European Dutch immigration pit

In history, the names of Gaoshan people include the owners of their ancestors "Zuo Zhenren" and "Changbin Culture", the owners of Dajinjian Culture, Yuanshan Culture, Fengbizhou Culture and Taitung Peinan Culture in the Neolithic Age, and the records of Yi Shan (Yizhou) and the Sui Dynasty begging for help in the Three Kingdoms period. The immediate ancestors after the formation of Gaoshan nationality: Yi nationality in Ming Dynasty and She nationality in Qing Dynasty; After Japanese imperialism invaded Taiwan Province Province, Anjia changed its name to "Fanzu" and "Gaosha"; After the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Gaoshan people, the aborigines of Taiwan Province Province, the aborigines and the Gaoshan people in different areas, such as Ketagalan people, Kalmalan people, Docas people, Bazehai people, Ba braz people, Barbossa people, Shao people, Anya people, Silaya people, Maka people, etc., lived in the central mountainous areas and the eastern longitudinal valley plains and islands.

Gaoshan nationality is the collective name of the mainland compatriots for the indigenous minorities in Taiwan Province Province after the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it was officially named by the Government Affairs Bureau of the Central People's Government, and now it is commonly used internationally and on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.

Gaoshan (GS)

General situation of nationalities

Gaoshan nationality is a minority living in Taiwan Province Province. They mainly live in the main island of Taiwan Province Province, Taiwan Province Province, the longitudinal valley plain along the eastern coast and the mountainous areas of Lan Yu Island. Taiwan Province provincial authorities call them "mountain compatriots" or "mountain people" for short. Due to geographical and linguistic differences, there are Amir, Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun, Rukai, Beinan, Cao, German and Yamei. In addition, there are 65438+ Wanpingpu people who have been sinicized. Pingpu ethnic group includes 10 ethnic group in history. They are scattered in the plains and coastal areas of western, northern and southwestern Taiwan. They lived together with the Han nationality for a long time, intermarried, accepted the Han culture earlier, and basically merged with the Han nationality after the19th century. According to the fifth census in 2000, there are still 446 1 people scattered in Chinese mainland. Gaoshan people have their own language, belonging to the Indonesian family of Austronesian languages, and there is no written language. Gaoshan people in different areas use different languages.

national history

Neolithic cultural relics unearthed in Taiwan Province Province are closely related to those unearthed in Chinese mainland, especially in Fujian. People from Taiwan Province Province should have immigrated from the mainland.

In the traditional customs of Gaoshan people, there are many features of ancient southern culture, such as building nests, being afraid of men, boating, Chu Jiu, wooden drums, eating raw seafood, loving eat areca, chewing rice, drinking in a bamboo tube, crouching in a pit, feathering, flowered skirts, pearls, full-head clothes, tubular skirts, broken shells and so on. Among them, nesting, boat carving, tattooing, cutting teeth, piercing ears, eating raw seafood, cliff burial and snake worship are typical cultural characteristics of the ancient Yue people, which confirms the Gaoshan people and the ancient Yue people. Teacher's spirit and customs are the source of one pulse.

Gaoshan nationality was in the stage of primitive social development for a long time. According to historical records, during the Three Kingdoms period, the ancestors of Gaoshan nationality were divided into several tribes, and the members of the tribe were called "Milin", and public affairs were managed by the members of the tribe. They use stone axes, Shi Mao, stone rings, antlers as spears and bluestones as arrowheads, mainly gathering and hunting, and animal husbandry is underdeveloped. The prevailing marriage system of men marrying women is still in the matriarchal society stage. By the 7th century, agriculture and animal husbandry had been established, and the tools of production were still mainly stone tools, with a small amount of iron. Tribes have chiefs, do not collect taxes, and public affairs are still managed by tribal members. If someone commits a crime, tribal members will negotiate sanctions according to customary law, and those who are light will be responsible and those who are heavy will be executed. No words, no calendar, worship the mountain god Poseidon. There were many songs and dances during the rally. Existing sculptures and paintings. During the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the contact between Taiwan Province Province and the mainland increased day by day. According to books such as Dong Fan Records written by Changdi in Ming Dynasty, although the agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting of Gaoshan nationality were further developed than before, some special products had been traded with coastal residents in Chinese mainland, and Han people used deer breasts, deer skins and antlers, such as agate, porcelain, cloth, salt, copper and hairpin, which were easily obtained by Gaoshan nationality, but the tribe still "died of old age."

After the 7th century, a large number of Han people moved to Taiwan Province Province, and the Zheng regime adopted a series of measures that were beneficial to the economic and cultural development of Gaoshan people, which accelerated the social and economic development of Gaoshan people. Some Gaoshan people living in the southwest plain developed into feudal society. Since16th century, Gaoshan people in Taiwan Province Province have suffered many foreign invasions. 1563, Japanese invaders invaded the northern chicken coop (Keelung), burned and looted, and the local Gaoshan people were forced to move to the mountainous area. Later, Dutch colonialists, Spanish colonialists, American and Japanese invaders invaded Taiwan Province Province, and the Gaoshan people handed it over to the loyal opposition. They fought bravely and tenaciously, showing their patriotic feelings of defending their homeland to the death.

socioeconomics

/kloc-Before the great migration of the Han nationality in the 0/7th century, the Gaoshan nationality in Taiwan Province Province was in the primitive social stage. Ethnic minorities living in mountainous areas make a living by hunting. Ethnic groups living in the plain are engaged in burning, ploughing, fishing, hunting and gathering, and mainly plant taro, potato, upland rice and millet. They don't know that plows, rakes, hoes and axes, production tools and farming techniques are extremely primitive.

In Qing Dynasty, with the development of large-scale immigration, Gaoshan people in Taiwan Province Province generally introduced advanced production technology from Han people. Significant changes have taken place in the production and life of Gaoshan people living in the plain and coastal areas, and they began to plant rice, wheat, millet, millet, sesame and beans, while Gaoshan people living in caves and deep forests still focus on hunting and gathering and planting. Hunting is called "weeding", mainly deer, wild boar, bison, bears, leopards, rabbits and pheasants. Hunting tools mainly include bows, arrows, spears, knives and weapons. Hunting methods generally include fire hunting, trapping hunting and shooting hunting. The hunting scene is very spectacular. In modern times, hunting has become a sideline of Gaoshan people. In the customs of Amei and Penang people, group hunting is a necessary activity before and after major religious ceremonies. Yamei people in Lan Yu, Amei people along the coast and Shao people in Sun Moon Lake are also engaged in fishing. Fishbone, harpoon, bow and arrow, net, fishing raft, fish cage, bamboo cover, bamboo raft, fishing boat and other tools are usually used for fishing. Methods such as shooting fish, netting, fishing, building weirs, poisonous fish, dried fish, screen fish and luring fish were adopted. Yamei is the peak season for hunting flying fish from March to June every year. They formed a fleet on the basis of paternal descent groups and fished at night. Although Beinan, paiwan and Lukai people live by the sea, they are not engaged in fishing, but still take agriculture and hunting as their basic forms of production. Before 1949, some Bunun and Atayal ethnic groups of Gaoshan nationality still retained strong remnants of primitive communes, while Pingpu people, Paiwan people, Atayal people, Lukai people and Ami people have surpassed the slavery society and entered the feudal society stage. Pingpu and paiwan also have tenancy relations and polarization between the rich and the poor.

Since 1949, under the control of Kuomintang, the capitalist commodity economy in Taiwan Province Province has reached a relatively developed stage, and the economy of Taiwan Province Province is known as one of the "Four Little Dragons in Asia". Under the influence and promotion of the developed commodity economy, the agriculture, fishing and hunting economy of Gaoshan nationality has undergone tremendous changes. In the areas where Gaoshan people live, modern industry and agriculture have been developed, and the living standards of Gaoshan people, especially those living in coastal areas and plains, have been greatly improved. However, the level of productivity and economic development vary greatly from place to place. The economic development of Gaoshan people living in mountainous areas is still slow, and their living standards are relatively low.

Culture and art

The folk literature of Gaoshan nationality includes ballads, myths, legends and stories, which are rich and colorful and simple in Gu Zhuo. Ballads not only reflect various production activities such as farming, fishing, hunting and gathering, but also record the war songs of tribes fighting, resisting foreign aggression and defending territory. There are also folk songs, as tired as pearls; Political songs, attacking the shortcomings of the times, are powerful. Folk songs are fresh in style and beautiful in music. The myth of Gaoshan nationality is rich in connotation, and in the process of inheritance, it has formed a myth system with ancestor tracing, flood marrying compatriots and conquering the sun as the core. It reflects the belief, desire, values and artistic accomplishment of Gaoshan compatriots. In addition, there are many legends and stories about customs, outstanding people, "little black people", animals and plants.

Gaoshan nationality is a nation rich in artistic genius. Song and dance, music, sculpture and other national arts are famous all over the world. Gaoshan people in history, whether in labor, love, wedding banquet, sacrifice, etc. There are singing and dancing performances, holding hands, stamping their feet and singing, shaking their heads and closing their eyes, which are extremely coquettish. Yamei's hair throwing dance, Xia Sai people's low sacrifice dance and Amei's harvest dance all have high artistic level. In the history of Gaoshan people, there is a marriage custom of building houses and playing the piano and flute, so harmonicas and nose flutes are often used to play melodies. In addition, there are wind instruments such as nose flute and nose whistle; Percussion instruments such as wooden drums, xylophone and Chu Jiu, and stringed instruments such as bows can all play melodious music.

Wood carving art has a unique primitive artistic style in the Pacific region, among which the wood carving of Paiwan people is the most prominent. Regardless of the carving of houses, weapons and household appliances, the knife method is rough and the shape is simple. The theme of figure decoration is crouching portrait, and the combination of head, snake, deer and geometric patterns with totem characteristics, pursuing strong color contrast and exaggerated realism, hiding the soul in nature, elegant and simple. Paiwan's woodcarving ornaments are collected at home and abroad. In addition, Asian-American fishing boats also have unique carvings, and their artistic realm is praised by the world.

Living custom

In ancient times, the Gaoshan nationality took nudity as beauty. Use only a piece of cloth to shade the shade, and use fur to bind the waist. However, after contact with China culture, men gradually wear gowns, while women wear skirts and pay attention to the beauty of clothes. Except for hides and barks, clothes are mostly made of linen woven by themselves and decorated with colorful patterns. Men's clothing types, sleeveless corsets, shawls, corsets and belts are common in the north; Deerskin vest, chest bag, purse, corset and black cloth skirt are common in the middle; Long-sleeved coats, waist skirts, trousers and black headscarves are common in the south. There are short dresses and long skirts for women's wear. Yamei's dress is simple. Men cover their nakedness with T-shirts and wear vests. Women usually wear vests and skirts and wrap them in square towels in winter.

The diet of Gaoshan people is mainly cereals and rhizomes. Generally, millet, rice, potatoes and taro are common foods, supplemented by miscellaneous grains, wild vegetables and prey. Millet and upland rice are dominant in mountainous areas, and rice is dominant in plains. Pingpu people also specialize in fragrant rice and like to eat "grass paste" (grass paste mixed with salt in deer intestines). In the past, the diet was raw, but now the diet, cooking and enjoyment are very elegant. Gaoshan people are addicted to alcohol, tobacco and betel nut.

In the past, Gaoshan people lived in caves near mountains and rivers, or made grass from bamboo and made wood as their houses. At present, there are wooden houses, bamboo houses, huts, stone houses, grass-topped underground palaces and so on. But they pay great attention to the combination of modeling and practicality. Most of them are rectangular or square, with doors and no windows.

Gaoshan people also have the custom of body decoration, such as tattooing, tooth cutting, ear piercing, hair removal, abdominal girdling and so on. Body decoration is generally for adulthood, beauty, marriage, discipline and honor.

The marriage of Gaoshan people is monogamous, and it is forbidden for close relatives to get married. Most men and women are free to love each other. For example, Atayal people whistle to express their love, and some Ami women give gifts to men's homes to express their love for each other. In the form of funeral, Atayal, Bunun and Cao are all buried indoors and under the bed of the deceased. Paiwan people and Yamei buried the dead in the open space in front of and behind the house, and all the evil dead were buried on the spot.

Gaoshan people have many taboos: after pregnancy, women are forbidden to use knives and axes, avoid eating apes, bobcats, pangolins and fruits, and avoid having twins; Avoid snakes, bobcats and mice, and cross the dead and their burial places; Avoid seeing animals mate; No farting, sneezing or rape; Avoid eating animal heads and tails; Men are forbidden to touch women's special woven fabrics, hemp fabrics, hoes and pigsty; Women are forbidden to touch men's exclusive weapons, hunting gear, sticks, etc.

Festival activities

Important festivals of Gaoshan nationality include: sowing sacrifice (Atayal nationality, spring sowing ended in late March), peace sacrifice (Bunun nationality, the fourth day of April), ancestor sacrifice of "Ali" (Pingpu people, September 16th) and harvest festival (Cao people, Rukai people, Ami people, etc.). August 15th) and bamboo pole sacrifice (paiwan, October). The traditional festivals of Gaoshan people are usually combined with sacrifices. Because of its complexity, the authorities of Taiwan Province Province advocate simplifying the complicated matters and adjusting the merger. These are the main festivals that are popular now. During the festival, in addition to song and dance banquets, sports competitions, cultural exhibitions and entertainment activities were also added.

Religious belief

Gaoshan people still retain the beliefs and rituals of primitive religions. They worship elves, and there are different gods in different places, such as gods, gods who create the universe, gods of nature, gods who manage things and other elves and monsters. Sacrifices include agricultural sacrifices (including farming sacrifices, sowing sacrifices, weeding sacrifices, harvesting sacrifices, new grain storage sacrifices, etc.). , mainly millet sacrifice), hunting sacrifice, fishing sacrifice, ancestor worship, etc. Witchcraft is prevalent, among which divination methods are bird divination, dream divination, water divination, bamboo divination, ladle divination, rice divination, and various forms of witchcraft books. Due to the influence of Han immigrants and Dutch and Spanish colonists, the religious beliefs of Gaoshan people are more complicated. The Han nationality brought Buddhism, while the western invaders brought Christianity and Catholicism. These religions have taken root among the Gaoshan people. Now, primitive religious beliefs, Buddhism and western religions are intertwined in the religious life of Gaoshan people.

Gaoshan (GS)

Gaoshan nationality is the general name of ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province Province, including Bunun, Rukai, paiwan, Peinan, Shao, Taiya, Yamei, Cao, Amei and Han.

The name "Gaoshan Ethnic Group" is a general term for all ethnic groups in Taiwan Province Province after China's victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in 1945.

In history, especially before the Ming Dynasty, there was no such name as Gaoshan nationality. The ethnic origin of Gaoshan nationality is multi-source, but it mainly comes from a branch of Guyue people in the southeast coast of Chinese mainland. After the Han people moved to Taiwan Province Province, the aborigines were divided into two parts: one part settled in the plain and merged with the Han people, and was called Pingpu people, including Xilaya 2 1 Society, Hong Anya 13 Society, Barboucha 9 Society, Bazehai 4 Society, Baboulaz 4 Society, Daokasi 6 Society, Kaidalan 28 Society and Kamalan 34 Society. The other part still lives in mountainous areas and is less influenced by the Han nationality. Up to now, it still retains the characteristics of aboriginal language, customs and habits. Nowadays, Gaoshan people refer to these ethnic minorities in general. 1954, 14 In March, the authorities of Taiwan Province Province stipulated that Gaoshan ethnic group included nine ethnic groups (Taiya, Bunong, Cao (renamed as Zou in 1998+065438+ 10), Paiwan, North South and Yamei. Most of these ethnic groups are distributed in the central mountainous areas and islands in the southeast, and a few are scattered in Fujian, Shanghai, Beijing, Wuhan and other places. The total population is about 400,000, and there are 2,909 scattered people in mainland China (1the fourth population census in 1990).

Gaoshan nationality has its own language, belonging to Indonesian language family in Austronesian language family. There are great differences in the internal languages of Gaoshan people, such as Amir, Atayal, Paiwan and Bunun. Don't have their own language. The Gaoshan compatriots living in Taiwan Province Province have their own unique culture and art, and their oral literature is rich, including myths, legends and folk songs.

Most Gaoshan people are engaged in agriculture, and a few are engaged in fishing and hunting. There are handicrafts such as carving and weaving.

For a long time, the Gaoshan and Han nationalities have resisted the invasion of foreign invaders and developed Taiwan Province Province. During the 50 years of Japanese imperialism's occupation of Taiwan Province Province, the resistance struggle was particularly fierce, among which the Wushe Uprising of 1930 was the largest. 1947 Participated in the "February 28th" Uprising dominated by the Han nationality.

Taboo women should not use knives and axes after pregnancy, and should not eat ape meat, bobcat meat, pangolin meat and miscellaneous fruits. A woman's loom can't be touched by a man.

Daily diet customs Gaoshan people live on cereals and potatoes. Except Yamei and Bunun, several other ethnic groups take rice as their daily staple food, supplemented by potatoes and miscellaneous grains. Yamei people living in Lan Yu live on taro, millet and fish, while Bunun people live on millet, corn and potatoes (locally called sweet potatoes). In the production method of staple food, most Gaoshan people like to cook rice or steam glutinous rice and corn flour into cakes and cakes. When the Bunun people are cooking staple food, they mash the small grains of rice in the pot into paste. People in paiwan like to roll up millet with banana leaves, mix it with peanuts and animal meat, steam it and eat it as a holiday delicacy, and take it with them when they go hunting. However, as a small point brought by hunting, salt and other salty seasonings are generally not added to the stuffing. When hunting in the mountains, Atayal people like to use bananas as stuffing, wrap them in glutinous rice, then wrap them in banana leaves, steam them and take them away. Paiwan people like to mix sweet potatoes, cajanus cajan, taro stalks, etc., and eat them when cooked. Yamei likes to mix rice or porridge with taro and sweet potato and cook it as a staple food. When going out to work or travel, dry taro or cooked sweet potato and glutinous rice products similar to zongzi are often used as dry food. When paiwan and other ethnic groups hunt, they only bring matches, not pots. First, they build stones, heat them with dry firewood, and then put taro, sweet potato and so on. Under the stone, cover it with sand and eat it after cooking. Alpine vegetables have a wide range of sources, most of which are planted and a small amount is collected. Common ones are pumpkin, leek, radish, cabbage, potato, beans, pepper, ginger and various wild vegetables. When Yamei eats mustard, first shovel the growing leaves, rub them with salt, and leave them for two or three days before eating. The mustard roots left in the ground continue to grow. Gaoshan people generally love to eat ginger, and some directly use ginger dipped in salt as a dish; Some are pickled with salt and pepper. The source of meat mainly depends on pigs, cows and chickens. Fishing and hunting are also a supplement to daily meat in many areas, especially the Gaoshan people who live in the mountains. Captured prey is almost the main source of daily meat. There are many wild animals in the mountains, such as wild boar, deer and monkeys. Paiwan doesn't eat dogs, snakes and cats. And the way to eat fish is also very unique. Generally, after catching fish, they take a slate and heat it on the spot. They bake the fish on the slate until it is 80% cooked, and sprinkle with salt to eat. Children in paiwan are not allowed to eat eels or even the heads of other fish, which is considered unlucky. When a-mei cooks meat dishes, she likes to cut the meat into pieces, insert bamboo sticks, cook it and put it in a big pot, and the whole family gathers around the pot. Everyone uses rattan baskets to hold rice, * * * uses a spoon to scoop vegetables, grabs rice in one hand and eats meat in the other. During the transplanting season, they like to catch small frogs in rice fields, take them home, wash them with clear water, cook them and eat them. Some ethnic groups, such as Ami and Atayal, also eat raw fish caught. They also like to peel the hunted millet, add salt and marinate it with half-cooked millet for several months. Pickled foods are usually preserved in several ways, such as pickling, drying in the sun and baking. Pickled pigs and fish for a year or two. Gaoshan people used to drink neither boiled water nor tea. Atayal people like to drink cold water soaked in ginger or pepper. It is said that this drink has the effect of treating abdominal pain. I used to hunt in the mountains and also had the habit of drinking animal blood. Both men and women are addicted to alcohol and generally drink their own brewed rice wine, such as millet wine, rice wine and potato wine.

Festivals, rituals, sacrifices and eating customs, Gaoshan people are generous and hospitable. I like to hold banquets and song and dance parties on festivals or festive days. Every festival, pigs and old cows should be slaughtered, and a banquet should be given to give wine. At the end of the year, Bunun people used the leaves of a plant that ate "Sinoe" and steamed them in glutinous rice for their families to enjoy, to celebrate. The most representative foods of Gaoshan banquet guests are cakes and bazan made of various glutinous rice. It can be used not only as a holiday snack, but also as a sacrifice. And cooked glutinous rice to entertain guests. There are many sacrificial activities of Gaoshan people, including ancestor worship, valley worship, mountain worship, hunting worship, wedding worship and harvest worship, among which Paiwan people's five-year sacrifice is the most grand. At that time, besides banquet offerings, there will be various cultural and sports activities. Wedding and banquet scenes are very rich and spectacular, especially a lot of wine should be prepared. At that time, participants drank a lot of alcohol and had the custom of staying drunk. On the day of "Harvest Festival", the clansmen took an altar of wine to the scene, danced around the bonfire, ate and drank, and celebrated the annual labor harvest. People in paiwan often use wooden and beautifully carved mugs on celebration days, and they drink side by side to show their intimacy. If you have guests, you must kill the chicken and treat them. Bunun people leave drumsticks when entertaining guests, and they walk with them when they leave, which means eating drumsticks makes them walk more powerfully. Lu Kairen is good at baking taro with stones as stoves. Baked taro is crisp outside and soft inside, which is easy to carry and often brought to guests to eat on the road. When paiwan got married, he ground the millet into powder, mixed it with water to make a paste, wrapped it in fish and shrimp (the shrimp showed its tail), kneaded it into balls the size of eggs, put it in a boiling pot, cooked it and took it out.

Typical food Gaoshan nationality, ten nationalities have their own unique foods, among which the typical foods are: bacon, the way of storing meat by Atayal and Amir of Gaoshan nationality, among which Atayal pickled monkey meat, Amir pickled venison and wild pork are unique; Miscellaneous liquor is a kind of rice wine brewed by Paiwan people and Bunong people of Gaoshan nationality.

Introduction to Gaoshan Ethnic Group Gaoshan Ethnic Group is a general term for ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province Province, including Bunun, Rukai, paiwan, Beinan, Shao, Atayal, Yamei, Cao, Amei and Han.

Bunun people

Bunong (Bunong means "human" in alpine language) is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan nationality. It has a population of more than 30,000 and lives in 60 villages. Originally living in the high mountain area north of Yushan Mountain and west of the Central Mountain Range, he moved to Taitung and Kaohsiung. Now he mainly lives in Renai, Xinyi Township in Nantou County, Sanmin Township in Kaohsiung County, Taoyuan, Maolin Township, Haiduan Township in Taitung County, Yanping Township, Guanshan Town, Wanrong Township in Hualien County, Zhuoxi Township and Yuli Town. The total ethnic group is divided into three small groups: the northern Bunun nationality is distributed in the western foot of the central mountain range; Zhongbunong people are distributed in Kaohsiung County. Nanbunong people are scattered in Hualien, Taitung. Weaving, basket weaving, tanning and pottery making are relatively developed. Social life is a patriarchal system. After marriage, the wife follows her husband, the children follow her father, and the woman has a certain position in the family.

Rukai people

Rukai people are a group of Gaoshan people. With a population of more than 6,300 people, they live in 20 villages, which are distributed in the mountainous areas south of Alishan and Xinshan and north of Dawushan, including the Zhuoshui River and Ailiao River in the upper reaches of Gaoping River and the Dananxi River basin east of the central mountains. It belongs to Pingtung County, Wutai County, Maolin County in Kaohsiung County and the north and south of Taitung County, with Wutai Township being the most concentrated. The living habits of Lu Kai people are the same as those of paiwan. They live in stone houses and are famous for their pottery pots, beads, sculptures and tattoos. Classes have emerged in social life. Only one spouse is allowed in each generation, and the power is inherited by the oldest male. Side burial and straight limb burial were adopted after death. Language and culture are greatly influenced by Bunun people.

Paiwan people

Paiwan people are a group of Gaoshan people. The population is about 55,000, living in 160 villages. I used to live in the foothills, but later I moved to the mountains. Its distribution area starts from Dawushan in the north, reaches Hengchun in the south, starts from Ailiao and Fangliao in the west, and reaches the triangle south of Dali in the east. They are scattered in Sandi, Majia, Wu Tai, Lion, Chunri, Lion and Peony in Pingtung County and Jin Feng, Daren, Damali and Dawu in Taitung County. Paiwan people are divided into Paiwan and Tarot Tarot. The former lives in the middle of the distribution area of this ethnic group and has strong national characteristics. It is bounded by the central mountain range and divided into two small ethnic groups: Dongben. The latter lives on the east coast and is also divided into two small ethnic groups: the East Coast and Barila Leo. Nationalities are divided into civilians, nobles and other classes. Middle-aged children inherit power. Handicraft industry is relatively developed.

Beinan people

North and South are a group of Gaoshan people. The population is about 7,000, living in 8 villages. Legend has it that this clan originated from Banatu near Taitung and was once the owner of Taitung Plain. They are mainly distributed in the coastal areas south of Beinanxi and north of Zhiben, and live in towns and villages such as Beinan, Jin Feng and Daren in Taitung County. In the past, Rukai and Paiwan were listed as one ethnic group, and 1954 was confirmed as an independent ethnic group. Family rights are inherited by the eldest daughter, and family life is biased towards the mother.

Shaoren

Shao people are one of the Gaoshan ethnic groups and live in the Sun Moon Lake area of Nantou County. Some people think it is a part of Cao people, others classify it as a member of Bunong people, and others classify it as a branch of Pingpu people, but its language, customs and habits are unique, so it is considered as an independent nation.

Atayal people

Atayal is one of the Gaoshan ethnic groups. With a population of more than 64,000, accounting for 23.5% of the total population of Gaoshan nationality, it is the second largest ethnic group of Gaoshan nationality. Living in 120 village. Originally living in the western plains of Taiwan, I gradually moved to the mountainous areas under the pressure of the environment, mainly distributed in the northern half of Taiwan Province Province, such as Wulai Township in Taipei County, Fuxing Township in Taoyuan County, Jianshi Township, Wufeng Township in Hsinchu County, Taian Township in Miaoli County, Heping Township in Taichung County, Renai Township in Nantou County, Xinyi Township in Hualien County, Lin Xiu Township, Datong Township and Nan 'ao Township in Yilan County. This nation is divided into two sub-nations: Atayal and Sedek. The Atayal people are divided into Western Jewellery Group, Da (Shan+Ke) Group (Shan+Kan) Group, Hu Da Group and Xikailike Group. Sedkia is also divided into two communities, the east and the west. This nation has the custom of whale face and tattoo. Men are good at hunting, women are good at spinning and live by their husbands.

Yameiren

Yamei is a ethnic group of Gaoshan nationality. It has a population of 2,500 and lives in six villages. Distributed in the coastal area of Lan Yu Island in Taitung County, it is the only fishing and hunting group of Gaoshan nationality. The language is almost the same as that of Bataan Island residents in the northern Philippines. Agriculture is mainly based on the cultivation of taro, and its technology is famous for making pottery, shipbuilding and silver. The nuclear family dominates social life. This ethnic group loves peace and has no habit of headhunting.

Cao Ren (renamed Zou Ren in1998165438+10)

Cao people are a group of Gaoshan people. It has a population of more than 3,000 and lives in 12 villages. Originally distributed in the area from Daxi to Daanxi in Taoyuan, it later settled in Wufeng Township of Hsinchu County, Nanzhuang and Shitan Township of Miaoli County. The ethnic group is divided into two small ethnic groups, namely northern Xia Sai and southern Xia Sai. Within the ethnic group, people live with their fathers, and wives live with their husbands, unchanged from generation to generation, and limited to different spouses in the same generation. Dwarf sacrifices are held every two years.

Ameren

Ami (Ami means "north", which is what Ami southerners call northerners) is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan. Gaoshan nationality has the largest population, about 6.5438+0.2 million. It was originally distributed near Xiuguluan Xikou and Hengchun at the north and south ends of the longitudinal valley plain in eastern Taiwan Province Province, and then moved to the east of Hualien County and the northeast of Taitung County along the eastern longitudinal valley and coastline, including Taitung County 1 1 township and Hualien County 12 township. According to language, customs and regional differences, it can be roughly divided into four parts: northern, central, southern Ami and coastal Ami.

Xia Sai people.

Xia Sai people are a group of Gaoshan people. Gaoshan nationality has the smallest population, about 1075. Their ancestors moved from Dabajian Mountain to the flat land around Hu Da and Miaoli, and then gradually moved to the mountainous areas around Alishan and Wufeng Mountain in the southwest of Taiya settlement, belonging to Wufeng Township, Hsinchu County.

Recent development

At present, in Taiwan Province Province, aborigines are generally used to refer to residents of non-Han descent, and "Gaoshan ethnic group" is just one of them (Pingpu ethnic group, relatively speaking, there are more Chinese). According to the research of anthropologists during the Japanese occupation, it was divided into more than ten ethnic groups, and its language belonged to Austronesian language family in Taiwan Province Province. The total population of each ethnic group in Taiwan Province Province is about 44, and more than 4,400 people are scattered in Chinese mainland. But it is worth noting that not all Gaoshan people live in the mountains. For example, the Ami people who live in the East African Rift Valley in Taiwan Province Province and the Dawu people (Yami people) who live in Lan Yu don't live in high mountains, so this term is more general. In recent years, based on the standpoint of respect and more correct classification, the original names of "aborigines" or ethnic groups have been used instead of the two major ethnic groups (Gaoshan and Pingpu), but some people think that the term "aborigines" is more appropriate.