Summary of two compulsory knowledge points in senior high school geography in the new curriculum standard People's Education Edition

Chapter I Population Change

Section 1 Changes in Population

I. Natural population growth

Population growth in 1 year and1year.

The number and growth of human productive labor population in historical period, and the reasons for population changes.

Before the agricultural revolution, the population mainly engaged in gathering and hunting was small and the growth was slow. People's ability to get food is low, their ability to resist diseases and disasters is poor, and their mortality rate is high.

From the agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution, the population engaged in agricultural activities with simple tools increased, the growth rate accelerated the development of farming and irrigation technology, the food supply became stable and reliable, and the mortality rate decreased.

After the industrial revolution, industrial production activities expanded and developed rapidly, the population continued to increase, and the growth rate was even faster. Armed with science and technology, human beings continue to expand their ability to transform nature, people can get enough food and perfect medical services, and the mortality rate has decreased.

2. The most fundamental factor of natural population growth: productivity level.

Determinants: natural growth rate, birth rate and death rate.

3. Differences in population growth between developed and developing countries.

Characteristics, causes and future trends of population growth at the level of natural growth rate

The low level of developed countries is affected by the concept of fertility, quality of life and the level of social and economic development, and its growth is slow. In the next few decades, the population will be relatively stable, and some countries will gradually decrease.

The level of developing countries is relatively high. Due to political independence, national economic development, medical and health progress, and the decline in mortality, population growth quickly took measures to control the population. The population growth rate will slow down, but the population will increase.

China has a low level, slow growth and a large population base.

4. Population development must be coordinated with economic and social development and adapt to environmental carrying capacity.

Second, the population growth model and its transformation

5. Population growth pattern and corresponding population problems.

Population growth population problem

Through the primitive low growth stage-"high and low" mode-the primitive population grows too fast.

The accelerated growth stage of history-"high and low" mode-traditional type-the proportion of children is too large.

The Stage of Slow Railway Development-Slow Population Growth

Tracing back to the low-speed growth stage-"low-low" mode-modern type-population aging

6. Factors influencing the change of population pattern: productivity level, national policy, natural environment, social welfare and cultural concept.

7. Why has the population growth pattern of most developing countries not yet entered the modern pattern? Low level of productivity, low level of urbanization and backward social system.

Section 2 Spatial changes of population

I. Population migration

1, population migration is the change of people's residence in the international or domestic scope.

Three elements of population migration: the change of residence, the long-term nature of time (1 year or more), and whether the change of urban spatial position crosses administrative boundaries.

2. International population migration in different periods.

The characteristics, causes and significance of the period of emigration area and emigration area

/kloc-Before the 0/9th century, the expansion of European colonialism in the old continent (Asia, Africa and Europe), America and Oceania and the development of the new continent objectively developed the new continent, spread industrial civilization and changed the spatial distribution of ethnic groups.

After World War II, the population flowed from developing countries to developed countries. Settled immigrants decreased, and short-term floating population increased. The rapid economic development in Latin America, Asia, Africa and other western Europe, North America, West Asia and North Africa has adjusted the unbalanced spatial distribution of labor force.

3. Population changes in an area include population migration and population increase and decrease.

4. Domestic population migration in different periods.

Self-sufficient agricultural economy is fragile; Frequent wars; Natural disasters; The government organizes "land reclamation and frontier defense"

The migration characteristics and flow direction of the influencing factors of the times

In ancient times, it was bound by rulers and their administrative power; Self-sufficient agricultural economy is fragile; Frequent wars; Natural disasters; The government organized a large number of people to migrate to areas with better natural conditions.

From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the mid-1980s, contemporary China was deeply influenced by national political policies.

The state implements a planned economy system and a strict household registration management system, and the east-northwest and northeast-is planned and organized.

Coastal-inland

National reform and opening-up policy since the mid-1980s.

Economic factors play a leading role (reform and opening up policy). The migration flow is large, and the flow direction changes to the western coastal cities and industrial and mining areas.

Rural-urban

5. The significance of China's population migration: adjusting the spatial distribution of population and talent shortage; strengthening ethnic integration and cultural exchanges; Promote economic development and narrow regional differences.

6. Population migration effect

Actively provide cheap labor to the immigrant place, save education expenses and promote the economic development of the immigrant place.

Negative causes unstable factors and intensifies the contradiction between man and land.

Actively alleviate the contradiction between man and land, improve the environment, increase income (foreign exchange), and strengthen economic, social and cultural exchanges with economically developed areas.

Negative brain drain

Other influences change population distribution and population structure; Promote ethnic economic and cultural exchanges; Promote gene exchange and integration among population groups.

Second, the factors affecting population migration

1, the main factors: First, changes in the natural environment and socio-economic environment; The second is the change of personal needs for life or career.

-Economic factors, ecological environment, political factors, social changes, religion, personal motives and needs.

Under certain time and space conditions, any factor may become the decisive factor to promote population migration.

2. America

1) Factors that hinder the United States from becoming an immigrant country:

(1) The new world needs a lot of labor to develop.

(2)15-16th century, the European enclosure movement, unemployed workers and bankrupt farmers moved to the United States in pursuit of better economic treatment.

(3) The opening of new routes has cleared the way for the smooth flow of people.

(4) Colonial expansion, plundering American resources and wealth.

2) Population migration in the United States

Reasons for migration during the period, migration process

/kloc-the civil war in the middle of the 0/9th century-the political population moved westward on a large scale.

65438+ Development of industrialization and urbanization at the turn of the century —— Economy flows from rural areas to cities.

In the 1920s and 1960s, due to the agricultural crisis and natural disasters-economic and ecological environment, the southern population moved to the north and west.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the environment of the old industrial base in Northeast China deteriorated, and the sunshine zone of new resources and emerging industries in the west and south shifted from the northeast to the south and west.

After 1970s, the urban environment was improved, the old industrial areas were rebuilt (economic and ecological environment), and the population returned to the old industrial areas and cities.

Section III Reasonable Population Capacity

I. Environmental carrying capacity

1, environmental carrying capacity, population that only the environment can sustain.

Population is an important index to measure environmental carrying capacity.

2. Environmental population capacity: The environmental population capacity of a country or region refers to the number of people that the country or region can continuously support by using local resources and other resources, intelligence and technology to report the material living standards to the government and social and cultural standards in the foreseeable period.

3. The relationship between various factors of environmental population capacity.

The level of scientific and technological development-determines the amount of development.

Resource, environment and population capacity

Living and cultural consumption level-the most important factor to determine consumption.

Among them, the level of scientific and technological development is positively related to the population capacity of Chinese slaves, the level of living and cultural consumption is negatively related to the environmental population capacity, and resources are positively related to the environmental population capacity.

4. The environmental population capacity is uncertain and relatively stable.

Second, a reasonable population capacity.

1. Reasonable population capacity: A country or region is most suitable for the Russian population on the premise of ensuring a healthy living standard according to a reasonable lifestyle and not hindering the quality of life of the future population. -an ideal "imaginary number" that is difficult to determine the exact value.

2. Significance: It is of great significance to formulate the population strategy and policy of a region or a country, which will further affect the regional economic and social development strategy.

3. For the whole world.

(1) The international community should advocate governments, especially developing countries, to try their best to control the population within a reasonable scale.

(2) Establish a fair order and ensure that most people have equal rights to pursue a high-quality life.

(3) Respect the objective law of the coordinated development of human and land, and formulate the sustainable development strategy of this region according to local conditions, which not only maintains a good ecological balance, but also continuously improves people's quality of life.

Chapter II Cities and Urbanization Section I Urban Internal Spatial Structure

First, the urban form.

The urban form is block, cluster, belt or radial.

Influencing factors: downtown attraction

Urban land use restriction or river barrier, planning control, etc. In the plain area.

Mountain and river barriers are distributed along traffic lines or restricted by topography.

Valley area

The various components of regional form are relatively concentrated, and a city consists of several blocks. Each piece organizes its own production and life nearby, and each unconnected urban area extends along the main traffic trunk lines or terrain areas.

The main advantages are that it is convenient to set up relatively perfect infrastructure centrally, and the utilization rate of various facilities is high, which is convenient for life and management, saves investment, facilitates the expansion of the city and protects the urban environment. All parts of the city are close to the suburbs and nature.

The main disadvantage is that it is easy to cause scattered polluted land in the city and it is inconvenient to contact each other. The traffic in big cities invested by municipal construction is mainly concentrated in one direction, and the transportation distance is long.

The city is far away from Chengdu, Hefei, Chongqing, Shanghai Pudong New Area, Luoyang, Xining, Yichang, Lanzhou and Yan 'an.

Second, urban land use and functional zoning

1. Functional zoning: Spatial competition among urban economic activities leads to a high concentration of similar activities in space.

2. Division: commercial area, residential area, industrial area, municipal and public service area, industrial area, transportation and storage area, landscape and urban green space, special function area, etc.

3. Features of Central Business District (new york CBD- Manhattan):

① Central Business District is the busiest place for urban economic activities; ② The population difference between day and night is large; ③ The buildings are tall and dense; ④ The internal division of the central business district is obvious.

5. Regional functional zoning of three basic cities

Morphological characteristic position of functional partition

The business district occupies a small area, and the dot or strip economic activities are the busiest; The population changes greatly day and night, and the buildings are tall and dense; There are obvious divisions inside the city center, on both sides of the traffic trunk line and at the corner intersection.

The industrial zone is constantly moving to the outer edge of the city and tends to be along the outer edge of the main traffic trunk line and on both sides of the traffic trunk line.

Residential area covers a large area and is the main functional division of the city. After industrialization, the quality of buildings is divided, which is higher than that of low-rise houses. Positive, higher than the low-rise residential area, the outer edge of the high-rise city is connected with the Gaopo cultural area.

The lower inner city is connected with lowlands and industrial areas.

Third, the formation and change of urban internal spatial structure.

1. In a city, the distribution and combination of different functional areas constitute the spatial structure within the city, also known as the urban regional structure.

2, the urban regional structure model:

Examples of structural mode characteristics and causes

Concentric circle model: the city is compact, the urban functional area is concentric plain terrain, and there are few downtown areas. After continuous invasion and migration, the urban functional areas expand outward from the core in the form of concentric circles.

Fan mode: each functional area of the city extends outward in a fan shape (each functional area extends along the traffic line) Shenyang

Multi-core cities do not rely on a single core for development, but form multi-functional areas such as central business district, wholesale business district, residential district, industrial district and suburb around several cores, and relatively independent satellite cities to form urban areas together. With the continuous expansion of the city, the original city center has high land price, traffic congestion, crowded living and other reasons, and the new core appears in the suburbs far away from the city center, and at the same time, it is influenced by Zibo's rivers, topography and other factors.

3. Influencing factors:

Main factors: economic factors-depending on the ability of each functional area to pay rent and the level of land rent (traffic accessibility, distance from the city center).

History and culture (Beijing), race and religion (black areas), architectural design (the layout of churches in medieval European cities), natural conditions (high slopes and lowlands in cities) and administrative factors.

Section 2 Service Functions of Cities with Different Levels

First of all, different levels of the city

1, urban classification standard: according to urban population size.

Megacities-big cities with a population of 6.5438+0 million-medium cities with a population of 5-6.5438+0 million-small cities with a population of 200,000-500,000-less than 200,000.

2. Different levels of cities have different service scopes and types. The services provided by big cities are various, high-level and wide in scope.

3. Factors affecting the scope of urban services:

Influencing factors affect performance

Cities with resource conditions in resource-rich areas can obtain resource conditions to support the further development of cities and provide cities with rich material conditions, rich labor conditions and rich urban land.

Cities located in transportation hubs with transportation conditions can provide services to residents farther away through convenient transportation, and expand the service scope to railway hub cities, highway hub cities, port cities and so on.

Population Conditions Cities provide goods and services to residents in the service areas, and the service population must reach a certain scale. The service scope of cities located in densely populated areas is relatively small; On the contrary, the service scope of cities located in sparsely populated areas is relatively large.

Second, the enlightenment of the urban hierarchy system in southern Germany

1. The combination of different levels of urban space in the same area is enough to establish a regional urban hierarchy.

2. The service scope of cities at different levels is nested at different levels.

3. The relationship between the number, mutual distance, service scope and urban functions of cities of different grades: "The high grade is less than the far grade, the low grade is more than the near grade, and the big grade is less nested" (the high grade city, the burning trees in the city, the long distance from each other, the wide service scope and the many functions of the city; Low-level cities, many cities, close to each other, small service scope and few urban functions. The service scope of different levels of cities is nested layer by layer, and the big one is nested layer by layer. )

4, the central place theory:

(1) The service scope of the central place is a hexagon around the central place.

(2) It is the role of market principles.

(3) The service scope of one superior center is equivalent to that of three subordinate centers.

Section 3 Urbanization

First, what is urbanization?

1, the population gathers in cities and towns, the scope of cities expands, and the process of rural to urban changes is urbanization.

2, the symbol of urbanization:

① The proportion of urban population in the total population continues to rise.

② The labor force gradually shifts from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries.

③ The scale of urban land is expanding.

3. Driving force of urban development: socio-economic development-the main driving force.

(1) Thrust: What are the factors that drive people to go to the village? (The rural population is growing rapidly, which puts great pressure on the land; Rural income is low and social services are in short supply; Rural areas are greatly affected by natural disasters)

(2) Tension: the factor that attracts people to come to the city. (There are many employment opportunities in cities; Urban social welfare security is high; Cultural facilities are complete; Urban transportation is convenient.

4. Indicators to measure the level of urbanization in a country: the proportion of urban population to the total population reflects the level of social and economic development.

5. The significance of urbanization: population change, industrial structure change, industrial development, scientific and technological development, narrowing the distance between urban and rural areas, and gradual convergence of culture, ideas, concepts and lifestyles.

Second, the process of world urbanization.

1, world urbanization process

Countries and regions with problems and new trends in urbanization development stage

In the initial stage, the problems of low urbanization level and slow development are rare, and developing countries are in a period of low urbanization level.

In the acceleration stage, population and industry are rapidly gathering in cities, and the urbanization process will soon lead to labor surplus, traffic congestion, housing shortage and environmental degradation.

In the later period, the level of urbanization was relatively high, and the growth of urban population slowed down or even stagnated. There are signs of recession in the central region and anti-urbanization in developed countries.

2. Differences in urbanization process between developed and developing countries.

The reasons for the starting time, current speed, urbanization level and the proportion of urban population of the country type

As early as in developed countries

(The earliest in Britain1mid-8th century)

Slow down (stagnate)

high

High (above 70%)

In the later mature stage, capitalism developed earlier, agricultural modernization developed, and a large number of agricultural labor force moved to cities.

Developing countries are late.

In the mid-20th century, the speed was relatively low (less than 40%), and the national independence movement won the victory in the acceleration stage in the early and mid-20th century, and the economy developed rapidly.

4. Suburban urbanization: the process of expanding the scale of the city and the diffusion of urban population and industry to the suburbs.

Anti-urbanization: due to the high concentration of urban population, urban overcrowding, environmental deterioration, land shortage and declining quality of life.

Third, the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment.

1, the performance of the impact: the reduction of biodiversity; Decline in land quality; Impact on the water cycle; Impact on the climate.

2, the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment:

3. The main measures to solve the urban environmental problems: 1) Strictly control the scale of big cities, decentralize the functions of big cities, build new districts and satellite cities, and strive to promote the urbanization of suburbs, so as to alleviate the pressure in the central area of the city; 2) Reasonably plan the city, strengthen urban management, and properly handle the relationship between the three major functional divisions of the city.

4. Ways to reduce the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment: on the one hand, in urban construction, develop low-pollution and energy-saving buildings and green transportation to reduce environmental pollution caused by various activities; On the other hand, urban landscape should be as harmonious as possible with natural landscapes such as mountains, rivers and lakes, and a virtuous circle should be established.