Is the Han nationality the main ethnic group in China?

Han nationality is the main ethnic group in China. The word "Han" originally refers to Tianhe and Yinhe. The Book of Songs says: "Wei Tian has Han". Huaxia nationality, known as "Han nationality", began in the Han Dynasty. The Han nationality has a long history and is also the most populous nation in the world. At present, the population of Han nationality is about 654.38+300 million, accounting for 654.43 billion of the world's total population.

According to the statistics in 2005, the population of Han nationality was1182.95 million, accounting for 90.56% of the total population. In the fifth census in 2000, the proportion of Han nationality was 9 1.59%.

The history of the formation of the Khan nation

From about 5000 BC, the Huaxia nationality, the main body of the Han nationality, originated in the Yellow River valley and began to develop gradually. It entered the Neolithic Age and went through the stages of matriarchal clan commune and paternal clan commune. In 2700 BC, there was a tribe named Ji in central Shaanxi, with the leader of Huangdi and the leader of a tribe named Jiang in the south. The two sides often clashed. The battle of Han Quan finally broke out between the two tribes, and the Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di. After that, the two tribes formed an alliance and captured the surrounding tribes, and the predecessor of Huaxia Kingdom was born. According to the legend recorded in the pre-Qin literature, the ancestors of the Han nationality were in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and the ancient ancestors of the Han nationality generally set off from Longshan in the west and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the east to Mount Tai. Yangshao culture and Longshan culture are two Neolithic cultures mainly distributed in this area, which are generally considered as the cultural remains of Han ancestors. Ancient legends also describe that the ancestors of the Han nationality experienced a long primitive commune system. Before the Yellow Emperor, they passed through matriarchal clan tribes (see matriarchal clan system). The legend about the Yellow Emperor marks the change from matriarchal clan tribe to paternal clan tribe (see paternal clan system) and enters the stage of tribal alliance. According to legend, Yao, Shun and Yu, who successively served as leaders of the big tribal alliance in the form of abdication after the Yellow Emperor, are considered to be descendants of the Yellow Emperor in the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, and the era of primitive commune system in the Central Plains has come to the end of history. Class society has appeared on the land in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. From the 20th century BC, Xia (about 2 1 century BC to 65438+6th century BC), Shang (about 65438+6th century BC 1 century BC) and Western Zhou (about. Then spread to the vast areas of Huaihe River, Surabaya, Yangtze River and Hanshui River. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were ethnic names of Hua, Xia and even Huaxia to distinguish them from barbarians, Yi, Rong and Di. But at this time, the distinction between China and foreigners is not very strict. During the Spring and Autumn Period (770 ~ 476 BC), the concept of China and foreigners was very strong. At that time, China and barbarians were different from barbarians. Culture is the most important factor. China people and foreigners can often change places with each other because of customs, costumes and other factors. Qin and Chu are not only as famous as Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, but also the two most powerful governors in China. The Seven Chivalrous Men joined forces with Lian Heng and fought together, but the ethnic groups were the same, forming a unified trend in the summer. So Huaxia has become a stable ethnic group, and its distribution area has reached the middle and lower reaches of Liaohe River in Northeast China, Taohe River Basin in Northwest China, Bashu in Southwest China, Central Guizhou, Southeast Hunan, wuyue and other places. Qin Shihuang unified China, established the Qin Dynasty, and then established the Han Dynasty, which ruled China for more than 400 years. During this period, the territory of China expanded unprecedentedly. At this time, the distribution of Han population is still concentrated in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins, and since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han population has gradually migrated to the Yangtze River, Pearl River and southeast China. During the period from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, the population of Han nationality in the south surpassed that in the north. After the Manchu dynasty, the Han population was forbidden to enter the northeast. In the late Qing dynasty, in order to enrich the frontier, the Han population was allowed to enter the northeast. During Zhang's rule in Northeast China, a large number of Shandong Han people were introduced. Since the Ming Dynasty, the Han population began to immigrate to Southeast Asia sporadically, from 65438+.

Lang.

The language of the Han nationality is Chinese, which is written in Chinese characters. Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family. According to the division methods commonly used in academic circles, it can be divided into seven dialects: Northern Dialect (Mandarin), Wu Dialect, Hunan Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Min Dialect and Cantonese (see the entry of Chinese Dialect for different division methods). In recent years, many scholars believe that Guangxi Pinghua and Shanxi Jin dialect should be juxtaposed with the other seven dialects. Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province and Singapore are designated as standard Putonghua (languages developed on the basis of Beijing dialect in official dialect areas are called Putonghua, Mandarin and Mandarin respectively due to different locations), while Cantonese (Cantonese) is the standard in Hong Kong. Chinese characters are written in standard characters and simplified characters respectively. In addition, some scholars divide Fujian dialect into Minnan dialect and northern Fujian dialect. These dialects have their own distribution and communication areas, and each dialect can be subdivided. It can be seen that Chinese dialects are complex and the north and south are not connected with each other. Nevertheless, due to the high unity of Chinese characters, it has a strong cohesive effect on the Han nationality, so it seems no exaggeration to say that there would be no Han nationality without Chinese characters.

economic development

Han people have always been famous for their diligence, frugality and creativity. The economy is dominated by agriculture, and it also manages household sideline business. This natural economy of "men plowing and women weaving" has always occupied an absolute advantage in ancient China. Agriculture is the main material basis of ancient civilization in China. In history, agricultural production is famous for its developed irrigation and intensive cultivation. Many water conservancy projects have been built in past dynasties, some of which are beneficial to the present, such as in the middle of the 3rd century BC. Dujiangyan, built under the leadership of Li Bing, the commander of Qin and Shu Counties, not only made Chengdu Plain a famous granary in ancient China, but also enjoyed the reputation of "Land of Abundance". Up to now, Dujiangyan can be regarded as a typical representative of ancient water conservancy irrigation projects. In terms of farming techniques, the Han nationality and their ancestors have paid attention to farming time, soil improvement, fallow in turn, fertilization, soil conservation, seed selection and cultivation of new varieties since ancient times. At the same time, we constantly absorbed new crop varieties and learned farming techniques from various ethnic groups in China and even abroad, which not only created high yield in ancient times, but also had rich crop varieties, which were rare in the world. Handicraft industry also has a fairly high level of development. On the basis of highly developed agriculture and handicraft production, ancient science and technology such as astronomy, mathematics, agronomy, medicine, smelting, architecture, etc. All shine brilliantly in the history of world civilization. The invention of papermaking and printing, gunpowder used in battle, compass used in navigation, sericulture, silk weaving, porcelain making, tea making and other technologies have made outstanding contributions to the development of world culture and science and technology. Commerce also developed to a certain extent in ancient times. In addition to the agricultural ethnic areas represented by the Han nationality, China has vast nomadic areas, hunting areas and fishing and hunting areas. The exchange of agricultural and handicraft products, animal husbandry and hunting products and other local products between the two nationalities not only meets the needs of life, but also promotes the production and development of people of all ethnic groups. The "tea-horse exchange" formed since the Tang and Song Dynasties is the main form of economic complementarity and exchange between the Han nationality and its brothers. The development of commerce, in turn, is conducive to the development of agriculture and handicrafts. By the Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 65438), the seeds of capitalism had appeared, especially in handicraft workshops and businesses in some towns in the south of the Yangtze River. /kloc-from the middle and late 9th century to the 1930s, China's modern industry also developed to some extent, mainly in coastal areas and areas where Han people live in large and medium-sized inland cities with developed transportation.