What is the difference between federalism and democracy?

First of all, federalism is one of the forms of state organization. That is, the national system

State system can be simply divided into federalism and unitary system (such as China and French). ), there are a few confederacy (such as the ancient Greek city-state alliance). Czech Republic and Slovakia)

Under the federal system, the first layer is the main units that make up the Federation, such as states, states, countries and kingdoms. Divide the jurisdiction of the central and local governments through legal provisions. In fact, each member unit has transferred some powers such as national defense and foreign affairs to the federal central government.

Federalism can be divided into two forms: loose and tight.

Compact Federation is the mainstream, such as Russia, Germany, India and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. For example, there are the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, the former Soviet Union and the former Yugoslav Federation.

The biggest feature of these federal countries is that they have a strong central government and can safeguard the overall interests of the federal level. The situation in the former Soviet Union was quite special, with 15 countries joining the Republic of * * * as the first floor, but the largest Russian Federation did not have a central government (only during Yeltsin's period). In fact, the Soviet government is also the Russian government, and the Soviet Union is also the Russian government. Therefore, when Yeltsin organized the Russian government system, the whole Soviet central government system was completely tragic, because there was no soil for survival.

Loose confederacy is rare, but it is actually a transitional form to close or confederacy, which either advances to close, retreats to confederacy or collapses directly. For example, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a relatively loose federation, which later became a confederation of Serbia and Montenegro and finally disintegrated. Czechoslovakia is similar. During the cold war, it was a compact federal country. Eastern Europe retreated to the "Czechoslovakia" Federation, and after a few years it simply disintegrated.

Obviously, a loose federation is closer to the confederacy system than a strong central government. The central system is empty, and there are great ethnic, economic, cultural and political differences among member units, so it is more likely to eventually collapse.

As for the Commonwealth, similar heads of state are gathered in the name of the King of England, which can even be considered as a forum organization, rather than an integrated country.

Second, the * * * system is one of the forms of political organization. That is, the regime.

In this world, regimes can usually be divided into two categories: monarchy and harmony.

According to the detailed classification, there is absolute monarchy under the imperial system, such as China's successive imperial courts and Saudi Arabia today, that is, the system in which hereditary monarchs master the absolute power of the state; Hierarchical monarchy, such as feudal kingdoms in France and Europe before the Great Revolution; Constitutional monarchy, also known as parliamentary monarchy, such as Britain now.

In particular, it is a dual monarchy. The most representative country is Austria-Hungary, which is a dual constitutional monarchy formed by Austria and Hungary under the federal system. Both member countries have their own governments and parliaments. The Austrian emperor is also the king of Hungary, and the Austrian government is also the federal government. Moreover, in the form of political organization, the monarch and parliament exercise their respective obligations and powers stipulated by law at the national level.

There is also the famous German Second Reich with a similar system, but there are more grand duchies in the empire. However, the political system is the same as that of Austria-Hungary, which is a multi-layer decentralization system between the monarch and the parliament. The most powerful king in Prussia is the imperial emperor, the prime minister of Prussia is the prime minister of the imperial government, and the imperial parliament and army are based on Prussia.

Of course, * * * countries have the most harmonious systems, which can be roughly divided into American presidential system (the president is also the prime minister), French semi-presidential system (the president and the prime minister perform their respective duties and are elected separately) and Russian presidential system (the prime minister has executive power, but is appointed by the president). The State Duma in the lower house only has the right to impeach the Prime Minister and members of the government), the pure parliamentary cabinet system in Germany and Italy, the people's democratic dictatorship (similar to the semi-presidential system before 1954, followed by the responsible cabinet system), the Soviet Union system (the responsible cabinet system under the unicameral system), the Swiss Committee system (a variant of the parliamentary cabinet system), and the Republic system of 1948 (the Republic system).

What's the difference between federalism and harmony?

First of all, federalism is one of the forms of state organization. That is, the national system State system can be simply divided into federalism and unitary system (such as China and French). ), and a few are confederacy (such as the city alliance in ancient Greece). Under the Czechoslovak federal system, the first layer is the main units that constitute the Federation, such as states, states, countries and kingdoms, which divide the jurisdiction of the central and local governments by law. Federalism can be divided into two forms: loose and tight. Compact is the mainstream, such as Russia, Germany, India and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. There are also the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, the former Soviet Union and the former Yugoslav Federation. The biggest feature of these federal countries is that they have a strong central government and can safeguard the overall interests of the federal level. The situation in the former Soviet Union is quite special, with 15 countries joining the Republic of * * * as the first layer, but the largest Russian Federation did not have a central government (only during Yeltsin's period). In fact, the Soviet government is also the Russian government, and the Soviet Union is also the Russian government. Therefore, when Yeltsin organized the Russian government system, the entire central system of the Soviet Union was completely tragic because there was no soil for survival. Less loose type, in fact, is a transitional form to compact or confederacy, either advancing to compact, retreating to confederacy or directly disintegrating. Yugoslavia, for example, was a relatively loose federation, which later became a federation of Serbia and Montenegro and finally disintegrated. Czechoslovakia is roughly similar. During the cold war, it was a compact federal country. After the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, it quickly retreated to the Czechoslovak Federation and simply disintegrated a few years later. Obviously, a loose federation is closer to the confederacy system than a strong central government. The central system is empty, and there are great ethnic, economic, cultural and political differences among member units, so it is more likely to eventually collapse. As for the Commonwealth, it is a collection with similar history under the name of the British king, and can even be regarded as a forum organization, but it is by no means a holistic country. Second, the * * * system is one of the forms of political organization. That is, the regime. In this world, regimes can usually be divided into two categories: monarchy and harmony. According to the detailed classification, there is an absolute monarchy under the monarchy, such as the system in which hereditary monarchs in China, Saudi Arabia and other countries hold absolute power; Hierarchical monarchy, such as France before the Great Revolution and various feudal kingdoms; Constitutional monarchy, also known as parliamentary monarchy, such as Britain now. The special monarchy is dual monarchy, and the most representative country is the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, which is a dual constitutional monarchy formed by Austria and Hungary under the federal system. The two member countries not only have their own governments and parliaments, but also the Austrian emperor and the Austrian government. Moreover, in the form of political organization, the monarch and parliament exercise their respective obligations and powers stipulated by law at the national level. There is also the famous German Second Reich with a similar system, but there are more grand duchies in the empire. However, the political system is the same as that of Austria-Hungary, which is a multi-layer decentralization system between the monarch and the parliament. The most powerful king in Prussia is the imperial emperor, the prime minister of Prussia is the prime minister of the imperial government, and the imperial parliament and army are based on Prussia. Of course, * * * countries have the most harmonious systems, which can be roughly divided into American presidential system (the president is also the prime minister), French semi-presidential system (the president and the prime minister are elected) and Russian presidential system (the prime minister has executive power, but is appointed by the president). The State Duma in the lower house only has the right to impeach the Prime Minister and members of the government), the cabinet system of the German-Italian parliament, the people's democratic dictatorship (responsibility cabinet system), the Soviet system (cabinet system under the unicameral system), the Swiss Committee system (variation of the cabinet system of the parliament), the Republic system of 1948 (semi-presidential system in theory), the integration of politics and religion, and the former Libyan Jamahiriya system.

There are 125 republics in the world today, such as France. Kingdom: refers to a constitutional monarchy with the king as the head of state, such as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. At present, there are 16 kingdoms and principalities in the world: they are a form of constitutional monarchy, such as Andorra and Liechtenstein; The monarch is called the Grand Duke; A country in which the Grand Duke holds state power, such as the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and other federations; A unified country composed of several members, such as the Swiss Confederation; Some countries call it "alliance".

United States: It is a form of federalism, such as the United States of America and the United Mexican States. Jamahiriya: A country where all political parties are banned and there are no political parties, such as the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.

Emirates: countries with tribal chiefs as their heads of state, such as the United Arab Emirates and other papal countries; Countries with the Pope as the head of state, such as the Vatican Sultanate: all administrative power belongs to the Sultanate, such as the Sultanate of Oman, and some countries in the world, such as Japan and Bahrain, have not shown their national attributes because of their special political systems.