Induction of compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior two.

Summary of compulsory 2 knowledge points of geography in senior high school

Chapter I Population

I. Population growth

1. The main factors affecting population growth: productivity level, medical and health conditions and education level affect the mortality and birth rate of the population, and then affect the population growth model. In addition, policies, social welfare and natural disasters will also affect population growth.

2. Population growth model (population reproduction model): original model: high and low (low level in developing countries), modern model: three lows (developed countries), traditional model: transition from "high and low" to "three lows" (high level in developing countries).

3. World population growth: Africa's natural population growth rate is the lowest in Europe; Asia has the largest net population growth.

4. Population problem-rapid population growth: great population pressure-population control (China implements family planning).

Population growth is too slow: population aging-encouraging fertility and accepting immigrants (China relies on developing productivity)

Second, population migration.

1. The main reasons for population migration: economy (migration from backward areas to developed areas), politics (political persecution, war, organized population migration), social culture (religious persecution, ethnic discrimination), ecological environment, and other factors (family background and marriage, visiting relatives and friends, escaping discrimination).

2, the significance of population migration (effect)

(1) Benefits: ① Strengthen national unity and promote national integration; ② Strengthen cultural exchange; (3) reducing the population pressure in the emigration area; (4) to provide cheap labor for emigration.

(2) Disadvantages: ① Causing brain drain in the emigration area; ② Increased the difficulty of social management in the emigration area.

Three. Population distribution and population capacity

1. Population and environmental carrying capacity: the population that a certain area can support in a certain period of time.

Reasonable population capacity: the number of people who can continue to support. The reasonable population capacity is less than the population carrying capacity.

2. Factors affecting the environmental population capacity (environmental carrying capacity): resource status, productivity level, openness and consumption level.

Chapter II Urban Spatial Structure and Urbanization

First, the spatial structure of the city.

1, urban functional zoning-the same urban land use type is clustered.

(1) business circle: located in the city center, on both sides of the main traffic road-convenient transportation, developed communication and large flow of people; Strong ability to pay rent.

Central Business District (CBD): Dense buildings, high-rise buildings and convenient transportation-the area is limited, but the demand is large.

(2) Industrial zone: generally distributed on the edge of the city, with convenient transportation, and most rivers, railways and highways pass by.

(3) Residential area: it is the most extensive land use mode in the city.

(4) Cultural district: generally speaking, it is required to have a beautiful environment and stay away from the industrial and commercial district. Attention should be paid to the protection of cultural relics and historic sites in urban construction.

2. Reasons for the formation of urban regional functional zoning: historical factors, economic factors, social factors and administrative factors.

3. City size, regional structure and service scope

Small cities: the differentiation of regional structure is not obvious, and the types of services provided are few, the level is low and the scope of services is small. Big cities: the regional structure is clearly differentiated, and the services provided are various, high-level and wide-ranging.

Second, urbanization.

1. Signs of urbanization: ① the increase of urban population; ② the increase of the proportion of urban population to the total population; ③ The expansion of urban land use scale. One of the most important indicators is the percentage of urban population to the total population.

2. Characteristics of urbanization after World War II: ① The development speed of big cities is faster than that of small cities; ② The number of big cities is increasing; ③ Megacities with a population of 1 10,000 have developed rapidly. -the trend of great urbanization

3. Urbanization in developed countries

① Features: Early start, high level, slow speed and anti-urbanization.

② Reasons for anti-urbanization: the demand for environmental quality has increased, and the infrastructure in rural areas and small towns has been gradually improved. "

4. Urbanization in developing countries

① Features: late start, low level, high speed and obvious urbanization trend.

② Urbanization in China lags behind industrialization. (3) Unreasonable urban development: big cities expand rapidly, small and medium-sized cities develop slowly, and the population is concentrated in a few big cities.

5. The general law of urbanization: urbanization-suburban urbanization-reverse urbanization-re-urbanization.

Fourth, the impact of urbanization on the natural environment.

1, the impact of urbanization on the natural environment

(1) Impact on climate: heat island effect, rain island effect, thermal circulation in suburbs, and serious air pollution.

(2) Impact on hydrology: For groundwater, the infiltration volume decreases, and the range and depth of groundwater funnel area increase.

For river water, the speed of slope water is accelerated, and the time of river catchment is shortened, which makes it easier to form flood peaks.

Water quality-urban industrial wastewater and domestic sewage pollute urban water sources.

(3) Impact on biology: the variety of lawn and plantation is single; The destruction of biological habitats reduces biodiversity.

2. Protect and improve the urban environment-"eco-city"

① Establish satellite cities, develop new areas and disperse urban functions.

② Improve urban traffic and living environment. Broaden main roads, build ring roads, and build elevated roads, subways, and light rail transit.

③ Protecting and managing the urban environment. Vigorously strengthen greening construction.

Chapter III Human Production Activities and Regional Relations

First, agricultural location factors

1. Natural factors (climate, water source, topography, soil): transformation-greenhouse agriculture, terraced fields, fertilization and watering.

2. Socio-economic factors (market, transportation, land rent, policy, labor force)

The market determines the type and scale of agriculture.

With the development of traffic conditions (especially fresh-keeping and refrigeration technology), the influence of market on agricultural location has expanded geographically.

3. Technical factors (breeding, machinery, fertilizers and pesticides)

Cultivate improved varieties (high yield, drought tolerance, cold tolerance, storage tolerance and other varieties. ): it is conducive to expanding the planting area.

Mechanization: it can improve labor productivity.

Application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. : It can increase the output per unit area.

Second, the main types of agricultural areas

1, commodity grain agriculture

(1) Distribution: Mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia and other countries.

(2) Main varieties: wheat and corn (dryland crops, which are convenient for mechanized production).

(3) Formation conditions (location advantage): Natural conditions: flat terrain, vast arable land, vast land and sparsely populated.

Socio-economic conditions: developed transportation and high technical level.

Technical conditions: high degree of mechanization.

(4) Features: large production scale; High degree of mechanization; Give priority to family farms.

2. Rice planting:

(1) Distribution: East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia monsoon regions.

(2) Location conditions: ① Climate: monsoon climate, with simultaneous rain and heat, suitable for rice growth ② Terrain: the lower reaches of the river plain or estuary delta, with flat terrain and deep soil layer, which is beneficial to farming ③ Labor force: (labor-intensive agriculture) dense population and abundant labor force, which is beneficial to intensive cultivation ④ History: long planting history and rich traditional experience.

(3) Features: ① Small-scale farming ② High output, low commodity rate ③ Low mechanization level ④ Large amount of water conservancy projects.

3. Mixed agriculture

(1) is mainly mixed agriculture of livestock and grain. Pond production in the Pearl River Delta of China is mainly a mixed agriculture of fishery and forestry.

(2) Distribution: Europe, North America, Australia ("countries riding on sheep's backs" and "countries sitting on harvesters").

(3) Characteristics (Take the "Wheat-Shepherd Belt" in Murray-Darling Basin as an example)

(1) benign agricultural ecosystem:

Mutual benefit: planting provides feed for animal husbandry, and animal husbandry provides fertilizer for planting.

Fallow rotation, (conducive to restoring soil structure and improving soil fertility), planting and pasture.

(2) Effective and reasonable farming arrangement: during the busy season of wheat farming, the wheat will be grazed in leisure time (sowing in May-June,11-65438+February).

(3) Flexible production choice: according to the market, decide whether to breed more wheat or sheep.

(4) Location advantages:

Natural factors: ① climate: warm and humid; ② Terrain: flat and open; ③ Soil: fertile soil; ④ Water source: good irrigation conditions.

Socio-economic factors: ① The land is vast and sparsely populated, the farm is large, the transportation is convenient, the market is broad, and it faces the international market. ④ High level of mechanization. ⑤ High technical level. ⑤ Government encouragement and support.

4. Pasture animal husbandry

(1). Distribution (USA, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and other countries).

(2) Features: large production scale, high degree of specialization and high commodity rate.

(3) Location conditions: ① Warm climate and lush vegetation;

② The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is low;

③ Close to the harbor, with convenient land and water transportation.

(4) Measures: ① Cultivate improved cattle and strengthen the study of cattle diseases; (2) Fence grazing and rotational grazing in different areas; ③ Open up water sources, plant feed and improve traffic conditions.

4. Other types of agricultural areas

Region type

Distribution area

cause

main feature

Migrating agriculture

Some primitive tribal areas

Low productivity, "slash and burn"

Affect biodiversity; climatic deterioration

Dairy farming

Developed countries, around big cities in China, etc.

Developed countries have a high level of urbanization, developed economy and concentrated population in big cities, so there is a great demand for milk and its products.

High commodity rate; High degree of mechanization;

Affected by urban distribution;

The degree of intensification is high.

Chapter IV Formation and Development of Industrial Zones

Location factors affecting industry

Natural factors: raw materials, land and water.

Socio-economic factors: labor force, market, transportation, policy, technology, power (energy), industrial and agricultural foundation.

4. 1 industrial location factors and location selection

1, economic benefits

From the perspective of economic benefits, factories should choose places with obvious geographical advantages to obtain profits at the lowest production cost. [memory]

Type name

Typical industrial sector

Dominant development area

Raw material-oriented industry

Sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry, fruit processing industry

Areas rich in industrial raw materials.

Market-oriented industry

Bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing industry, printing industry

Areas close to the product consumption market

Power-oriented industry

Non-ferrous metal smelting industry and chemical industry

An area with sufficient energy supply

Industries for cheap labor

Ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, belt wrapping, umbrella making and shoemaking industries.

An area with a lot of cheap labor.

Technology-oriented industry

Integrated circuits, aerospace, aviation, precision instruments

Areas with developed education and technology.

2. Social welfare [understanding]

The influence of national policy changes: the need of national defense;

The influence of personal preference: the influence of industrial inertia;

3, environmental benefits [understanding+memory]

Read the textbook "Location Selection Map of Heavy Pollution Industries" and analyze how to choose the location of heavy pollution industries. Analysis process: factory-pollution type-how to control it

4.2 the formation of industrial areas

I. Industrial Relevance-Industrial Agglomeration-Industrial Region [Understanding Memory]

1. Industrial linkages

(1) Input-output relationship

The first is that the output of enterprise A is the input of enterprise B, such as spinning, weaving, printing and dyeing, and clothing manufacturing. The connection between different processes in the same factory also belongs to this kind of connection, such as production line.

(2) unproductive spatial connection

Some factories are not related to each other in the production process, but are related to each other in geographical space. Some factories are connected to each other for the use of infrastructure, and some factories are connected for cheap labor, such as different industrial enterprises in some economic and technological development zones.

work

3) Information contact

4.2 the formation of industrial areas

1, industrial agglomeration and the formation of industrial regions

(1) Leading factors leading to agglomeration: infrastructure such as roads, water supply and power supply; Cheap labor; Distribution of resources and energy, etc.

(2) Agglomeration benefits-scale benefits-(reducing costs and improving profits)

① Strengthen information exchange and technical cooperation among enterprises;

② Reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products;

(3) * * * Utilize infrastructure such as roads, water supply, power supply and communication in the industrial zone to save investment in production and construction;

(4) It is conducive to centralized treatment of environmental pollution problems in the production process.

2. Industrial decentralization and industrial regional contact

(1) Reasons for industrial dispersion: In order to give full play to the location advantages of different places (for example, multinational companies are looking for locations on a global scale).

(2) Conditions for industrial decentralization: ① Modern transportation mode-convenient, fast and cheap; ② Modern communication technology and means-the "simultaneity" of the world. 4.3 Traditional industrial zones and new industrial zones

A, the traditional industrial zone [understanding and memory]

1, mainly distributed in Ruhr, central England, industrial zone in northeast America, industrial zone in south-central Liaoning, China, etc.

2, the characteristics of the traditional industrial zone [memory]

(1) Generally, it is based on rich coal and iron resources, with textile, coal, steel, machinery, chemical industry and other traditional industries as the main industries;

(2) Take large enterprises as the axis, and gradually develop;

Second, the development, decline and transformation of Ruhr (see textbook map)

1. Location characteristics of development [memory]

(1) Rich coal resources (2) Close to iron ore (3) Rich water resources (4) Convenient transportation (5) Broad market.

2. The main reason for the decline [memory] After the 1950s, the economy began to decline because:

(1) Five traditional industrial sectors in Ruhr with single production structure: coal, electricity, steel, machinery and chemical industry; (2) The energy status of coal is declining; (3) global steel surplus; (4) the influence of the new technological revolution; (5) Land shortage and serious environmental pollution.

3. Comprehensive improvement measures [memory] All traditional industries in the world can learn from it.

In 1960s, Ruhr began to implement the general rules of comprehensive transformation, mainly from four aspects.

First, adjust the industrial structure (expand the production scale of individual factories and mines, build or introduce small and medium-sized enterprises with high technical level)

B, adjust the industrial layout (expand to the west and south; Iron and steel industry shifts to the coast)

C development of tertiary industry (development of science and technology, education, industrial tourism and financial services)

D, optimize the environment

4. Transformation of resource-exhausted cities (industrial zones): For resource-exhausted cities, the urban development process and urban resources (whether minerals, land, human resources) are different, and they cannot follow a fixed model, so they should carry out economic transformation according to their own characteristics. For example, the transformation direction of Datong in Shanxi is mainly tourism, coal deep processing and emerging industries, while Pingdingshan in Henan develops salt chemical industry in addition to coal chemical industry.

The way out for this type of city or region transformation: we can learn from the transformation measures of Ruhr district in Germany, and the general rule is: (1) optimize the industrial structure, (2) cultivate advantageous industries based on local location advantages, and (3) actively develop the tertiary industry and tourism.

Third, the concept and distribution of emerging industrial zones [understanding and memory]

1. Concept: Emerging industrial zone refers to the industrial zone dominated by flexible small and medium-sized enterprises in some rural areas of developed countries after 1950s.

2. Main distribution: in northeast and central Italy, southern Germany, "Silicon Valley" in the United States and "Silicon Island" in Japan (Kyushu Island).

Fourth, the new industrial zone in Italy (see the map in the textbook)

1. Main conditions for developing new industrial zones in Italy [memory]

(1) A large number of cheap labor is the condition for local development;

(2) The sharp rise in the prices of raw materials and energy in 1970s was an international condition for development;

③

Domestic conditions

Developed credit system

④ Italy's highly open economy.

⑤ Strong support from the government.

2. Unique development model-industrial community

(1) concept

Refers to the small and medium-sized enterprises in a region (between production enterprises and production enterprises, between production enterprises and non-production enterprises), taking a business activity as the center, and according to the needs of modern management, gradually establishing mutual trust and relatively stable cooperative relations and production, supply and marketing systems.

(2) Function

It is helpful to strengthen specialization, improve production efficiency, reduce production costs and enhance competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets.

3. Wenzhou industry can learn from: (1) mutual communication and cooperation between enterprises; (2) perfecting socialized service system; (3) improving the technical level of production and management personnel.

Five, the United States "Silicon Valley" (see the textbook map)-microelectronics industry as the leading [understanding memory]

1. feature

Since the middle and late 20th century, driven by the new technological revolution, some emerging industries with high technology content have developed rapidly.

(1) Talent: The level of employees is high.

(2) products: high research and development costs;

(3) rapid growth and renewal;

(4) The products are geared to the international market.

2. The reason for the rise [memory]

(1) has an excellent geographical location and a beautiful environment. Southeast San Francisco

(2) The climate is pleasant. Here belongs to the Mediterranean climate, warm and humid.

(3) Institutions of higher learning. Stanford University

(4) Convenient transportation and quick access. Mainly road and air transportation (airport).

(5) Military orders: special conditions! (U.S. Department of Defense)

Location factors of high-tech industries in the world: (1) geographical location (2) environmental factors (3) traffic factors.

(4) scientific and technological talents.

Chapter V Traffic Layout and Its Influence

I. Main modes of transportation and their characteristics: [Understanding and Memory]

Mode of transport

superiority

disadvantaged

railway transportation

One of the most important modes of transportation in modern times. Large volume, high speed, low freight rate, little influence by natural factors and good continuity.

Railway construction costs a lot, consumes a lot of metal materials, covers a wide area and has high short-distance transportation costs.

highway transportation

The fastest growing, most widely used and increasingly important mode of transportation. Flexible, quick turnover, convenient loading and unloading, and strong ability to adapt to various natural conditions.

Small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high cost and expensive freight.

water transport

The oldest mode of transportation has large volume, low investment and low cost.

The speed is slow, the flexibility and continuity are poor, and it is greatly affected by the hydrological conditions and meteorology of the waterway.

air transport

It is the fastest modern transportation mode with high speed and high transportation efficiency.

Small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high freight, large equipment investment and strict technical requirements.

pipeline transport

A new mode of transportation combining means of transportation and lines. The goods are mainly crude oil, refined oil, natural gas, coal slurry and other ore pulp. The gas does not volatilize, the liquid does not flow out, the loss is small, the continuity is strong, it is stable and safe, the management is convenient, it can be all-weather, and the traffic flow is large.

Pipeline transportation needs to lay special pipelines, which has large equipment investment and poor flexibility.

Second, the formation and development trend of traffic network:

A transportation network formed by one mode of transportation, a transportation network formed by more than two modes of transportation and a comprehensive transportation network in different regions.

Development trend: Transportation is not only increasingly networked and internationalized, but also increasingly high-speed, large-scale and specialized.

Third, [Understanding Memory]

Location factors of traffic lines and stations: 1, natural factors (topography and geological conditions) 2, social factors (population and city).

3. Economic factors (leading factors and decisive factors) 4. Technical factors (guarantee)

A. Location factors affecting railway construction: economic and social factors become decisive factors. Take the Beijing-Kowloon Railway as an example (1, rational transportation network layout, 2, promoting economic development along the route, 3, maintaining long-term stability and prosperity of Hong Kong, and 4, advanced science and technology as a guarantee).

B. Location factors affecting highway construction: to build a highway, 1. We should make full use of favorable natural conditions and avoid sections with complex terrain, geology and hydrological conditions. 2. Try to occupy less cultivated land and handle the relationship with urban development.

E. Conditions for port construction: The port location is not only affected by water conditions (such as navigation conditions and berthing conditions), but also by land conditions (such as port construction conditions and hinterland conditions). The location factors of Shanghai Port mainly include: First, Shanghai Port is the estuary port of the Yangtze River Delta and also the seaport. The main port areas are distributed along Huangpu River, and the delta is flat and open, which provides conditions for port construction. On the one hand, the Yangtze River provides fresh water for the port, on the other hand, it ensures the navigation space for ships, but the delta slope is small, and sediment is easy to deposit and block the river. Second, the economic hinterland of Shanghai Port is the most developed area in China. Third, Shanghai Port is based in Shanghai.

Fourth, the important traffic network [memory]

1, railway network (required by liberal arts)

Five horizontal:

Jingbao Baolan Longhai Lanxin Line

Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Hunan-Guizhou-Kunming-Binzhou-Binnan-Kunming

Seven cases

Beijing-Shanghai-Beijing-Kowloon-Beijing-Harbin-Jingguang Transportation-Liu Zhi Baocheng-Cheng Kun Lanqing-Qinghai-Tibet

2, the significance of railway construction:

Political strategic significance-(1) is conducive to people's exchanges and cultural exchanges and promotes national unity; (2) It is conducive to consolidating national defense security.

Economic significance-(1) Promote resource development and turn resource advantage into economic advantage; (2) Promote the production and circulation of commodities and promote the economic development along the route. (3) Improve the transportation and railway network.

4. How to solve the urban traffic congestion: (1) Reasonably plan the urban roads and improve the road network; (2) Bicycle travel; (3) Prohibit large trucks from entering the city center, and the city center implements the system of single and double-day driving of cars.

Chapter VI Coordinated Development of Humanities and Geographical Environment

6. 1 Evolution of the thought of man-land relationship

First, the historical review of the relationship between man and land: [memory]

period

Human thought

Man-land relationship

Hunting civilization

Worship nature

Basic coordination of human-land relationship

agricultural society

tame nature

Confrontation has increased and the environment has been destroyed.

the Industrial Revolution

Conquer nature

The relationship between man and land is completely uncoordinated.

New technological revolution

Mankind seeks coordinated development.

Take the road of sustainable development

Second, face up to environmental problems.

1, environmental problems [understanding and memory]

The environment has a certain ability to contain and remove human production and living excreta (environmental self-purification ability). When the speed at which human beings ask for resources from the environment exceeds the regeneration speed of the resources themselves and their substitutes, or the amount of waste discharged into the environment exceeds the self-purification ability of the environment, environmental problems will occur.

2. Manifestations of environmental problems: [memory] (1) shortage of resources (2) ecological destruction (3) environmental pollution.

Environmental problems in today's world are mainly manifested in two categories: environmental pollution (including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, solid waste pollution, marine pollution and radioactive pollution) and ecological damage (including soil erosion, land desertification, soil salinization, increased carbon dioxide content and ozone destruction, resource depletion and decreased biological species).

3, the distribution of environmental problems: [memory]

Urban areas are mainly characterized by environmental pollution, while rural areas are mainly characterized by ecological destruction. The environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed regions (the reasons are: the environment is under the dual pressure of development and population; Backward economic and technical level; Industrial transfer with serious pollution in developed countries).

Third, sustainable development.

Prevention and treatment of environmental problems: [understanding and memory]

The main causes of environmental problems (population pressure, unreasonable utilization of resources, one-sided pursuit of economic growth); Generally speaking, the essence of environmental problems is development, which is produced in the process of development and must be solved in the process of development.

2. Sustainable development

(1) The concept of sustainable development: it not only meets the needs of its contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Its connotation is summarized as: ecological sustainable development (foundation), economic sustainable development (condition) and social sustainable development (purpose), which are interrelated and mutually restricted to form a system together. (textbook map)

(2) Principles: fairness, continuity and * * * same sex.

6.2 China's sustainable development practice

1, inevitability: [memory]

1) Great population pressure 2) Resource shortage 3) Deep environmental crisis.

2. Mode-Circular economy is an important mode. [memory]

Circular economy takes environmentally sound technology as the means, takes improving ecological benefits as the core, and uses economic resources and environmental resources in an environmentally friendly way to realize the ecologicalization of economic activities.

1) The embodiment of circular economy in industry is cleaner production.

Cleaner production evaluates the impact of products on the environment from the whole process of raw material mining, manufacturing, consumption and waste treatment, and overcomes the disadvantages of traditional industrial production that only pays attention to terminal treatment. Can bring good environmental benefits and economic benefits.

2) Circular economy is mainly manifested in ecological agriculture.

Ecological agriculture brings agricultural production and ecological balance into a coordinated track. It simulates the structure and function of natural ecosystem, and forms the benign development of economy and ecology. Liu Min village is "the first village of ecological agriculture in China".

The main measures taken are: adjusting industrial institutions, carrying out comprehensive utilization, expanding sources, and developing and utilizing new energy.

3, the main way to coordinate the relationship between man and land.

1. Controlling population size: reducing the pressure of population on the ecological environment and coordinating the relationship between population development and resources, environment and economic development.

2. Change the mode of development.

① Traditional mode of economic development: the purpose is to expand production scale, increase product output and improve consumption level. Consequence: The social production of human beings is at the expense of resources and environment, forming an unsustainable mode of production and consumption, which has plunged human beings into a serious crisis of resources and environment.

② Sustainable economic development mode: emphasize the environmental carrying capacity and the sustainable utilization of natural resources such as land, water, forest and mineral deposits, change the traditional development mode of "high input, high consumption and high pollution", balance the contradiction between supply and demand by introducing market mechanism, realize clean production and civilized consumption, and reduce the environmental pressure and resource consumption caused by economic activities.

3. Sustainable utilization of natural resources

What measures should the green food market take to have a broader prospect? (1) Strengthen the publicity and support of green food; (2) Strive to improve the level of production technology and reduce the price of products; (3) Improve people's awareness of environmental protection, health and consumption, and promote the development of green food.