Qujialing Three Gorges Immigrants

Sichuan is located in the southwest hinterland of China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. It has the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west and the Sichuan Basin in the east. Hundreds of millions of years of geological movements and vicissitudes have created magnificent and steep scenery of Bashu. Sichuan, located in the southwest of China, is a transitional corridor between north and south. Over the years, it is not only conducive to the integration and absorption of the strengths of the East and the West, but also a key point of cultural exchange between the North and the South. The essence of civilization in the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins has given birth to a profound and wonderful Bashu culture.

Sichuan, with beautiful scenery, has unlimited natural scenery;

Sichuan is a famous cultural power;

In the long history, Sichuan is a place where talents gather;

In the ethnic blending, Sichuan is known as the "ethnic corridor";

The source of Taoism in China is in Sichuan;

The source of world tea is in Sichuan;

……

Thousands of years of time and space inheritance have condensed the unique style and special connotation of Sichuan regional culture, and also created the infinite charm of Sichuan tourism.

Chapter I History and Culture of Ancient Shu

Sichuan ancient Shu culture is an important regional culture of China ancient culture. Through archaeological excavations and research in recent years, it has been fully proved that in the era of the origin of ancient civilization in China, the land of China presented several blocks that developed in parallel, each block had its own origin, formed its own system, communicated with each other in independent growth, and * * * isomorphic became a profound China culture. Among them, the cultural plate in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is the ancient Shu cultural area.

Section 1 Historical Evolution of Ancient Shu Culture

First of all, primitive humans in Sichuan

The history of human activities in Sichuan can be traced back to 2 million years ago. In the temple in Wushan County (now Chongqing) in eastern Sichuan, scientists discovered the human skull fossils 2.02-2.04 million years ago. In Ziyang County, central Sichuan Province, the famous skull fossils of Ziyang people were unearthed. In Tongliang County (now Chongqing) in the east of Sichuan, Liyuqiao in Ziyang in the middle of Sichuan, Yangzi Mountain in Chengdu in the west of Sichuan Plain and Hanyuan County in the southwest of Sichuan Basin, a large number of production tools and animal bones left by the ancients were found, dating from several hundred thousand years to120,000 years ago. These archaeological remains and remains are the earliest evidence of people's livelihood and labor in Sichuan.

Second, the Neolithic Age.

About 1 ten thousand years ago, Sichuan entered the Neolithic Age. Neolithic cultural relics, such as polished stone tools, pottery, livestock remains, etc. Widely distributed in Sichuan, starting from the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in the east and reaching Ganzi and Aba in the west. Up to now, more than 200 sites have been discovered, indicating that the seeds of Neolithic culture have spread all over Bashan and Shushui.

Important sites of Neolithic culture in Sichuan include Wushan (now Chongqing) Daxi Site, Mianyang Bian Que Mountain Site, Minjiang River Upper Reaches Site, Dadu River and Qingyijiang Site, Xichang Lizhou Site, Chengdu Site and Guanghan Sanxingdui Site Culture Phase I ... The most important one is Guanghan Sanxingdui Site. Dense residential areas were found here, as well as a large number of polished stone tools, pottery, animal remains, handicrafts, etc., indicating that the social economy at that time had entered the heyday of the Neolithic Age. Due to the high development of Neolithic culture, the elements of civilization in the hinterland of western Sichuan plain gradually emerged. About 4000 years ago, an early city appeared in Sanxingdui, Guanghan, with original carved characters and bronzes. At that time, an ancient civilization center was born in Sichuan. This period coincides with the end of the "three generations of Shu kings" dispute in Historical Records and the political integration of the western Sichuan Plain, which indicates the emergence of a state power rooted in and above society. This regime is the early ancient Shu kingdom.

Third, the demise of ancient Shu.

In 3 16 BC, the Bashu war resumed, and the king of Shu led an army to attack Pakistan, and the king of Pakistan turned to Qin for help. King Huiwen of Qin sent doctor Zhang Yi and general Sima Cuo to attack Shu. The King of Shu fought against Meng Jia (now Zhao Hua, Guangyuan City), and the Shu army was defeated. After that, Qin Jun came after him, and Qin destroyed Shu. In the winter of the same year, Sima Cuo moved eastward to attack Pakistan, captured the king of Pakistan, and Pakistan was destroyed.

Fourth, the Shu culture after the ancient Shu culture.

Although the ancient Shu kingdom perished, as a political form, it has disappeared from the historical stage. However, Shu culture still maintains a strong inertia. On the one hand, it quickly merged with foreign cultures, on the other hand, it continued to develop and evolve, and finally evolved into a new regional culture-Shu culture in a new sense.

(A) Qin destroyed Shu and immigrated to Sichuan.

The main measures taken by Qin to rule western Sichuan and Shu are: abolishing the throne system and implementing the system of sealing marquis to stabilize the political situation; Develop the economy and persuade the governor to farm in order to win the hearts of the people.

In 285 BC, after suppressing a series of anti-Qin activities of Shu people, Shu was changed to Shu county and the county system was implemented. The Qin dynasty appointed officials to exercise jurisdiction and rule, which finally ended the separatist situation.

In agriculture, the State of Qin vigorously promoted the Qin Tianfa in the middle of Shu, changed the farmland system, built buildings and expanded the farmland area. Develop private ownership in an all-round way and promote the development of feudal production relations. In terms of industry and commerce, build the capital, set up salt, iron and city officials. In terms of productivity, it is mainly immigrants who prosper Sichuan. When King Hui of Qin moved to the capital, the residents of Qin moved to Shu. After Qin Shihuang, in view of the small population of Shu, it was "just practical". After the destruction of the six countries, the giants of the six countries moved to Shu in large numbers.

These measures made Sichuan establish a normal feudal order and promoted the further development of Sichuan's economy.

(B) Dujiangyan construction

Li Bing was the prefect of Shu county at that time, and went down in history for building the world-famous Dujiangyan water conservancy project. Dujiangyan was built at the irrigation mouth at the intersection of the middle and upper reaches of Minjiang River, which strangled the throat of Chengdu Plain. In order to control the flood of Minjiang River, Li Bing collected the traditional experience and technology of Sichuan water conservancy project, turned Minjiang River into a stagnant pool, and divided the main stream of Minjiang River into Neijiang River and Waijiang River. Neijiang can not only discharge flood, but also benefit irrigation and shipping. The whole Dujiangyan water conservancy project consists of three main projects: bottle mouth, flying sand weir and fish mouth. Its construction provides an important guarantee for the vigorous development of Chengdu plain economy. Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project, which has been maintained and built for generations, continues to play an important role today, so it is praised as the crystallization of ancient water conservancy science in China at home and abroad.

(3) The Han Dynasty ran through Shu.

After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty in 202 BC, Sichuan was divided into several counties. 106 years ago, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up 13 prefectures of Secretariat and Yizhou Prefecture in Sichuan, governing 8 counties and 56 counties. Because all the wars in Qin and Han Dynasties were fought outside Sichuan, Sichuan has always been the rear area of the Han Dynasty, and it is also the place where the hungry people in Guanzhong "eat". After the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, Shu was "prospered by imperial industry" and was also an important grain, grass and military source base in the Han Dynasty, so it was classified as "imperial land" and directly under the central government, so it was not affected by the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" in the Western Han Dynasty. Sichuan has been under the stable political rule of the Han Dynasty for a long time, and its social economy has developed healthily and rapidly. By the end of Emperor Jingdi's reign, Sichuan had a prosperous situation of "the world is peaceful and the people's livelihood is rich". It further accelerated the spread of China culture in Sichuan and its integration with the original Shu culture.

In BC 135, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Tang Meng to Guangzhou and found gouache transported to Guangzhou by Yelang (now Anshun, Guizhou) and Zhang Kejiang (now Beipanjiang, Guizhou). Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Tang Meng to hand over Yelang, send troops to attack South Vietnam in Jiang Ke, and return the tribes around Yelang to Han. Hanwangting also sent tens of thousands of people from Bashu to repair Nanyi Road, which led directly to Zhang Kejiang and Dianchi Lake. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also ordered Sima Xiangru, a Shu man, to enter Sichuan, instruct the people, manage southwest affairs, and recruit southwest Yi tribes such as Anqiong, Ru and Ran, and set up a county in it, which was under the jurisdiction of Shu County. In order to get through the road from Sichuan to Shangdu (India) via Yunnan, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to capture Galand (now Guiping and Ping Huang in Guizhou) and Yelang, and set up Zhangkejun. BC 109, Han soldiers arrived in Yunnan, the king of Yunnan surrendered, and Han settled in Yizhou. Since then, most of southwest China has been ruled by the Han Dynasty, which has promoted the contact and exchange between southwest ethnic groups and Han nationality and accelerated the economic development of southwest ethnic groups.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sichuan's politics was relatively stable, and it was said that "the goods in the southwest were rich in politics and there were many people in China and Fujian", and its economy and culture further developed. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, three levels of local administrative organizations were established in Sichuan, including 73 counties, with a population of1170,000 households with 4.69 million people, and the population development exceeded that of the Western Han Dynasty.

(D) the development of Sichuan and the rebirth of Shu culture

In Han dynasty, rice cultivation in Sichuan was very developed, and the yield per mu of rice reached 780 ~ 1 160 kg. Chengdu Plain is the region with the highest rice yield per unit area in China, and its grain production is quite developed. In the edge area of Chengdu Plain, taro is mainly planted. Forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in Sichuan also developed greatly in Han Dynasty. Other cash crops such as citrus, litchi, mulberry and hemp are widely planted, especially tea, which is the earliest origin of tea culture in China.

In the Han Dynasty, three industry officials were set up in Sichuan, and car officials and metal officials were set up in Chengdu to manage handicrafts in Sichuan. In addition to the famous Shu brocade at home and abroad, Shu brocade is also famous. Shu cloth, also known as "Polygonatum cloth", is worth several gold and is the best in cloth. In the Han dynasty, the art of gold and silver processing in Sichuan was very developed. Besides selling well all over the country, the products are also exported to Le Lang (now North Korea) and other places, enjoying a good reputation overseas. During the Han Dynasty, Sichuan lacquerware manufacturing industry was centered on Chengdu, and its products were mostly sold to Hubei, Hunan and North Korea. It is famous for its excellent texture and exquisite production.

In the Han Dynasty, Sichuan took Chengdu as the center, and the urban network continued to expand and develop. Chengdu is not only a famous city, but also the largest metropolis in southwest China. It is as famous as Luoyang, Linzi, Handan and Wan in the Central Plains, and ranks as the "five capitals" of China. At the beginning of A.D., Chengdu became the second largest city in China after the capital Chang 'an. In the Han dynasty, Sichuan's commerce flourished. In the market of Chengdu, there are all kinds of goods, and "the city is full of shops", which is called "the source of thousands of businesses". In the Han Dynasty, Sichuan further developed and utilized the "Yunnan-Myanmar Highway" and developed the international trade between China and India, and Chengdu became a famous international city.

After the transformation and direct effect of political and economic policies in Qin and Han dynasties, the ancient Shu culture in Sichuan gradually died out, but a new Shu culture was born in the induction and integration with the mainstream culture in the Central Plains. This culture quickly transformed into Chinese culture in many aspects, forming a regional cultural system with Chinese culture as the mainstream and strong local characteristics.

Section 2 The concept, formation and development of ancient Shu culture

First, the concept of ancient Shu culture

(A) the origin of ancient Shu culture

The formation and development of human society is closely related to the natural environment. The Sichuan Basin in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, with its relatively closed geographical space, made Sichuan form a regional culture with higher self-discipline than other regions in Chinese mainland in distant ancient times-ancient Shu culture.

The ancient Shu culture is also an archaeological culture in a sense. It refers to the sum total of a group of things left for us to observe by the culture of a certain society (especially the primitive society). The general principle of naming archaeological culture is to take the earliest discovered small place names as the names of cultures. As for the primitive society with a late age, because some neighboring societies have written records, these cultures are sometimes named after their surnames in written records, such as Bashu culture.

The naming principle of archaeological culture is that a culture must be a group of types with clear characteristics. These types of products are usually produced exclusively by partners. The second type is this group of companions from * * *, and it is best to find more than one place. In other words, they exist not only in several tombs in a cemetery, or in several houses in a residential address, but also in different cemeteries and residential addresses. In addition, we must fully understand the content of this culture.

According to archaeological findings, the cultural factors of ancient Shu culture did not disappear until the Western Han Dynasty.

The ancient Shu culture refers to the sum of all the material culture, spiritual culture and social structure created by the ancient Shu nationality and the Shu nationalities in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River with Chengdu Plain as the center.

In the past, regarding the origin of Chinese civilization, we only talked about the Yellow River Basin, which is the trade of Longshan culture in Zhixia. In the 1970s, it expanded to the Liaohe River Basin-from Hongshan Culture to Xiajiadian, and the Yangtze River Basin (middle and lower reaches)-from Liangzhu culture and Qujialing culture to wuyue Jingchu culture.

In the 1980s, with the further excavation of Sanxingdui and a series of archaeological work in the surrounding areas, it is reasonable to draw the conclusion that the upper reaches of the Yangtze River basin have completed the evolution from barbarism to civilization more than 4,000 years ago. The light of civilization radiates from the area centered on Chengdu Plain, affecting this ancient land and forming an objective cultural area with obvious geographical scope-the ancient Shu cultural area.

(B) Ancient Shu culture and Ba culture

Bashu culture, which is often mentioned in literature and practice, is actually the pluralistic sum of Ba culture and Shu culture.

As a regional concept, Bashu was formed in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. The Biography of Historical Records and Su Qin says that Qin "has Hanzhong in the west and Bashu in the south." Biography of Lisi contains a letter to the guest: "Hui Wang scored the land of Sanchuan with Zhang Yi, and the west merged with Bashu."

During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, this area was only called Shudi. There are records of Shu people in ancient literature, and there are also records of Shu in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. According to the bronze inscriptions such as "Fu Qin Gui" and "Muji" unearthed in Pengzhou, it is proved that Shu, which participated in the attack, is located in Chengdu Plain in the west of Sichuan Basin.

According to "Shangshu Pastoral Oath", he took part in the eight-nation expedition against Shu at that time, and was later closely related to the Zhou Dynasty. After Dong moved to the capital, especially during the Warring States period, he had more contacts with Qin, and later became the land of Qin, and became the frontier base of Qin's war against Chu in the United War.

During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States Period, people often called Bashu because of the coexistence of two vassal states and the unique geographical form of Sichuan Basin. "History of Emperor Guangwu of the Later Han Dynasty" notes: "Shu has eight counties, so it is collectively called (Bashu)". In fact, among the Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province and the Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Xunyi, Shaanxi Province, there are Shu without Ba. Therefore, we call this distant regional culture the ancient Shu culture.

As for calling Ba and Shu, two ancient civilizations with different origins and different types, as Bashu culture, the main reasons are as follows: First, the two places are connected by mountains and rivers, which originated from the same geographical unit, namely Sichuan Basin, which is a diamond-shaped and relatively closed geographical unit composed of Guangyuan-Ya 'an-Xuyong-Fengjie. Ba and Shu lived in the same river basin for a long time. Before 1997, the administrative areas of Sichuan Province included Ba Culture District and Three Gorges in Chongqing. Second, when they were discovered, they were already in the late stage of disappearance. Due to specific historical reasons, there are many similarities between the two, and there was little information at that time. Compared with the Central Plains, Bashu area has stronger local characteristics, so the name Bashu is relative to the Central Plains. Therefore, the name of Bashu has been preserved as an ancient regional concept.

But as a regional culture and a civilization, Ba culture and Shu culture are actually different.

With the new archaeological discoveries and in-depth research, Bashu culture has been divided into Ba culture and Shu culture. Ba culture and Shu culture are two different archaeological cultures with their own distribution areas and cultural origins. The distribution center of Ba culture is along the Yangtze River in western Hubei, and then it gradually moved to Chongqing. Its origin is the late Neolithic culture in the Three Gorges area of the Yangtze River. The latter is distributed in western Sichuan with Chengdu Plain as the center, and originated from the late Neolithic culture in the west of Sichuan Basin. The area called "Shu" in Anyang Yin Ruins is centered on Chengdu Plain.

The scope of the ancient Shu cultural circle has been confirmed by archaeological discoveries in recent decades, and the remains with the nature of Sanxingdui-Shiqiao Shu culture are densely distributed in Chengdu Plain. Shaxi, Majiashan in Hanyuan, Langzhongping and other places have even found sites containing Shu cultural factors, among which Shu cultural factors are inversely proportional to the distance from Chengdu Plain, showing the wave circle phenomenon of the spread of ancient Shu culture.

Second, the formation and development of ancient Shu culture

(A) the rise and development of ancient Shu culture

According to the current archaeological findings, the source of Shu culture cannot be determined yet. But needless to say, this culture is the result of the ancient Sichuan Basin and its surrounding ethnic groups.

The main activity place of ancient Shu people is the western part of the basin centered on Chengdu Plain, where there are traces of human activities from the late Paleolithic to the Neolithic. In addition, a series of cultural areas were formed in the Neolithic Age. Therefore, the source of exploring Shu culture is mainly concentrated in the Neolithic cultural remains in the west of the basin.

Archaeological materials fully show that there were many cultural communities scattered all over Chengdu Plain 4000 years ago. These cultural communities share some common cultural elements and belong to different distributions of the same culture. Chengdu plain culture is an early Shu culture with spatial extensiveness and continuous distribution. Therefore, Chengdu Plain may be one of the cradles of mankind.

On the vast Chengdu Plain, the material and cultural remains of ancient Shu civilization are widely distributed. The richest and most concentrated areas are Guanghan, Chengdu and its surrounding areas. The cultural center of this area is Minjiang River Basin and Chengdu Plain, which is mainly located in the northern part of Chengdu Plain between Minjiang River and Tuojiang River. Many early ruins of ancient cities have been discovered in this area.

After Sanxingdui ancient city site, after 1995, early city sites such as Xinjin Baodun ancient city site, Wenjiang Yufu city, Pixian ancient city, Dujiangyan Tancheng city and Chongzhou Shuanghe ancient city were discovered one after another. According to the distance calculation, these ancient cities are about 4500 years ago, which is earlier than Sanxingdui. To be sure, there were many cities in the early days of Chengdu Plain. According to archaeological research, the relationship between the above cities in the morning and evening is: Baodun-Tancheng-Pixian ancient city and Yufu city, and then to Sanxingdui, which constitutes a history of the development of ancient cities in the early days of ancient Shu. The rise and fall of these ancient cities is related to the migration of ancient Shu people in Chengdu Plain. In other words, after the ancient Shu people entered Chengdu Plain, they first built Baodun Ancient City and Tancheng City. Later, due to social reasons (such as changing dynasties) and natural reasons (such as floods), the ancient Shu people moved from the edge of Chengdu Plain to the center of Chengdu Plain. They abandoned their former cities and successively established Yufu City and Pixian Ancient City. With the passage of time, the rise and prosperity of Sanxingdui ancient city followed.

Chengdu Plain is located in the west of Sichuan Basin, surrounded by rolling mountains and hills. It is a compound alluvial fan plain with high northwest and low southeast. The rivers in the western mountainous area fanned out as soon as they came out of the mountain pass, making the whole plain river network densely covered. At the same time, affected by the topography of the river basin, the river is not easy to leak, and the low-lying areas are easy to accumulate water and become rivers, especially in Wang Yang. Therefore, as the "Huayang National Records" contains: "River, diving, cotton and Luo are all pools of water." This determines that when Shu people enter Chengdu Plain, they must first fight against floods and lakes and marshes, and have a process of moving around to control water. Farming civilization is gradually developed in the process of drainage and swamp management.

Xinjin Baodun, Dujiangyan Tancheng, Pixian Ancient City, Wenjiang Yufu City, Chongzhou Shuanghe, Zizhu City and other ancient city sites are mostly distributed in the west and southwest of Chengdu Plain, which shows that the ancient Shu people have experienced a long-term development process in order to find suitable urban settlement growth points. Control water from the southwest edge of the plain to build a city, and then gradually advance to the center of the plain. These ancient cities represent the earliest urban civilization born in Chengdu Plain.

There were many early Shu countries, which were quite lasting. With the development of social economy and culture, the development between regions is unbalanced. Among several ancient city sites found in Chengdu Plain more than 4,000 years ago, the largest area is 600,000 square meters, and the smallest is only 654.38+10,000 square meters. There are similarities and cultural differences in the unearthed materials. This situation shows that in this land of ancient Shu, various tribes not only have cultural exchanges, but also have their own different interests and cultural characteristics; The existence of the city walls of different ancient cities as defense facilities shows the conflicts and contradictions between them. Finally, the strong became the winner and became the master of Shu.

According to documents, the exact history of Shu people began in Wuding period of Shang Dynasty (about the end of 13 BC), and "Shu" was mentioned many times in Oracle Bone Inscriptions during Wuding period. At that time, Shu people were powerful and the metropolitan area was vast. Because Shu and merchants belong to different political systems, Shu has not become a foreign service country for merchants, and the urban architecture of Shu has not followed the internal and external service system of Shang Dynasty and the system of artisans governing the country. The emerging ancient Shu culture has been developing independently and continuously since its rise. For example, according to the scale classification of cities in the Central Plains, the capital of China must not be larger than that of Wang Du, such as Dongxia Peak in Xixia County, Huangpi in Hubei and other ancient cities in the Central Plains. However, Sichuan is not bound by the specifications of the Central Plains, and the construction methods of cities in Sichuan are different from the shopping mall system. In Sanxingdui, there are dense residential areas around the ancient Shu city. There are main buildings and general buildings in the city, including workshops, living quarters, religious areas and palaces. The layout and functional zoning of the city are obviously different from those of the ancient city of Central Plains.

Chengdu Plain and its nearby ancient cities represent the ancient Shu civilization. Sanxingdui civilization is the most striking, and the ancient Shu culture it represents is a highly developed culture. Like other cultures in the world, such a highly developed culture will expand and radiate outward. Two great rivers facing south provided conditions for the spread of ancient Shu culture downstream; At the same time, it inevitably spreads from high to low along the terrain. Crossing the northern edge of the basin, as early as Xia and Shang Dynasties, the ancient Shu culture began to spread northward, and it was continuously distributed to Chenggu and Yangxian counties in Hanzhong Basin, and even affected the upper reaches of Weishui River in the Western Zhou Dynasty, becoming the marginal distribution area of Shu culture spreading northward. The Dadu River and Qingyi River in southwest China are also influenced by this civilization.

In the pre-Qin period, Shu was both a national name and a country. Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded the close relationship between Shu and merchants. When asking for help, Shu and other countries followed suit. After that, there were more and more cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and Sichuan until the Qin Dynasty destroyed Sichuan. The cultural factors in ancient Shu civilization did not disappear until the Western Han Dynasty.

(B) the historical stage of ancient Shu culture

Sichuan Basin is one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. According to archaeological excavations and research, prehistoric culture in Sichuan originated in the early Paleolithic period. Early hominid fossils, paleolithic sites and other relics representing the transition from ignorance to barbarism have been found in this area from time to time, such as Ziyang people, the remains of paleolithic culture in Fulin, Hanyuan, the Zhongzipu culture in Guangyuan, the Yingpanshan culture in Maoxian and the early culture in Sanxingdui, Guanghan.

The prehistoric culture in ancient Shu area includes Paleolithic culture and Neolithic culture. Because there are still many missing rings, historians have different opinions on whether there is a direct inheritance and evolution relationship between them. However, if the birth of the earliest civilization marks the end of prehistoric culture and the beginning of ancient Shu culture, then the prehistoric culture of ancient Shu basically ended at the end of Neolithic Age 4000 years ago.

The emergence and development of ancient Shu culture is a historical process. In such a historical process, ups and downs are inevitable. Throughout the development of ancient Shu culture, the time sequence of its civilization evolution is as follows:

The first period-the beginning period, this period is equivalent to the period after the end of the Paleolithic Age. The early Shu civilization centered on Sanxingdui ancient city in Guanghan was formed, which was developed on the basis of Baodun culture and marked by a large-scale ancient city in the early Shang Dynasty. This shows that the initial process of urban agglomeration has reached a fairly high level, and the early urban lifestyle has been initially established. Bronze production industry has emerged, and the representative items are mainly weapons and tools. Corresponding to the literature, it is the legendary "Shu Wang San Dai" period.

The second period, the prosperous period, is equivalent to the period from the middle of Shang Dynasty to the beginning of Zhou Dynasty. During this period, the urban lifestyle was basically established, and a cultural circle centered on the ancient city of Sanxingdui in Guanghan and supported by Chengdu, Ya 'an Shaxi and Hanzhong Basin was initially formed. The social structure is becoming more and more complex, the theocracy reaches its peak, and the economy is unprecedentedly prosperous. During this period, the bronze culture of Shu entered its heyday, and the representative objects were mainly ritual vessels and wine vessels.

The third period, the expansion period, is equivalent to the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period. The cultural extensiveness of ancient Shu civilization in material and technology has been greatly enhanced, and the spatial framework of ancient Shu civilization has been continuously expanded. According to the documents, this period witnessed in-depth development in the spiritual field, political system and social structure, the expansion of the urban system and the gradual maturity of the national form.

The fourth period, the heyday, is equivalent to the Spring and Autumn Period to the late Warring States Period. The further development of bronze culture, the maturity of urban system, the formation of writing system and the perfection of ritual and music system. According to the documents, Gui Ling entered Shu in the early Spring and Autumn Period, overthrew Du Yu Dynasty and established an enlightened dynasty with great political and cultural influence. At the end of this period, the State of Qin destroyed Shu in 365,438+06 BC, and then the State of Qin migrated from the Central Plains to Shu. The ancient Shu culture disappeared from the political form, and the relatively independent development of the ancient Shu civilization was interrupted, and it gradually merged into the scope of China's great civilization.

The fifth period, the transitional period, is equivalent to the end of the Warring States period to the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty. Although the ancient Shu kingdom has withdrawn from the historical and political arena, the civilization it represents still has considerable inertia. On the one hand, it quickly merged with foreign cultures, on the other hand, it continued to develop and evolve, and finally evolved a new regional culture-Shu culture in a new sense.