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American inventor. In history, it is famous for establishing factory laboratories and opening up ways to closely combine technology development with scientific research. 1847 February 1 1 Born in Mylan, Ohio, a Dutch immigrant family. 193 1 year1October 18 died in west orange, new jersey. I had only three months of formal education when I was young. From the age of 12, he worked as a newsboy, vendor and telegraph operator to make a living. Influenced by Faraday, he was engaged in electrical experimental research and invention all his life. 1868, he invented a ballot recorder and tried to sell it to congress, but it was not adopted. Edison's first invention did not find a market, which made him pay more attention to the practicality of the invention. 1869, Edison moved from Boston to new york. He improved the telegraph of Gold Index Telegraph Company, which was appreciated by the company manager and was hired with a monthly salary of 300 dollars (which was a very high monthly salary at that time). 1870, he moved to New Jersey and began his period of efficient invention. 1874 improved the typewriter. 1876, a carbon microphone was added to the telephone invented by a g bell, which improved the reception of sound.

1876, he founded his own famous laboratory. In this laboratory, he broke the tradition that a single scientist engaged in research alone, and organized a group of professionals (including N Tesla and others) who worked together to formulate topics and assign tasks, and worked together on an invention, thus creating the correct way of modern scientific research. 1877, he invented the phonograph and made him famous all over the world. 1878 started the research of incandescent lamp. After more than ten months of repeated failures, the incandescent carbon filament lamp was successfully lit on June 1879 and June 65438+1October 2 1, and it was lit stably for two whole days. 1882, the world's second public thermal power plant was established in Pearl Street, new york, and the electric lighting system in new york was established, which became the prototype of modern power system. The realization of electric lighting not only greatly improves people's production and working conditions, but also indicates the arrival of the electrification era of daily life. 1883, when Edison was testing a vacuum bulb, he happened to find a current passing between the cold electrode and the hot electrode. This phenomenon was later called Edison effect, which became the basis of electron tube and electronic industry. 1887, he moved to west orange, and in the same year, he founded a larger laboratory with updated equipment in the city, namely the famous Edison laboratory (later called the invention factory). Here, according to the invention of G. Hysmans, I made my own camera. 19 14 years, the earliest sound film system was made with phonograph and camera. In his later years, his inventions and innovations included batteries, cement mixers, recording telephones, duplex and multiplex telegraph systems and railway brakes. During the First World War, he was the chairman of Ren Haijun's Technical Advisory Committee, directed the research on torpedoes and anti-submarine equipment, and invented dozens of weapons. To this end, the US government awarded him the 1920 Medal of Outstanding Service, and the French government awarded him the Legion of Honor. 1928, the US Congress awarded him the Medal of Honor. Edison and his laboratory obtained 1093 invention patents all their lives. Edison made many inventions in his life, but after all, he lacked systematic scientific knowledge, so he could not make a correct judgment on the development of modern technology. At the end of 19, AC transmission system appeared, but he still insisted on DC transmission, and lost the contract to build Niagara Hydropower Station in the fierce competition with G. westinghouse; His laboratory blindly trial-produced magnetic mineral processing equipment, exhausted the funds obtained from the invention of electric light, and finally had to give up. However, Edison's contribution to the development of electric power, the manufacture of electrical appliances and the popularization of electric energy applications made him one of the greatest inventors in human history.

Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. Who invented papermaking? For a long time, people have always believed that it was invented by Cai Lun, a eunuch in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The main basis is the record of Biography of Cai Lun in the later Han Dynasty. The book said: "Since ancient times, book contracts have mostly used bamboo slips as book contracts, and silk books (that is, silk books tailored according to writing needs) have been paper contracts. Expensive and simple, inconvenient for people. Aaron invented bark, hemp head and cloth. Fishing nets are made of paper. In the first year of Yuanxing, play it. The emperor has a good skill, so he has been using it, so the world calls it' Cai Hou Paper'. " Therefore, some later works at home and abroad regard Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty as the inventor of paper, and take 105, when he presented paper to Hanhe, as the birth year of paper.

However, since 1933, the late archaeologist Huang Wenbi discovered a piece of ancient paper in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty in Luonaoer, Xinjiang, he had different views on the invention of papermaking. On May 8th, 1957, 88 ancient paper were found in the ancient tomb of Baqiao Brick Factory in the suburb of Xi, Shaanxi Province. This pile of ancient paper is very thick under three bronze mirrors. Although it has become fragments, the edge has not completely rotted. This discovery aroused the interest of researchers. According to archaeological research, it is believed that this tomb will not be later than the fifth year of Emperor Yuan Shou of the Han Dynasty (BC 1 18), so it can also be roughly determined that the age of Baqiao paper was before BC 1 18. This time is more than 200 years earlier than the time when Cai Lun made paper. In addition, from 1973 to 1974, two pieces of hemp paper from the late Western Han Dynasty were unearthed at the Han Juyan site in Gansu. What needs to be pointed out here is that1from June to September, 1986, archaeologists of Gansu Provincial Institute of Archaeology excavated a geological map in the ancient tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Matan, Tianshui. This paper is 5.5 cm long and 2.6 cm wide. This newly discovered paper map of the Western Han Dynasty is the earliest street paper object at present. All these strongly prove that China invented ancient paper which can be used for writing and painting in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty.

In addition, there are some records about paper in the history books before Cai Lun. For example, "The Old Stories of Three Ancient People" once said: Prince Liu Wei has a big nose, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty doesn't like him. Jiang Chong gave him an idea to "cover his nose with paper" when he went to see Emperor Wu again. At Jiang Chong's words, the prince covered his nose with paper and went to the palace to see Ming Chengzu. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was furious. This painting took place in 9 1 year BC. Another example is the Biography of Empress Zhao in Hanshu, which records that Zhao, the younger sister of Zhao, who was favored by Hanwu, wanted Cao Weineng, a palace maid, to send poison and a "book of harmony" after Cao Wei's death, forcing Cao Wei to commit suicide. According to Ying Shao, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Hehoof" means "tissue paper" (hereinafter referred to as silk cotton paper). Another example is the Biography of Jia Kui in the Later Han Dynasty. In 76 AD, the emperor ordered Jia Kui to select 20 people to teach Zuo Zhuan and "recite bamboo slips and paper classics". The above documents about paper are all earlier than A.D. 105, which is the year when Cai Lun presented paper to Han and Di.

The comrades who denied that Cai Lun invented papermaking thought that "it was the working people of the Western Han Dynasty who invented papermaking. After inheriting the papermaking technology of the Western Han Dynasty, the working people in the Eastern Han Dynasty improved, developed and improved it. Emperor Yong, Fang Shang ordered Cai Lun to organize a workshop in Shaofu with sufficient manpower and material resources, and produced a batch of fine paper made in Shangbeizi, which was played in the first year of Yuanxing. After the promotion,' everything in the world is natural'. " This is a point in the debate.

Another opinion insists that Cai Lun is the inventor of papermaking in China, on the grounds that "according to the explanation of paper in Shuo Wen Jie Zi by Xu Shen in Han Dynasty, all the papers mentioned in the ancient literature before Cai Lun were made of silk fibers, which were actually not paper, but by-products of bleached silk. Since ancient times, a Chinese-style plant fiber paper has to be cut, cooked, beaten and hung. Baqiao paper is not real paper. The reason is that "from the outside, the paper is loose and rough, and the thickness varies greatly." "Through the observation of solid microscope and scanning electron microscope, it was found that most fibers and fiber bundles were long, indicating poor cutting. They are formed by natural accumulation of fibers, and cannot be regarded as real paper without basic operation processes such as cutting and beating. Maybe it's just leftovers from retting textiles, such as a mess. Due to the long-term lining under the bronze mirror of the ancient tomb and the pressure of the weight of the mirror, the accumulation of fibers such as thread ends is flaky. In addition, the so-called ancient paper in the rest of the Western Han Dynasty is also very rough, and at best it is only the embryonic form of paper. Cai Lun and his craftsmen summarized and improved on the basis of previous bleaching and manufacturing embryonic paper, and transferred the production of paper from the raw materials and technology for writing to an independent industrial stage. Admittedly, "Cai Lun Paper" won't be made by Cai Lun, but without his "heart", this kind of plant fiber paper could not be made by local craftsmen alone. Therefore, even today when embryonic paper has been unearthed, it is still correct to regard Cai Lunping as the inventor or representative of papermaking in China, which has sufficient historical basis.

In addition, the record of Cai Lun's papermaking in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty quoted by China is mainly taken from Serina Liu's History of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Serina Liu and Cai Lun are contemporaries and should be credible. It can be seen from the records that Cai Hou's paper can not only pay tribute to the emperor, but also replace silk writing, and the paper quality must reach a certain level.

Some scholars also believe that whether Baqiao paper is a product of the Western Han Dynasty deserves further study. The reason they put forward is that "it is difficult to make a convincing scientific judgment on the production age of ancient paper before accurately finding out the life age of the tomb man." What's more, the tomb disturbed the soil layer and was disturbed by external sources, which does not rule out the possibility that it was brought in by future generations; The Changmawangdui, which is also the tomb of the Han Dynasty, is intact, as if nothing had happened. The owner of the tomb has a name to check and the historical materials are reliable. Unearthed cultural relics are so rich, except thousands of Jane Eyre and silk-woven ancient paper silk paintings, but there is not a piece of hemp paper. Some researchers also believe that Baqiao paper has handwriting similar to regular script, which is similar to the handwriting in the Three Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty unearthed in Xinjiang. Based on this, Baqiao paper may be the product of Jin Dynasty.