wall: "Only a great nation can build such a Great Wall." Therefore, the Great Wall, as a miracle of human history, was included in the World Heritage List at 1987, and it deserved its name.

Such a huge project is unique not only in China, but also in the world, so it was listed as one of the seven wonders of the Middle Ages with the Colosseum and the Leaning Tower of Pisa hundreds of years ago.

Shanhaiguan Great Wall

Shanhaiguan is an important pass in the eastern part of the Great Wall in Wan Li in Ming Dynasty, located in Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, and the only pass for traffic between North China and Northeast China in China. In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (138 1), the general Xu Da chose Shan Haiwei. "Sleeping in the mountains and seas, Liao Ji's throat moved here, and the Great Wall was cited as the city site." The Yanshan Mountains, surrounded by mountains and peaks in the north of Guancheng, is adjacent to the choppy Bohai Bay in the south. Because of its dangerous terrain, it is known as the key to Kyoto.

Shanhaiguan is about 10 km east of Qinhuangdao. Shanhaiguan city, about 4 kilometers in circumference, is a small town. The whole city is connected with the Great Wall, and the city is the gateway. City height 14m, thickness 7m. There are four gates in the city, and there are many ancient defense buildings, which is a relatively complete defense system. The Guancheng plane is square, with a circumference of four kilometers, a height of fourteen meters and a thickness of seven meters. There are four city gates, the East Gate is the most spectacular, and it is called "the first pass in the world". Simon is famous for welcoming kindness, South Gate is famous for pretending, and North Gate is famous for Weiyuan. There are towers on every door, bell and drum towers in the city center and moats outside the city. In addition to the east and west gates, there is also a small town circle, commonly known as Los Angeles or Wengcheng.

1985, Shanhaiguan Great Wall was restored, 1987.

Alias of the Great Wall

For more than 2,000 years, dynasties and generations in China used different names when building and recording the Great Wall.

Fangcheng: It was only used by Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Graben, long graben, city graben and wall graben are basically common terms, and they were almost used from the Warring States to the Ming Dynasty.

Sai, Sai Yuan and Sai Wei use the word "Sai" in many places in history books. Generally speaking, there are two meanings: one is to indicate an important pass, and the other is to indicate the Great Wall.

The titles of Great Wall Barrier, Great Wall Pavilion Barrier and Great Wall Barrier are very common in history books.

Trench and boundary ditch are a form of Great Wall architecture, and boundary ditch is a special word for the Great Wall in Jin Dynasty.

Side walls and side walls called the Great Wall "side", which mainly appeared in the Ming Dynasty. In ancient China, the area between the Central Plains and ethnic minorities was often referred to as "the frontier land", while the Great Wall built in this area was called "the side wall" or "the side wall" in the Ming Dynasty.

The Great Wall in Wan Li, China, is a huge stone building extending from the coast of the Yellow Sea to the inland desert in Asia. It is about 1800 years ago. The wall is about 25 feet high and 65,438+02 feet thick, and stretches for nearly 65,438+0,500 miles on the land of China. The purpose of building the Great Wall of Wan Li is to make it more difficult for northern barbarians to escape after looting in the south, so as to restrain their aggression. Of course, the Great Wall itself is quite huge, but its purpose is not to isolate the invaders in the north, because the cost of maintaining such a defensive building is too high.

Now it is one of the seven wonders of the world.

Qi Changcheng

Qi Great Wall is the oldest existing Great Wall in China and the world, with many preserved passages or remains. The original length is more than 65,438+0,000 Li, which is a national treasure.

There are many records about the Great Wall of Qi in ancient historical documents. It was first recorded in 555 BC (twenty-seven years) in Zuo Zhuan: "Jin Hou cut Qi, ... Qi Hou ruled Pingyin and cut the door to keep it." This is a fortification built by Qi in Pingyin, and this defensive gate has always been an important pass of the Great Wall of Qi. "Historical Records of the Chu Family Justice" quoted Miracle as saying, "Qi Xuanwang climbed the Great Wall, stretching to the sea in the east and Jeju in the west for more than a thousand miles to prepare for Chu." The construction record is clearer. It probably began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and was completed in Qi Weiwang and beyond. The Great Wall of Qi starts from Changqing District of Jinan in the west, ends in Qingdao Island Economic Development Zone in the east, and spans Shandong Peninsula.

Because of the great wall's important position in China's cultural history, relevant state departments and local governments along the Great Wall should pay attention to its protection. On the basis of the original investigation, they should make another comprehensive investigation to find out the present situation of each road section and the surrounding ecological environment, and make protection plans according to the different conditions of each road section. After approval, all parties concerned should be responsible for the division of labor in accordance with the Regulations on the Protection of the Great Wall and the Planning, and carefully protect it. Man-made sabotage such as digging walls, ploughing fields, stealing stones from walls, littering, and scribbling on walls must be stopped. Due to the serious natural weathering of the Great Wall of Qi, we can't ignore it and do nothing, leaving it to fend for itself. The constructive destruction of the Great Wall for commercial interests should be stopped immediately, and relevant departments should investigate and deal with the damaged areas. Try to restore what can be restored to its original state, and learn from what cannot be restored. In short, all government departments and the masses come to pay attention to the Great Wall of Qi and protect the national treasure.

On July 8th, the Great Wall of China was selected as the first of the new seven wonders of the world. The Great Wall of Qi and the Great Wall of Chu built during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the oldest Great Walls in China and the world. Among them, the Great Wall has a history of more than 2,500 years. Recently, Rong, a member of the All-China Youth Federation, a young painter, a member of the Great Wall Society of China and a friend of nature, led by the president of Shandong Qi Great Wall Research Association, drove 1500 km across the Shandong Peninsula and made a long-distance search for the Great Wall. The Great Wall was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, lasting more than 2,000 years and with a total length of more than 50 million meters. The Great Wall of Wan Li that we refer to today mostly refers to the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty, starting from Jiayuguan, Gansu, China in the west and reaching Yalu River, Liaoning in the northeast of China in the east, with a total length of 6.35 million meters. It is like a vigorous dragon, crossing mountains, cliffs, grasslands and deserts, and undulating at the top of the mountain, on the other side of the Yellow River and on the coast of the Bohai Sea. People who have been to the Great Wall at all times and all over the world are amazed at its majestic momentum, grand scale and arduous project. The Great Wall is a rare treasure and an artistic relic, which symbolizes the indestructible will and strength of the Chinese nation, the pride of the Chinese nation and the pride of all mankind.

Tang Changcheng

Mudanjiang sidewall is listed in the World Cultural Heritage List.

In 2007, the State Council officially listed the third section of the Mudanjiang side wall of the Great Wall Site in China as part of the China Great Wall Resources Survey Project, which means that the Mudanjiang side wall and the Great Wall, known as the "Tang Great Wall", were incorporated into the China Great Wall World Cultural Heritage List and became the cultural heritage of mankind. This is also the first project in Mudanjiang City and even Heilongjiang Province to be included in the World Cultural Heritage List.

According to Tao Gang, the stationmaster of Mudanjiang Cultural Relics Management Station, the Mudanjiang side wall is a defense system built to defend the northern blackwater during the Bohai Sea period, and it is a military defense project with the same nature as the Great Wall of China. At present, the Mudanjiang side wall found by investigation is about 100 km long and consists of three sections. Mudanjiang side wall is 50 kilometers long, located in the first line of the three islands, starting from the main peak of Beishan Mountain in Xigou, Jiangxi Province in the east and winding to the northwest. The main peaks passing through are Xinfeng Nanling, Hamatang Lazi, Sandaoguan, Daiwang Lazi and Erlin Nanling. , stop at the north slope of Xidalazi. The second section of Mudanjiang side wall is 30 kilometers long, located in the east section of Ning 'an River. It starts from the right bank of Mudanjiang at the turning point of Ning 'an Town, turns to the southeast and continues to develop, ending at the east side of Ning 'an Seed Farm. The third section of Mudanjiang side wall, with a total length of 20 kilometers, is located in Jingbo Lake, starting from the lake on the other side of the city wall, crossing the lakeside mountain, passing through the 20 1 national highway, and developing to the southeast on the southeast mountain of Jiangshan Jiao Forest Farm.

It is reported that Mudanjiang sidewall was approved and announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit in 2006. Since 2008, Mudanjiang Cultural Relics Management Station has organized a professional team of cultural relics protection to conduct a more in-depth investigation on the third section of Mudanjiang side wall to further understand the specific length of Mudanjiang side wall.

At present, there are several sections of the Great Wall:

Badaling Great Wall, Mutianyu Great Wall, Simatai Great Wall, Jinshanling Great Wall, Shanhaiguan Great Wall, Jiayuguan Great Wall, Hushan Great Wall, Jiumenkou Great Wall and Datong Great Wall.

Badaling Great Wall: Located in Yanqing, Beijing, Badaling Great Wall is the most well-preserved and representative section of the Ming Great Wall. This is the outpost of Juyongguan, an important pass, with an altitude of1015m. Dangerous terrain has always been a battleground for military strategists, an important military pass in the Ming Dynasty and an important barrier for the capital Beijing. Climb the Great Wall here, and you can overlook the majestic mountains. So far, more than 300 celebrities, including Nixon and Margaret Thatcher, have visited here.

Mutianyu Great Wall: Mutianyu Great Wall is located in Huairou District, Beijing. It is 73 kilometers away from Beijing. One of the famous attractions of the Great Wall in Beijing is the essence of the Great Wall in Wan Li in Ming Dynasty. Mutianyu Great Wall has a unique architectural style, dense enemy towers and dangerous passes, and there are cribs on both sides of the city.

Simatai Great Wall: Located in Gubeikou Town, the northeast of Miyun County, Beijing, it is 0/20km away from Beijing/Kloc-0 and is guarded by Qi Jiguang. It starts from wangjinglou in the east and ends at Houchuankou in the west, with a total length of 5.4 kilometers and 35 watchtowers. The whole section of the Great Wall is ingenious in conception, unique in design, novel in structure and different in shape, and it can be called the essence of the Great Wall in Wan Li. Simatai Great Wall 1987 is listed in the World Heritage List and belongs to the national key cultural relics protection unit. It is the only ancient building site in China that retains the original appearance of the Ming Dynasty.

Jinshanling Great Wall: Located at the junction of Miyun County and Luanping County, Hebei Province, the Yanshan Mountains are 140 km away from the urban area. It starts from Longyukou in the west and ends in wangjinglou in the east, with a total length of10.5km. There are 67 ancient pagodas with different buildings, 2 beacon towers and 5 passes. Here, there are many enemy buildings on the Great Wall, generally at 50- 100 meters. This wall is based on huge stones and is 5-8 meters high. There are horse-blocking walls, stacked walls and barrier walls, which are various in form and have their own characteristics. Known as the "Great Wall of Wan Li, Jinshan stands out from the crowd".

Shanhaiguan Great Wall: It is the entrance to the world-famous Great Wall in Wan Li. At present, the Great Wall in Shanhaiguan is 26 kilometers long, including: Laolongtou Great Wall, South Wing Great Wall, Guancheng Great Wall, North Wing Great Wall, Jiaoshan Great Wall, Mishimaguan Great Wall and Jiumenkou Great Wall. Laolongtou Great Wall is the end part of the Great Wall that enters the sea, and it has the reputation of "the soul of China".

Jiayuguan Great Wall: The starting point of the westernmost end of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, built in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1372), is the best-preserved Chengguan, the first pass in Hexi, and has the reputation of the first pass in the world. It is also an important stop on the Silk Road. Chengguan is a complete military defense system composed of inner city, outer city and moat. The chengguan we see now are mainly in the inner city, rammed with loess and surrounded by city bricks, which are solid and majestic. The walls at both ends of the city pass through the Gobi, where you can experience the desolation of the desert lonely city.

Hushan Great Wall: Hushan Scenic Area is located15km east of Dandong City, Liaoning Province, with an area of 4km2 and a main peak height of146.3m.. The summit is the first beacon tower of the Great Wall of Wan Li. Looking around from the beacon tower, you can clearly see Yizhou City in North Korea, Mashi Shazhou in China and Yalu River Bridge connecting Dandong and Sinuiju.

Jiumenkou Great Wall: Located in Xintaizi Village, Lijia Township, Suizhong County, Liaoning Province, it is 5 km away from Shanhaiguan 1704m long. Its southern end starts from dangerous peaks and cliffs and connects with the Great Wall from Shanhaiguan. Since then, the Great Wall has extended northward along the ridge to the south bank of the local Jiujiang River. On the Jiujiang River, which is 100 meters wide, a huge river-crossing bridge has been built to continue to swim northward in the mountains. "The city walks on water, and the water flows in the city." This is the image description of the Great Wall at Jiumenkou.

Datong Great Wall: Datong is one of the nine important towns in Ming Dynasty, and its strategic position is very important. Datong Ming Great Wall was mainly built during Jiajing period, and was built by Weng Wanda, Governor of Xuanda University. Datong mayor starts from Koutai, dongbei town, Tianzhen County in the east and ends at Yajiao Mountain in the west (now Dongshan, Zishang Village, Qingshuihe, Inner Mongolia), with a total length of 335 kilometers. According to the statistics of "Planning, Testing and Illustration of Three Clouds in General Town of Datong", Datong Town has successively built a 5 16.3-mile big side and two sides; There are 72 main castles (20 in the city and 52 in the castle), such as inner five castles, outer five castles, outer five castles and Yungang six castles; 776 border towns; There are 833 fire piers. The Ming Great Wall in Datong City, hun yuan and Lingqiu County is the Great Wall in the week. Hunyuan territory 160 Li, Lingqiu territory about 190 Li. Datong Ming Great Wall has a total length of more than 800 miles inside and outside. It is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shanxi Province.