What does Franklin do?

Benjamin Franklin (1706 ~ 1790) is an American scientist, physicist, inventor, politician and social activist. 170665438+1was born in a worker's family in Boston on October 27th. My father is an English immigrant who makes soap and candles. Because of his poor family, he dropped out of school at the age of 8 and became an apprentice after only two years of schooling. From the age of 12, I worked as an apprentice in my eldest brother's printing house, and later engaged in printing for a long time. He studies hard by himself. He said, "reading is my only entertainment." He often borrows books from others or bookstores, studies late into the night and returns them in the morning. He once contributed under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, and the newspaper editor thought that the article was written by "a famous writer". He not only learned all kinds of knowledge from books, but also wandered to new york, London, Philadelphia and other places to study in social life. At the age of 2 1, he founded the first youth self-study group "* * * Reading Club" in Philadelphia, and organized workers, technicians, shoemakers, masons and poets to discuss philosophy, science, technology, literature and art every Friday. This group later developed into the American Philosophical Society founded by 1743. 1769 was elected as the president of the association. At the age of 25, he founded the first public library in North America in Philadelphia and later developed into a public library in North America. At the age of 45, he founded Philadelphia College (later University of Pennsylvania). As a politician, there are many important events related to Franklin in American and world history. He played an important role in the North American War of Independence, was one of the founders of the United States, and participated in drafting the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution. From 1776 to 1785, he went to France. His scientific prestige and extensive knowledge are very beneficial to his diplomatic mission. With his efforts, the United States and France formed an alliance at 1778. 1787 was elected as the representative of the Constituent Assembly and served as the highest executive speaker of Pennsylvania. He actively opposed the oppression and slavery of blacks and actively advocated the abolition of slavery. In his life, he won many honors. 1753 was awarded the copley Medal by the Royal Society and honorary degrees by Harvard University and Yale University in the same year. 1756 was elected as a member of the Royal Society, 1772 as a foreign academician of the French Academy of Sciences, and 1789 as a foreign institute of the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg. His main scientific work is in electricity. This only accounted for about ten years in his life. During the period of 1743 ~ 1744, Franklin saw a simple electrical experiment done by A.SPence from Scotland in Philadelphia and Boston, which aroused a strong desire to explore. He bought all the exhibits, and his friend Peter Cdlinson, who met at the Royal Society in London, learned about it. He sent him a lot of books, electrical works and some friction electrification equipment. Franklin and his friends from the Philosophic Society of Philadelphia conducted many electrical experiments and theoretical explorations. Franklin made many important contributions to electricity. Through experiments, he systematically cleared up many confused electrical knowledge at that time (such as the generation, transmission, induction, storage, charging and discharging of electricity, etc.). He used to connect many Leiden bottles to store more charge. He used experiments to prove that the metal foil inside and outside the Leyden bottle has the same charge, but the electrical properties are opposite. 1747 On May 25th, he put forward the theory of single fluid of electricity in his letter to collinson, and expressed the surplus or shortage of this fluid with mathematical symbols. He also believes that triboelectrification is only charge transfer rather than creation, and the positive and negative charges generated must be strictly equal-this idea later developed into one of the basic laws in electricity-the law of charge conservation. He used this theory to explain the principle that capacitors have dielectrics. Franklin's second greatest contribution was the unification of electricity between heaven and earth, which completely broke people's fear of lightning. During the period of 1749, while watching a series of experiments, his wife Lida accidentally touched the metal bar on the Leyden bottle and was knocked to the ground by an electric spark. She was ill for a week, which strengthened his determination to explore the nature of lightning. On the one hand, he listed the similarities between 12 electrostatic spark and lightning spark, on the other hand, he gave the experimental proof through the sentry box experiment and kite experiment (1752 June). His letter was read by collinson in the Royal Society, and at first it was laughed at and doubted. Later, he published his collection of essays "Experiments and Research on Electricity", especially "Kite Experiment Report", which caused a sensation in Europe and made people see that electricity is a promising science. Lightning rod broke superstition, promoted the development of electricity and electrician technology, and became an important technological achievement for human beings to conquer nature. Franklin had a wide interest in nature. He studied the heat conduction of objects (especially metals), the propagation of sound in water and the method of obtaining low temperature by evaporation. He also studied plant transplantation and the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases; When crossing the Atlantic, he observed the influence of the Gulf Warm Current on the climate, and measured the velocity and temperature of the seawater. As an inventor, he invented the elevated book fetching device, bifocal glasses for the elderly, three-wheel clock and so on. 1790 He died in Philadelphia on April 17. The epitaph he wrote for himself only called himself "Franklin as a printer" and did not mention his important post for the rest of his life. But French economist Turgut wrote a eulogy for him: "I got lightning from heaven and civil rights from tyrants".

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