Historical evolution of Chaozhou

Chaozhou has a long history and is one of the second batch of famous historical and cultural cities in China announced by the State Council. Archaeological data confirm that Chaozhou was inhabited by humans at least 5000 years ago. In ancient times, the ancestors of the indigenous She nationality created oral literature-She nationality songs. Chaozhou people's ancestors belonged to Fujian and Guangdong. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, most descendants of the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved from Putian in southern Fujian to Chaozhou. Chaoshan is the land of Fujian and Vietnam. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, in order to weaken Fujian and Vietnam, Fujian and Vietnam were divided and ruled, and Chaozhou was placed under South Vietnam. The geographical encyclopedia of the Northern Song Dynasty recorded Chaozhou as the land of Fujian. The official book of the Ming Dynasty, Customs Victory in Yongle Dadian, records: "Chaozhou Prefecture is a local official in Guangdong, but it is actually in Fujian, and its language is quite similar to that of Sixia Prefecture in Fujian. The local sounds of Cantonese, Hui, Mei and Cao Cao are similar, and most of them can't be translated, but Haifeng of Hui is close to the tide sound, with different pronunciations and similar sounds and customs. " In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang (2 14 BC), South Vietnam was pacified; Counties, belonging to Minzhong County and Nanhai County respectively, were included in the territory, but at this time, there were few Han people in Shantou, Chaozhou today in the Tang Dynasty, and the number of Han people increased rapidly since the late Tang Dynasty. Ding Yuan in the Western Han Dynasty (before 1 1 1) belonged to Jieyang County, Nanhai County. The earliest establishment of Chaozhou House began in the sixth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (33 1), and it was located in Dongguan County in the eastern South China Sea and in Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (4 13). This Ian is the predecessor of Chaozhou dialect. The name Yi 'an County has been used for 260 years.

In the 10th year of Emperor Wendi (590), the whole country withdrew counties and set up states. Yi 'an County belongs to Yi 'an County and follows the state. In 2003, Yi 'an County was upgraded to a state. Because it is close to the South China Sea, it was named "Chaoshan", and Yi 'an County is governed by the state. In 592, the Sui Dynasty opened the emperor for twelve years and was included in Fujian. The official appearance of the name "Chaozhou" began at this time. 1400 years later, this title was basically used, but there were some twists and turns in the use of this title.

In the third year of Yang Di's great cause (607), the whole country went on strike to restore the county, Chaozhou was changed to Yi 'an County, moved to Yangzhou in the east, and was incorporated into Fujian again; In the fourth year of Tang Wude (62 1), it was called Chaozhou for the second time. In the fifth year of Wude (622), Zhou Xun was set up in Zhou Xun to take charge of Zhou Xun, Chaozhou and Shaozhou counties.

In the first year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (627), because of the convenience of mountains and rivers, ten roads were set up for surveillance. Chaozhou belonged to Lingnan Road at that time. In the third year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, it was again assigned to Fujian in 629 AD, and it was under the inspection of Jiangnan Road in Fujian. In the second year of the Tang Dynasty (AD 686), the southern part of Quanzhou was cut (at this time, Quanzhou was based in today's Fuzhou, which was finally established in the Tang Dynasty for a long time (AD 700), and it was abolished several times before), and a small part of Chaozhou was juxtaposed to set up Zhangzhou. At this time, the territory of Chaozhou also includes today's Xingning area. It can be said that it is east to Ganzhou, north to Ganzhou, Jiangxi (the east-west boundary is roughly equivalent to the boundary between Guangdong Province and Fujian Province and Jiangxi Province today), south to the sea and west to Zhou Xun (now Huizhou). In the second year of Tang Jingyun, 7 1 1 year, it was again included in Fujian, and Chaozhou successively belonged to Fuzhou Dudufu, Fujian Dudufu and Fujian Economic Mission. In the first year of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (742), the whole country changed the state into a county, so Chaozhou was renamed Chaoyang County. In the tenth year of the Tang Dynasty, 75 1 year, the jurisdiction of Jiangnan Road was changed to Lingnan Road. It was not until the first year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong (758) that it was renamed Chaozhou again, and the name of Chaozhou was completely finalized.

Chaozhou dialect can be used in Zhangzhou, and Xiao Yun, Zhao 'an, Dongshan, Zhangpu, Pinghe and other counties and cities under Zhangzhou have Chaozhou opera troupes to perform Chaozhou opera. It can be seen that the historical origins of the two places are interlinked. As a result, Chaozhou in the Tang Dynasty once bordered Fuzhou in Fujian and Qianzhou in Jiangxi. One source of Hanjiang River is in Xinluo County, Tingzhou (now Changting County, Longyan City), and the other source is in Xingning County, Zhou Xun (now Zijin County, now Xingning County belongs to Meizhou). It is conceivable that Han Yu's "Hanjiang River" at that time was entirely the region of hipsters except Tingzhou and Zhou Xun.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Chaozhou was called Chaozhou Road. In the second year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1369), it changed its course and built a government system, which was called Chaozhou House. The six years of worshipping the frame is the most extensive year *** 1 1 under the jurisdiction of Chaozhou government in Haiyang (now Chao 'an), Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping, Huilai, Chenghai, Puning, Pingyuan, Chengxiang, Tai Po and Zhenping.

After Sui and Tang Dynasties, with the war, frontier defense, exile and national migration, a large number of Han people from the Central Plains came to the south, bringing advanced Central Plains culture. After several generations of Song and Ming Dynasties, humanities gradually flourished and celebrities came forth in large numbers. The Korean army is called "Zou Lu by the Sea". At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, hundreds of thousands of Putian people migrated from Puxian to Chaozhou to escape the war. See the origin of Chaoshan Putian and related articles. Putian immigrants, from the language point of view, Chaozhou dialect is somewhat different from Puxian dialect today. The reason is that Putian people who stayed in Putian continued to be influenced by Fuzhou provincial capital dialect, and the original dialect-Minnan dialect was influenced by Fujian Oriental dialect, and Puxian dialect became a mixed transitional Minnan dialect with Minnan language foundation and eastern Fujian color. In the third year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1575), Nan 'ao Island began to belong to Fujian and Guangdong, and the deputy commander of Nan 'ao was set up, that is, "the deputy commander of Juck Zhang and other places in South Australia", which was stationed in two military camps in Guangdong and Fujian. In the 24th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1685), the Commander-in-Chief of South Australia was established, in charge of the military affairs in southern Fujian, Taiwan Province Province and eastern Guangdong. The whole island of South Australia was not allocated to Guangdong until 19 15. 1576, Nan 'ao Town was established.

In the 11th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1733), Chengxiang County, Pingyuan County and zhenping county of Chaozhou Prefecture were transferred to Xingning County and Changle County of Huizhou Prefecture, and Jiaying Prefecture was established, which was located in Chengxiang County. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the concept of Chaozhou had been basically finalized, and chaozhou people's understanding of Chaozhou at home and abroad was basically finalized on this basis. At this time, Chaozhou has eight counties under its jurisdiction, namely, Chao 'an (Haiyang) County, Chaoyang County, Jieyang County, Huilai County, Puning County, Chenghai County, Raoping County and Fengshun County. It is known as "Eight Towns of Chaozhou" in history, and it is also the definition standard for chaozhou people and hipsters at home and abroad.

Shantou Port has gradually become a coastal town under the Chaozhou government, with prosperous industry and commerce, and has become a new port connecting Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shanghai and overseas. 1904, Zhang Yunan, a native of Songkou, Meixian District, Meizhou City, saw that there was great development potential here, so they set up Chaoshan Railway Co., Ltd. to build a railway from the location of Chaozhou Prefecture to Shantou Port. 1906, the Chaoshan line railway was completed, and at the same time, it was equipped with the front of the "Chaoshan" locomotive to receive the car. So there is a new term "Chaoshan". 1907 On May 22nd, the Chaozhou Huanggang Uprising led by Xu Xueqiu appointed by Sun Yat-sen and He Ziyuan, the main ally of Jiaying House, broke out and was defeated on 6th due to being outnumbered. On the afternoon of the 27th, the Rebel announced its dissolution, and Commander-in-Chief Chen Yongbo and Yu were forced to avoid Hong Kong. This armed uprising was of great significance, but at that time, Nanyang Daily accused Sun Yat-sen of colluding with Chaoshan society and instigating Huanggang Uprising. The name "Chaoshan" is gradually widely known in newspapers. The land "Chaoshan" has gradually attracted the attention of the outside world.

The Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin added six ports: Qiongzhou (now Hainan), Chaozhou, Taiwan Province, Danshui, Dengzhou and Jiangning (now Nanjing). China and the United States signed the Tianjin Treaty, adding Chaozhou (later changed to Shantou) and Tainan as trading ports. 192 1 year later, Shantou established the municipal government, which became another regional highlight in eastern Guangdong after Chaozhou city. By 1949, the territory of Chaozhou was still relatively large, including Shantou City and Jieyang City today. From the jurisdiction, it also includes Meizhou and Shanwei. The second major territorial adjustment in China after the concept differentiation 1949 produced two concepts of Chaozhou, one in a broad sense and the other in a narrow sense.

Chaozhou in a broad sense, that is, Chaozhou in history, has a history of thousands of years, mainly including Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang and Fengshun counties in Guangdong Province today. * * * and living habits, * * and folk customs, * * and cultural background, * * and language environment, * * and value orientation, * * and chaozhou people.

The concept of Chaozhou in a narrow sense is now Chaozhou City.

Today's Chaozhou was upgraded to the original sub-prefecture level city in 199 1 and 12. Chaozhou, as a prefecture-level city, governs Chaoan District, Raoping County and Xiangqiao District. Xiangqiao District is also called Fucheng and Chaozhou. However, whether at home or overseas, the concept of Chaozhou still tends to be broad, even broad.

Contemporary Chaozhou has become one of the three prefecture-level cities in Chaoshan area, and local people pay more attention to separating Chaoshan from Chaozhou. For example, "Chaozhou dialect" and "Kung Fu tea" are not preceded by the word "Chaoshan". Moreover, overseas hipsters like to call themselves chaozhou people, and the overseas hipster club is also called "Chaozhou Club".

There are two concepts about Chaozhou, one is "Chaozhou" in the clan concept, and the other is Chaozhou in the existing administrative region, namely Chaozhou City. Ethnic Chaozhou refers to the county of Chaozhou prefecture in history and is recognized as "Chaoshan ethnic group".