What is the relationship between Mongolia's western expedition and the intersection of eastern and western cultures?

Historically, in addition to the bridge of peace built by the Silk Road, there were opportunities brought by conquest and war, and the arrival of missionaries brought about the "spread of western learning to the east" and "spread of eastern learning to the west".

/kloc-In the 20th century, Mongolian nomadic tribes rose in the north of China. 1 189, Temujin (A.D. 1 162~ 1227) was promoted to the position of Mongolian tribal leader. 1206, Mongolian aristocrats held a big party in Khuriletai (the big party) on the banks of the E 'nen River. * * * Both of them elected Temujin as the Great Khan of Mongolia (Khan: hán, the abbreviation of the supreme ruler Khan) and honored him as Genghis Khan (Genghis Khan, Mongolian meaning "powerful" and "sea"). As a result, the first military slavery country in Mongolian history-Mongolian Khanate (also known as Great Mongolia) appeared in the vast land from Xing 'an Mountains in the east, Altai Mountain in the west, the Great Desert in the south and Lake Baikal in the north.

Shortly after the establishment of the Mongolian khanate, it began to wage wars frequently against neighboring countries and expand its territory with its strong military strength. In A.D. 12 18, Genghis Khan sent a general, Zhe Bie, to lead a 20,000-strong army to conquer and destroy the opposing Western Liao, and captured and killed its leader, Qu Chulv. Since then, the Mongolian khanate has opened the way to capture West Asia and Europe, and launched three large-scale western expeditions in decades.

Genghis Khan led his army westward for the first time from A.D. 12 19, and soon occupied a large area of Central Asia. At the same time, he sent an army from North Vietnam to Taiheling (Caucasus Mountain) to cross the Azov Sea and attack the people in present-day Eastern Europe and Russia. In A.D. 1223, the Mongols defeated the allied forces of Volos (Moscow and Kiev on the west side of Volga River) and Qincha (west of Caspian Sea and north of Black Sea). On the way home from the East, Banshi conquered the Caspian Sea and the northern Aral Sea.

After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian Khan Wokuotai sent 250,000 troops including Badou (the eldest grandson of Genghis Khan), Gui You and Mongolia to carry out the second Western Expedition from 1235 to 1244, and formally put the plan of conquering Europe into practice. The Mongols destroyed Chincha, occupied Russia and entered Belir (Poland), Madzar (Hungary) and Austria.

During the reign of Emperor Xianzong of Mongolia, Xu Liewu led his army to make the third expedition to the west from 1253 to 1259, occupying the Caspian Sea and Mesopotamia, defeating Mu Ciyi (present-day Iran), defeating Heiliang (Arabia), capturing Baghdad and Damascus, and expanding the power of the Mongolian khanate to southwest Asia.

After three voyages to the West, the descendants of Genghis Khan took the newly occupied area as their hereditary territory and established the Four Great Khan States. The four khanates maintained a formal vassal relationship with the Mongolian khanate and even the later Yuan Dynasty. That is, after Mongolia's three voyages to the Western Seas, European nations migrated on a large scale: Mongolian rulers forced a large number of conquered peoples to migrate eastward with the help of military victory. Among these immigrants, there are all kinds of craftsmen, ordinary people, family members of the upper class, and many people of all ethnic groups who voluntarily go to Mongolia to engage in business activities.

After Wokuotai succeeded to the throne in A.D. 1229, He Linger (short for Kara and Linger, so it is located in Hal and Linger in central Mongolia today) was chosen as the capital. Many buildings were built in Wokuotai, and soon Helin was built into a lively and extraordinary international city. And there are not only Uighurs, Uighurs and Persians, but also Hungarians, Russians, and even British and French. They can be translators, singers, maids or craftsmen. GuillaumeBoucher, a goldsmith from Paris, is a famous craftsman in Helin City. He once made a silver tree for Mongo Khan: there are four silver lions at the root, and four different kinds of wine can be spit out from their mouths; There is an angel with a trumpet at the top of the tree. As long as the wine under the tree is finished, the angel will automatically blow the horn and replenish the new wine.

After Kublai Khan turned Yuan Shizu into a metropolis (now Beijing), most of them also developed into international cities. Here are gathered nobles (zhòu, descendants of emperors or nobles in ancient times), officials, guards, missionaries, astronomers, yin and yang artists, architects, doctors, engineers and technicians from all over Asia and Europe, as well as artists engaged in music, dance, art and other activities. 127 1 year, Kublai Khan publicly gave up the title of "Mongolia" and changed it to "Dayuan". The great traveler Kyle Polo followed his father and uncle to start his journey to the East. When he arrived in China, he had the opportunity to meet Kublai Khan and won the favor of the emperor with his intelligence.

The western expedition of Mongolian army once shook Europe. The Pope used the power of religion to influence Mongolia through his religious dignitaries to stop his army from advancing westward. Since A.D. 1245, many missionaries have been sent to Helin, among which Cappini, aslin, Andrew Lang Jiumu and Rubruk are famous figures. They are both messengers and disseminators of the gospel of Christ.

Cappini (about 1 180~ 1252) was an Italian Beruzzian, a Franciscan monk, and the first person in Europe to visit the Mongolian Empire. 1220 joined Franciscans and later became the main teacher of Franciscans in northern Europe. In A.D. 1245, Pope Sinibaldo Fieschi officially sent a Catholic mission to Mongolia, headed by Cappini, who was already in his sixties. Cappini and his party first entered the Mongolian Kanev outpost and then crossed the Dnieper River, the Don River and the Volga River. After a long journey of more than three months, the delegation finally arrived in Helin in July of that year and was received by Gui at the end of August. In Helin, Cappini and his party just happened to catch up with the enthronement ceremony of Han You in Guangxi. After staying there for more than three months, the delegation returned home with Gui You's reply. After returning to China, Cappini wrote the book "The History of Mongols and the History of Tatars" (Tatar: Dádá, a general term for nomadic people in the north in ancient times), describing Mongolia's climate, religion, habits, history and politics, and discussing the most effective ways to resist the Mongols' westward advance. This book is regarded as the best among the works of Christian writers in the Middle Ages. Before it was written, it was called Travel Notes of Marco Polo together with Travel Notes of Lubeilu, which was later sent to Mongolia. Two famous works written by Europeans were excerpted by French scholar Beauvais's world history book The Big Mirror.

After Cappini. Lin, a Dominican monk, was sent to Mongolia. He arrived at the camp where the Commander-in-Chief of the Mongolian Army lived in May 1247, and returned to China after being detained for two months. After Asilin, andrew lang Lang Jumeau, a French priest, went to the Mongolian khanate. Like Asilin, he failed to complete his mission and returned at 125 1.

In A.D. 1253, the king of France sent a Franciscan priest Guil- 1aume de Rubrouck to Helin. Lu Baruch set out from Constantinople for the Black Sea on May 7 of that year, and his travel discipline also started from here. He first went to the residence of Salida, the son of Badou, the conqueror of Eastern Europe, and then visited Badou on the Volga River. /kloc-In September of 0/6, Rubruk and his companions continued to March eastward and arrived in Helin on February 27th of 0/8. In April 1254, Xian Zongmeng Ge received the French envoy; On May 24th, he summoned Lubbock again and replied to the French king's credentials. Lu Bailuke met many French, Russians, Britons, Germans and Hungarians serving in the Great Khan Palace in Helin, and didn't leave Helin until August of that year 18. A copy of Mongo Khan is still kept in the archives of the Vatican. The purpose of Rubruk's mission to Mongolia is to promote Christianity and strengthen ties with the Mongolian khanate. The French king had heard that Salida, son of Badou, had been baptized, so he sent Rubruk to Chincha Khan. I didn't know it was not true until I got there, but many influential people around Badou believed in Nestorianism (Christianity in China, descendants of the Tang Dynasty), especially Helin.

In response to the frequent arrival of European Christian messengers from the East, Ma Su, a Jingpo and Uighur from China, served as Ilihan's ambassador to Rome and Paris and went to Europe from 1287 to 1288.

Ma Su (A.D. 1245~ 1294), the son of Kan baruch (Beijing) Peking School, traveled to Baghdad and Jerusalem with Marcos, the son of Wangjiabu Peking School in Huoshan, Shanxi. 1August 284, Ilihan argon succeeded to the throne. In order to unite western Christian countries against Palestinian and Syrian Muslims, Ma Su, who is proficient in Latin, was sent to European countries on 1287. Suma first went to Constantinople, then to Naples and arrived in Rome on June 23rd. At that time, just after the death of Pope Honori IV, Suma met with Cardinal Jerome. Before long, Jerome was elected Pope and was called Girolamo Masci. After leaving the Vatican, Suma continued westward, passing through Tuscany and Genoa, and arrived in Paris, where she was received by French King Philip IV (handsome man, AD/KOOC-0/285 ~/KOOC-0/3/KOOC-0/4). Then, Ma Su went to Bordeaux to meet King Edward I of England of England (A.D. 1272 ~ 1307). Now that the mission to Europe has been completed, Suma returned to China via Rome in April 1288, accompanied by Ambassador Gubert Herweiler sent by the French king and Genoa banker Thomas Enfench. Since then, Suma has lived in Iraq for a long time and died in Baghdad in June 65438 +02941October +654381October.

As a Uighur Christian, Su Ma served Ili Khan for a long time and served as the local bishop of Tanggut (Ningxia) and Wanggu (Inner Mongolia). As Ilihan's special envoy to Europe, he has done very useful work for the contact between Mongolian Khan and the Holy See. He wrote all his experiences in Europe in his travel notes. In the book, he described the peculiar customs of Italy and France, which was concrete and vivid, and was considered as China's first detailed account of Europe.