What is the historical evolution of Singapore?

In the 3rd century AD, Malays named the main island of Singapore Prolong, which means the island at the end of Malay Peninsula. Later, Singapore was given another title as the country of the Straits, so early China immigrants took Selat as their origin and called it Stone. 1330, China yuan dynasty navigator Wang Dayuan came to Singapore for the first time. He called it Danmaxi in his book Island Brief, leaving a record that "in recent years, the Sukutai dynasty sent more than 70 warships to attack Danmaxi, which lasted 1 more than a month". 1365' s Ode to the History of Java is called Tamsik in Singapore, while 1430 (the fifth year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty) drew Zheng He's nautical chart called Temasek in Singapore. It was not until the end of 14 that the Sanskrit name Singapura (Lion City) first appeared.

English period

18 19- 1942

/kloc-In the middle of the 8th century, Britain was expanding its Indian territory and trade with China. They urgently need to find a port where their ships can berth and repair in order to gain an advantage in the trade competition with the Dutch. 18 18 At the end of this year, Governor Sir Stanford Raffles established a new trading port at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. 1819 65438+129 October, Raffles landed on the main island of Singapore, and found that this place has excellent conditions for developing into a port. The southern waters of Singapore are spacious and rarely affected by storms, and nearby streams are rich in water sources to provide drinking water.

Singapore was originally under the jurisdiction of British Indian colonial authorities. By 1820, Singapore began to generate profits for the British Empire. 1824, Singapore's colonial status was further established, and two new treaties were formally signed. 1826 became a colony in the Taiwan Strait. 1832, Singapore became the seat of the colonial government of the Straits. 1 April 8671day, officially became a British crown colony, directly under the jurisdiction of the colonial office in London. At the beginning of the 20th century, Singapore jumped from a swamp to become the seventh largest port and one of the most important strongholds of the British Empire.

During the Japanese occupation

1942- 1945

The Japanese air force suddenly attacked Pearl Harbor, and the Pacific War started. Japan's goal is to occupy Southeast Asia to obtain local natural resources. In addition, as the political and economic center of Britain in Southeast Asia, Japan is bound to win Singapore and drive the British out of Southeast Asia completely.

Singapore has a dense population of overseas Chinese and is the center of the anti-Japanese movement of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. Chen Jiageng's "Nanyang Overseas Chinese Relief Association for Motherland Refugees" only donated one item to resist Japan, and mobilized 8 million overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, raising a huge amount of foreign exchange of about 400 million yuan for China. At this time, the overseas Chinese in Singapore who fell into the jaws of death were jealous and retaliated by Japan because they had helped China resist Japanese aggression and organized volunteers to fight bravely. After the fall of Sin Chew, the Japanese launched a large-scale massacre (Singapore Massacre) against Chinese Singaporeans to vent their hatred.

The day after Pearl Harbor, Japanese troops landed in Kota Golu in northern Malaya. Only 55 days after the war, the Japanese army occupied the whole Malaya. 1942 February 15 (Spring Festival), after Bai surrendered to Japanese general Toyotomi Yamashita, Japan renamed Singapore as "Zhaonan Island" and administratively called "Zhaonan Special City". In February of the same year, from 18 to 25, in order to retaliate against Xinghua Volunteers and Singaporean Chinese who had previously supported China's anti-Japanese war, the Japanese army launched a clean-up operation in the name of "Great Inspection Certificate". The Japanese authorities have set up "screening centers" in many places. Their plan is to screen all Japanese men between the ages of 18 and 50, and eradicate all "anti-Japanese elements". In the end, the Japanese captured about 20,000 people, most of whom were taken to the suburbs or remote seaside for collective shooting, and the rest were sent to Thailand for hard labor. The Japanese army also blackmailed overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and asked them to hand over 50 million yuan as a bonus. The reason given by Tomoko Yamashita at that time was: "Overseas Chinese supported the Chongqing government's anti-Japanese war, and this bonus is a life-saving money for you to atone for the Japanese army."

Due to the serious shortage of resources, many people have to grow various crops in their gardens to eat. After three and a half years of suffering, with the surrender of Japan, the people of Singapore are all happy. Finally, the surrender ceremony was held in the government building on September 1945 12. According to incomplete statistics, during the three and a half years of Japanese occupation, at least 500 to 65438+ 10,000 Chinese Singaporeans were killed. In order to appease the souls who died unjustly, the Singapore Peace Monument was completed and stood on Meizhi Road on February 1967. There are inscriptions in different languages on all sides of the monument. The Chinese part reads: "1February 1942 15 to1August 1945 18, when Japanese troops occupied Singapore, countless innocent civilians were killed. It took more than 20 years to converge the remains, rebury them here, and erect a monument to mourn forever. "

Since then, Singapore has held mourning and sacrifice activities next to the monument every year to remember the civilians killed in World War II. If you are interested in the history of Singapore during the Japanese occupation, please search the video of the Singapore TV series "The Price of Peace". This series truly reflects the situation of that year. Years are silent, there is love in the world, and history will never be forgotten. The experiences and sufferings of martyrs such as Chen Jiageng and Lin Zhizuo and ancestors of Singapore in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression deeply touched the descendants of Singapore.

Towards autonomy and merger

1945- 1963

1September, 945, the British army returned to Singapore. 1946 In March, martial law ended and the Straits colony was officially dissolved. 1 April 19461day, Singapore became a British crown colony. Singapore after the war was very different from that before the war, and the people demanded a greater say in the government. The power of the Governor was devolved and an advisory group composed of official and appointed unofficial people was set up. This system became two independent executive and legislative meetings in July 1947. 1959, Singapore gained autonomy. 1961On May 27th, Malayan Prime Minister Tengku abdul rahman announced that he would unite Singapore, Malaya, Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo (Sabah) to form a federation. In this regard, Lee Kuan Yew decided to hold a referendum, and finally 7 1% voted in favor. 1963, Singapore, together with the then United States of Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah, established the Federation of Malaysia and broke away from British rule.

Singapore-Malaysia merger

1963- 1965

After the merger, Singapore began to have conflicts with the central government and had different views on the policy of governing the country. The first public contradiction between Singapore and Malaysia occurred on196365438+February 2 1 day. Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew criticized Malaysia's annual budget for not giving enough budget to improve social conditions. Businessmen in Singapore also began to complain that the central government discriminated against them. Instead of giving them the same benefits as other States, they gave them a hard-hitting system. Contradictions between bilateral economies 1964, 1964 In February, the central government asked Singapore to increase the tax paid to the central government from 40% to 60%, and then the temperature rose. Chen Xiuxin, then Minister of Finance of Malaysia, said that this was because of Indonesia's confrontational activities, which led to an increase in the arms budget. In the same month, the central government announced the closure of the Singapore branch of the Bank of China because the Bank of China funded the armed activities of the Malayan Party.

There are also political conflicts between the two places. 1963, the Coalition party composed of UMNO, MCA and Congress Party participated in the election in Singapore with the support of the central government. However, not only did the Coalition party not get seats, but the original three constituencies were also seized by the People's Action Party. 1In September, 964, ethnic riots broke out in Singapore due to sow discord among Indonesian agents. Indonesian agents murdered a Malay rickshaw driver and fled. Malays thought they were from China, so they took revenge. As a result, both sides suffered heavy casualties. The concept of "Malay supremacy" gradually moved to the center of the stage. Non-Malay political parties openly expressed their opposition to the creed of "racism". 1965 In May, the main opposition parties such as the Singapore Action Party advocated replacing the "aboriginal priority" policy of protecting aborigines with "Malaysia for Malaysians" as a way of national equality. The political contest between the Action Party and UMNO triggered two racial riots in Singapore. Finally, Prime Minister Tengku abdul rahman, on August 7 1965, demanded that Singapore withdraw from Malaysia on the grounds of avoiding the deterioration of the situation. Therefore, on August 9th, the ruling coalition headed by UMNO urgently passed the constitutional amendment in the National Assembly, and the National Assembly voted 126 in favour and 0 against the expulsion of Singapore from the Federation, so the island was forced to become independent.

Singapore * * * Republic of China

1965 till now

After independence, Singapore sought international recognition and joined the United Nations on September 2 1, 1965. In the same year, Singapore joined the Commonwealth in June+10, 5438. 1On August 8, 967, Singapore also established ASEAN. As a small country, the world doubts whether Singapore can continue to exist. In addition to sovereignty disputes, other important issues include housing shortage and lack of land and natural resources. The unemployment rate is as high as 12%.

In order to survive and live, Singapore has started a series of measures to develop industry and economy. Economic Development Bureau, established in 196 1, is committed to implementing the national economic development policy and attaching importance to the manufacturing industry. Jurong Industrial Zone was formally established, and light industrial bases were established in Leng and Daba Kilns. In order to attract foreign investment, the government decided to give preferential treatment to foreign enterprises. In the same year, the Economic Development Bureau was reorganized, and the Jurong Town Administration and the Singapore Development Bank were also established that year.

Rapid industrialization has made Singapore's manufacturing industry a major exporter of electronic products in the world within ten years. Although Singapore's domestic political freedom space was gradually suppressed, it achieved rapid economic development and soon became an important financial and entrepot trade center in Southeast Asia, and it was also one of the "Four Little Dragons of Asia" at that time. At the same time, the living standards of Singaporeans have been greatly improved, and problems such as housing, education and transportation have been solved.