What did Albania participate in World War II for?

1March, 93915th, Germany occupied Czechoslovakia, which greatly encouraged the Italian fascist leader Mussolini. 1on March 25th, 939, Mussolini issued an ultimatum to Albania, ordering the government of sogou, Albania, to respond to the following demands before April 6th 12: Italian troops were allowed to land in the main ports of Albania; Allow these troops to control strategic arteries, airports and strategic border areas; Establish an Italian "immigrant zone" in Albania, and these immigrants enjoy the rights of Albanian citizens; Establish a customs union; Italian citizens living in Albania have the right to hold the most important public office; The secretaries-general of government ministries should be Italian; The Italian minister in Tirana and the Albanian minister in Rome should be members of the cabinet of the sending country. Although the sogou government kept Mussolini's ultimatum secret, the people soon grasped the truth. 1from April 3 to 6, 939, large-scale mass demonstrations broke out every day in Albania, and sogou abandoned his country and fled. 1On April 7th, 939, the Italian army of about 40,000 men, under the command of the supreme commander General Gujuni, arrived at the four main Albanian ports-Durres, Vlora, Saranda and Jinshen. Albania's resistance was quickly broken, and on April 10, almost the whole country was occupied by Italian troops.

During the period from 194 1 to 1944, * * * production guerrillas and nationalist guerrillas not only fought the Italian and German occupation forces, but also killed each other for the control of Albania after the battle. Relying on the support of Yugoslav Production Party, Albanian Production Party guerrillas armed with British and American weapons defeated the nationalists in the civil war from Italy's surrender in September 65438 to Germany's withdrawal at the end of June 0944. Military victory, rather than the charm of Marxism, pushed the Albanian Production Party from the backstage of Albanian political arena to the front. Albania's propaganda machine often proudly claims that the * * * production party has liberated the whole country, and not a single Soviet soldier has set foot on Albania's territory, but they have avoided the fact that the Albanian * * * production party was organized by Yugoslavs and armed by western allies. The withdrawal of Axis troops from Albania was mainly due to military failure outside Albania.

With the occupation of Albania, the Albanian people began to be enslaved by fascism, and also began the movement of the Albanian people for national liberation. Factories and large construction sites have become the center of struggle against capitalist exploitation and occupiers, and middle schools have also become the base of vigorous anti-fascist movements. However, the anti-fascist struggle in Albania at that time was not led by a revolutionary party. Therefore, in 194 1 10, Joseph Brouzet Tito, leader of Yugoslav * * * production party, sent representatives to Albania to try to merge many scattered and weak * * * production groups in this country into a unified party organization. In less than a month, they established an Albanian production party controlled by the Yugoslavs. A * * * party member with only 130 members was led by the Central Committee headed by Huo Cha. The strategic goal of the Albanian Production Party is to "fight for the national independence of the Albanian people and establish a people's democratic government without fascism in Albania."

After the establishment of the Albanian Production Party, all members of the Provisional Central Committee went to the states to set up new branches. However, the Albanian Production Party did not attract public attention at first, and its youth league organization hardly recruited anyone. By the middle of 1942, the leaders of A * * * had listened to Tito's suggestion, stopped the propaganda of Marxism-Leninism and focused on calling for national liberation, which made A * * * quickly gain many supporters. 1September, 942, A * * * brought together many underground resistance groups, including some radical anti-A * * * groups, and formed a broad United front organization-"National Liberation Movement" (NLM). In the past, Albania's * * * production party was out of the question. At this time, the name of the * * * production party quickly spread among the people, with more and more supporters. "

194 1 year165438+1October 28th, Albania "fired the first shot of the anti-fascist armed struggle", and the underground army killed an Albanian police force leader who persecuted political activists in Tirana. By 1942, guerrillas were everywhere in almost all Albania. According to statistics, there were more than 40 teams at that time, 10000 people. They attacked the motorcades and troops of fascist Italy, and at the same time, the underground army also carried out activities to eliminate fascist criminals in cities. The Albanian * * * Production Party also reported to the public all the achievements made by guerrillas or individuals through secret regular bulletins and pamphlets, especially on August 25th, 1942, the organ newspaper of the Albanian * * * Production Party, Voice of the People, was published in secret, "becoming the theoretical program and combat practice guide of the Albanian national liberation political movement".

1942, 16 In September, in order to unite the people of the whole country on a solid political and organizational basis, the Central Committee of the Albanian Production Party held a meeting of Albanian national liberation representatives in Pesa, and the meeting resolved to "combine the two historical processes into a revolution with unified time and space. These two historical processes are the national liberation struggle for the independence of the motherland and the establishment of real democracy in Albania.

After the Pesa Conference, Italian occupiers swept through 27 regions in southern, central and northern Albania with a large number of troops, burned down hundreds of farmers' houses and killed many women, the elderly, young people and children, but they did not put out the guerrilla movement. On the contrary, guerrilla movements are becoming more and more popular in Albania. 1942 65438+In February, the Albanian * * * Production Party received instructions from the Executive Committee of * * * Production International on the national liberation war, saying that it "recognized the Albanian * * * Production Party as a force in the international * * * production movement", which greatly encouraged Albania. 1943, 17 In March, the Albanian Production Party held its first national congress, calling on the Albanian people to actively participate in guerrillas, strengthen armed struggle and meet the general uprising. The meeting elected enver hoxha as the General Secretary of the Albanian Production Party. In response to the call of the conference, in less than three months, the number of guerrillas doubled, and they continuously attacked fascist occupiers in all directions of the country. In the battle of Permet alone, more than 500 enemies were killed. 1943 In April, the Supreme National Liberation Conference of Albania was held, and it was unanimously decided to establish the "National Liberation Army General Command". On July 6, the headquarters was established, and Huo Cha was appointed as a political commissar. /kloc-In August of 0/5, the "First Commando Brigade of the People's Liberation Army" under the command of Xie Hu was established, and it and 30 other guerrilla brigades fought all over the country until the cities were liberated.

Nationalist resistance

The nationalist resistance movement against Italian occupation appeared. Ali Krissula and Midkhat Flache formed the National Front, a pro-western anti-* * organization. Most of the participants in this organization are big landlords, rich peasants and middle peasants. The "National Front" opposed the restoration of King sogou and sought to establish a * * * Republic and reform the social and economic structure. However, the leaders of the National Front are very conservative, fearing that the occupiers will retaliate against innocent farmers or confiscate the property of landlords. In order to safeguard their property and power, nationalists such as Chief Geiger and the landlord Tosk made concessions to the Italians and the Germans successively.

After the Italians surrendered, before being occupied by the Germans

1943, with the fall of the fascist regime in benito mussolini and the surrender of the Italian army, the military and police institutions established by Italy in Albania collapsed. Albanian guerrillas dealt a heavy blow to five Italian divisions, and enthusiastic young people joined the guerrillas one after another. The Albanian Production Party controls all cities in southern Albania except Vlora, the stronghold of the National Front. Nationalists in the "National Liberation Movement" controlled most of the northern region. The British representative who worked in Albania during the war conveyed a message to the Albanian guerrillas: the allied forces planned to launch a large-scale landing war in the Balkans, and two Albanian resistance forces needed to unite to cooperate with the allied military operations. 1In August, 943, the allied forces persuaded the leaders of the * * * Production Party and the "National Front" to meet in Mukai village near Tirana, and established the "Albanian Rescue Committee" to coordinate the actions of the two guerrillas. However, due to the failure to reach an agreement on the status of Kosovo after the war, the two factions finally cut off all cooperative relations. The Yugoslav-controlled Albanian Production Party supported Kosovo's return to Yugoslavia after the war, but the nationalist National Front insisted that Kosovo was a province of Albania. Delegates attending the Mu Kai meeting agreed to hold a referendum in Kosovo after the war to determine the status of this region; However, under the pressure of Yugoslavia, the * * * production party soon broke its word. A month later, the guerrillas of the * * * production party launched an attack on the guerrillas of the "National Front" and provoked a civil war. The fighting was mainly in southern Albania until the next year. Chunqiu Chinese community

German occupation

1943, before the Albanian guerrillas tried to seize the capital, the Germans sent paratroopers to Tirana, occupied the whole of Albania and drove the guerrillas to the southern mountainous areas. Berlin then announced that it recognized Albania's independence and neutrality and formed the Albanian government, police and army. The Germans did not rule Albania with an iron fist. They prefer to win the support of Albanians through a series of measures, such as integrating Kosovo into Albania. Some "National Front" troops cooperated with the Germans in cracking down on the guerrillas of the * * * Production Party, and individual "National Front" leaders even served in the puppet government established by the Germans. Albanian puppet troops, such as the "Scandinavian" SS division, also massacred Serbs in Kosovo. 194365438+February, the third resistance organization, an anti-German royalist armed "Orthodox Army" was established in the mountainous area of northern Albania. It turned out that after the * * * Production Party announced Albania's secession from Kosovo, some Geiger guerrillas broke away from the "National Liberation Movement" and established the "Orthodox Army" under the leadership of Abbas Kupi.

* * * The producer takes over Albania.

* * * Temporary management of the producer

Throughout the winter, at the turn of 1943 and 1944, Albanian guerrillas fought fiercely with the Germans, and both sides suffered heavy losses, which lasted almost three months. The guerrillas failed to stop the German attack. 1in April, 944, with the help of British weapons, the "National Liberation Army" turned into a counterattack. In May, Albanian guerrillas set up the Anti-Fascist National Liberation Committee as a temporary administrative and legislative body, with enver Hoxha as the chairman of the executive committee and the supreme commander of the National Liberation Army. 1in the midsummer of 944, the * * * production party guerrillas repelled the last batch of "National Front" armed forces in southern Albania. When the guerrillas entered central and northern Albania at the end of July, they met only sporadic resistance from the remnants of the National Front and the Orthodox Church. The British military delegation instructed the nationalists not to resist the northward advance of the Production Party and forced Cooper to go into exile in Italy. By the end of August, the guerrillas had liberated most of the country, and then they launched an attack on the cities, beginning the final stage of national liberation. 10, Vlora was liberated. 10 year 10 October 20th, the city of Belat was liberated, and the Permet Conference was held here. The meeting decided to rename "Anti-Fascist National Liberation Committee" as "Albanian Democratic Government", with enver hoxha as Prime Minister. As soon as the meeting was over, the "National Liberation Army" went into battle again and started an offensive war to completely liberate Tirana, pushing the national liberation struggle to a climax. Under the cover of allied air force, Tirana was liberated and the "Albanian People's Republic" was established after 19 days of fighting. 165438+1On October 29th, shkoder was liberated again. This is the last city liberated by Albania.

Subsequently, the "National Liberation Army" crossed the border and helped Tito defeat the Albanian nationalists in Kosovo. Destroyed the remaining Germans in the Bosnian city of Visegrad.

End of war

During the Second World War, Albania's position was not prominent. Greece and Yugoslavia have always coveted the Albanian territory they lost or claimed. The "National Liberation Movement" supported by British military and diplomacy and inextricably linked with the Yugoslav Production Party ensured that Belgrade would play an important role in Albania's post-war reconstruction. The allies never recognized King sogou's Albanian government in exile, nor did they discuss Albania and its borders at any international conference. No one has made reliable statistics on Albania's losses in the war. However, UN relief agencies reported that during World War II, 30,000 people died in Albania, 200 villages were destroyed,18,000 houses collapsed, and about100,000 people were homeless. Albanian official statistics are slightly higher than this.