Which "Nanyang" did Zhuge Lianggeng cultivate?

Imagine, if Zhuge Liang really plowed in Longzhong, could Chen Shou turn a blind eye to the wrong description of "plowing Nanyang" in the model, which was obviously inconsistent with the administrative division at that time? It is the basic common sense of historians to make necessary comments on the place names whose names and ownership have changed due to changes in administrative divisions in the past. According to the standards of a famous historian like Chen Shou, he would not have made such an omission. There may be only one fact, that is, Chen Shou thinks that "Nanyang" is Nanyang, and he is not in other places and does not need to comment. Looking at the book "The History of the Three Kingdoms", did Chen Shou make any obvious mistakes in the use of place names? If not, how could he make such a shady mistake in the whole Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which is the most respected figure in his life and the most important surviving document in his life?

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Zhuge Liang devoted himself to Nanyang, Nanyang County and Nanjun County were bounded by Hanshui River, and Xiangyang and Longzhong were both in the south of the Yangtze River, not in Nanyang. At the same time, Xiangyang is ruled by Jingzhou, which is a land and water terminal in a big city. According to people's general habits, the nearest big city is always regarded as the representative place of their residence, so people living in Xiangyang don't need to go to Nanyang, another big city more than 0/00 kilometers away from the Affiliated Hospital/KLOC-. More than 20 years later, when Zhuge Liang went to "start his career", Cao Wei had set up Xiangyang County, and the three counties of Nanjun, Xiangyang County and Nanyang County were completely distinct. Now Longzhong belongs to Xiangyang County. Fifty years later, when Chen Shou wrote the Three Kingdoms, Yiyang County and Nanxiang County were established between Nanyang County and Xiangyang County in the Western Jin Dynasty, and Xiangyang and Nanyang became farther and farther away. The scope of Nanyang County in the Western Jin Dynasty is very small, basically referring to the urban area of Nanyang today and several surrounding counties. Therefore, judging from the historical data before the Western Jin Dynasty, the reference to "cultivating Nanyang" in the teacher's table can only refer to the area around Nanyang City today. At the very least, we can easily find dozens or even hundreds of circumstantial evidence that Nanyang refers to Wancheng from the History of the Three Kingdoms itself and previous history books, but we can't find circumstantial evidence that Longzhong area can be replaced by "Nanyang" today. From this point of view, it doesn't matter whether Longzhong belonged to Deng County at that time, how to record it in the history books after studying hard, whether Wanxian was where Cao Wei was at that time, where Zhuge Liang's relatives and friends were, who built the temple first, and what words were inscribed by later celebrities.

For example, according to the joke in The New Three Kingdoms, how can "Xiangyang said" bypass the famous saying "plow and read Nanyang"? Here Xu Shu is talking about Xiangyang, while Zhuge Liang is talking about Nanyang. Is there such a truth? It can be seen that many pseudo-histories are probably created inadvertently in this way.

There have always been different opinions about Zhuge Liang's farming, but no one can deny that Zhuge Liang himself said in "The Example" that "I was dressed in cloth and worked in Nanyang, risking my life in troubled times and not asking Wen Da to be a vassal. The first emperor was not mean to the minister, he was wronged by his accusation. He took care of his minister on the grass, and he was grateful for what he had done on earth, so he promised to drive him away. " This Nanyang was Nanyang at that time, which is Nanyang City today. Because Zhuge Liang and The History of the Three Kingdoms did not mention the words "plow in Longzhong and plow in Xiangyang". However, those who hold the view of Xiangyang think that this Nanyang refers to Longzhong, mainly for four reasons: (1) According to the literature of past dynasties, Zhuge Liang's place of dedication is in Longzhong and Xiangyang; (2) Zhuge Liang devoted himself to Deng County, belonging to Nanyang County; (3) Wanxian was occupied by Cao Wei Group, and Liu Bei could not go to Cao Cao's occupied area to trap himself; (4) Zhuge Liang made many celebrities and friends in Xiangyang, and all his relatives lived in Xiangyang. Finally, these views developed into such an ironic comment on Nanyang: "Nanyang, the county name, is in the area of Xiangyang today." Nanyang, a place name, was in Longzhong, where Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion. The Eastern Han Dynasty belonged to Nanyang County. So arbitrary, this problem is beyond doubt in academic circles; This is a common sense question, which has been decided for a long time. I wish we would stop arguing.

Due to historical reasons, Chen Shou did not expect that Zhuge Liang would have such a great influence in later generations when he wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms, because there would be such a fierce competition for a place name. Otherwise, if the words "Wancheng" or "Longzhong" and "Xiangyang" were added after this language, there would be no debate today. However, since this happened, the History of the Three Kingdoms only tells us one sentence, and we can only start from this sentence to interpret Zhuge Liang's Plowing the Fields today. I believe that Zhuge Liang himself and later Mr. Chen Shou said so from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty. At that time, that is, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty, the geographical concept of Nanyang should be very clear and will not cause ambiguity. Only later people made comments, the concept was blurred, and new differences were extended. It should be pointed out that one of the main reasons for the "Xiangyang theory" is that the records of Zhuge Liang's dedication to Xiangyang Longzhong in past dynasties are not accurate. There has never been a record of Zhuge Liang's devotion to Xiangyang and Longzhong in the History of the Three Kingdoms. However, more than one hundred years after the publication of the History of the Three Kingdoms, Xiangyang people in the Eastern Jin Dynasty put forward that "brightness" was also the main reason for the dispute between Xiangyang and Nanyang scholars. Therefore, when we re-examine this issue today, we should rule out all controversial views on this matter after the Han and Jin Dynasties and make a radical effort to return history to the undisputed official history of the Han and Jin Dynasties, the history of the Three Kingdoms themselves, the original historical materials before and the historical materials recognized by later generations. According to the evolution of its administrative divisions, we can re-identify the place referred to by Nanyang under the historical conditions at that time.

Since our breakthrough point is "Xiangyang" and "Nanyang" affirmed by scholars, does Longzhong area in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period belong to Nanyang? Are Nanyang and Longzhong the same geographical concept in ancient books at that time? Can it be proved that Nanyang refers to Wancheng in the historical materials of the same period in the History of the Three Kingdoms? This is the only way to solve this cold case. To this end, the author believes that we should start from the following seven aspects.

1. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Zhuge Liang cultivated Nanyang, did Longzhong belong to Nanyang County? Is Atou Mountain recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty Longshan or Wanshan Mountain in Xiangyang today?

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, administrative divisions were divided into three levels: state, county and county. Both Nanyang County and Nanjun County belong to Jingzhou. "Once"? County Country 4: Nanyang County, 37 cities, 52855 1 household, 24396 18 people. Jurisdiction: Wan, Champion, Ye, Xinye, Hubei, Luo, Luyang, Li, Blocking Yang, Wuyin, Biyang, Fuyang, Ciyang, Huyang, Suiyang, Nieyang, Yin, Zan and Deng. Nanjun, seventeen cities, with 162,571 households and 747,640 population. Jurisdiction over Jiangling, Witch, Zigui, Zhonglu, Bian, Dangyang, Huarong, Xiangyang, Yong, Yicheng, Yong, Linju, Zhijiang, Post Road, Yiling, Zhouling and Zhenshan. Nanyang County and Nanjun County face each other across the Han River. Zhang Heng's "Nan Fu" says: "With the south of Beijing, you live in the Yang of Han Dynasty", which is the geographical situation of Nanyang County and the origin of the name of Nanyang. Even in Xiangyang Ji, the person who put forward the theory of Longzhong said: "Qin is also the world, from Hannan to Nanjun and from Hanbei to Nanyang County." Hubei People's Publishing House 1989 edition of Xiangyang County Records contains: Xiangyang, a county established in the early Western Han Dynasty, "governs the south of Hanshui River, the north of Yunxian County, and the east of Zhonglu County, and belongs to Jingzhou Cishi South County". Gulongzhong is located more than 20 miles west of Xiangyang County, south of Hanshui River. Jiangbei, namely today's Fancheng area, is Deng Gu County, which "governs the areas north of Hanshui River, south of Xinye County, west of Caiyang County and east of Du Shan County, and belongs to Wanxian County". In "once"? County country four south counties download, south county governs 17 city, Xiangyang is one of them. There is "Atou Mountain in Xiangyang" in the book. "Once"? Cen Peng biography: "Peng Naiqian dives, hits JASON ZHANG of Atou Mountain and breaks it." Here it is. Now there is no name of Atou Mountain in the west of Xiangyang City, only Wanshan Mountain is Longzhong Mountain, Longshan Mountain is the rising name of Atou Mountain, and Longzhong is among them. It can be seen that Xiangyang County at this time does not belong to Nanyang County, and today's Longzhong is located in Atou Mountain in Xiangyang County on the south bank of the Han River. Because we can't find the place name Longzhong from the historical materials before the History of the Three Kingdoms, and we can't find any historical materials to prove that Atou Mountain is under the jurisdiction of Nanyang County. The word Longzhong first appeared in the Han, Jin, Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. As for "Xiangyang has no west", the statement that "Deng (city) County in Nanyang County and Xiangyang County in Nanjun County are bounded by ten thousand mountains in the west of Xiangyang City" was inferred by later generations according to the county boundaries in Yuanhe County Records of the Tang Dynasty, and these historical materials of later generations can't overturn the historical fact that "there is Atou Mountain in Xiangyang" at present.

In fact, from the map, the Hanshui River flows from the northwest to the southeast and into the Yangtze River, basically in the north-south direction. Its east-west direction is only about 100 kilometers from Du Shan to Xiangyang, and the division between Nanjun and Nanyang County is the most clear in this history book, that is, "Nanjun is in the south of Han Dynasty and Nanyang County is in the north of Han Dynasty". In this east-west Hanshui area, there is no record in the history books before the Western Jin Dynasty that cross the jurisdiction of Hanshui County. However, the record of the dispute over Xiangyang in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty is based on the Hanshui River. For example, "Biography of Liu Biao" said: "There are thieves in the south of the Yangtze River, but Yuan Shu blocked the army from camping in Luyang, but he couldn't get it. He entered Yicheng alone, invited Kuai Yue from Nanjun and Cai Mao from Xiangyang, and * * * asked for paintings ... all the soldiers were attached, Jiangling was the south, Xiangyang was the north, and Jingzhou was the eighth. Jiangnan Xiping. " There are two references to Xiangyang, namely "guarding Xiangyang in the north" and "learning from Jiangnan", which undoubtedly include the present Longzhong area.

Indeed, under the premise that Nanyang and Naner Counties are set up in the north and south of Hanshui River, and Naner Counties are set up before Nanyang County, it is against the traditional administrative division principle of China to insist on placing a small piece of land south of Hanshui River under the jurisdiction of Dengxian County in the north of the Yangtze River. Therefore, some scholars in Hubei recently suggested that this Longzhong should be under the jurisdiction of Du Shan County in Nanyang County at that time, not Dengxian County. This theory is more reasonable than the previous one, but it also has many problems, which will be discussed later. (In addition, scholars have discussed more about whether Deng County can be placed under the jurisdiction of Longzhong, which now straddles County and Chaoyang County, and this article will not discuss it. )

Second, when Zhuge Liang wrote The Model, Cao Wei had set up Xiangyang County. Where is Longzhong area now?

Due to the frequent changes of administrative divisions, people have a habit since ancient times, that is, when tracing back to history, in addition to quoting ancient place names when necessary, the place names at the time of writing are generally used to indicate the place where historical events occurred, and the author of The History of the Three Kingdoms is no exception. In 227, when the Three Kingdoms were founded in Shu, Zhuge Liang led an army to Hanzhong and was appointed as a model. In August of the 13th year of Jian 'an (2003), Cao Cao captured the north of Nanjun and set up Xiangyang County, which was called "Eight Counties" in history. Xiangyang, Zhonglu, Yongxian, Yicheng, Lingxian and Linju in Nanjun, and Du Shan and Dengxian in Nanyang. After Liu Beinan levied four counties in the south of the Yangtze River, he set up Xiangyang County in the north of the Yangtze River and appointed Guan Yu as the magistrate of Xiangyang. Although Guan Yu did not take office, in the minds of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, according to the important military geographical location of Xiangyang, it was only a matter of time before the county was established. As Xiangyang has been upgraded to a position parallel to Nanyang County more than 20 years ago, according to common sense, when Zhuge Liang went to the "Model" more than 20 years later, he described Longzhong outside Xiangyang as Nanyang, whether it belonged to Deng County or County, just as people in Qingfeng and Nanle County said it was from Hebei today, and people in Wu 'an and Linzhang said it was from Henan. (Before the founding of New China, Qingfeng and Nanle were five counties. For example, Shu Shu Qi? "Pang Tong Biography": "Pang Tong is a scholar, and Xiangyang people are also." "Shu Shu uncle? "Biography of Ma Liang": "Ma Liang's words are always timely, and Xiangyang Yicheng people are also." "Shu Shu Xi? Xiang Lang Chuan: "Xiang Lang is big, and Xiangyang Yicheng people are also." At the same time, Nanyang people Huang Zhong, Wen Pin and Han Ji marked it as: "The word han sheng is also from Nanyang." "The word Zhong Ye, Nanyang Wan Ren people also." "The word Gong, Nanyang also blocks people." (See "The History of the Three Kingdoms"). The native place of ancient people is mainly county, that is, county is in front, county is behind, and county can also be the only county. The above biographies show that in this period, Xiangyang and Nanyang were equally matched and both were counties. At the same time, Deng County at this time belongs to Xiangyang County. Whether it belongs to Dengjun in Longzhong today or not, at this stage, in the eyes of Zhuge Liang and Chen Shou, Xiangyang, which governs Longzhong area, must not be confused with Nanyang, which is also a county. It is even more impossible to equate Nanyang in Longzhong today.

3. When was the place name used by Chen Shou when he wrote "The History of the Three Kingdoms Split"?

Chen Shou (233~297) wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms around the tenth year of Taishi (274), nearly 70 years after Zhuge Liang devoted himself to Nanyang (from two to ten years of Jian 'an, that is, 197 to 2007). If all the divisions were made 70 years ago, it would inevitably bring a lot of unnecessary trouble to the readers at that time. Therefore, we should have a comprehensive understanding of Quan Zhi. During the reign of Taikang in Jin Dynasty (280-289), after the Three Kingdoms returned to Jin, Emperor Wu of Jin established Yiyang County in Xinye, dengzhou city, Tanghe and Tongbai counties in the south of Nanyang County and Zaoyang and Suizhou in Hubei Province to govern Xinye. In addition, in the 13th year of Jian 'an, Deng Gu County was placed in Xiangyang County, and it was divided into Dengcheng County, which now governs Fancheng area and belongs to Xiangyang County. Dengxian county belongs to yiyang county. Nanxiang County is located in Xixia and Xichuan in the southwest of Nanyang County and Shiyan, Xunxian and Laohekou in Hubei Province. Plus the original Xiangyang County, the Book of Jin? Geographical records are as follows: "Xiangyang County, Wei Zhi. There are eight counties with 22,700 households. Yicheng, Zhonglu, Linju, Yong, Xiangyang, Dengcheng and Qiang (newly established Dengcheng County). Nanyang County, Qin County. 14 counties with 24,400 households. Wan, E, Pheasant, Luyang, Gui, Ganyang, Dangyang, Ye, Wuyin, Biyang, Nieyang, Champion and Li. Taikang Middle Road, Yang Shun County. Eight counties, 2 100 households. Yan, Nanxiang, Danshui, Wudang, Yin, Zhuyang, analysis. Yiyang Taikang Middle School. There are 12 counties and 1.9 million households. Xinye, Mao, Deng, Sui, Anchang, Jiyang, Juexi, Yiyang and Chaoyang. "As a result, the birthplaces of many characters recorded by Chen Shou in the History of the Three Kingdoms are marked by the administrative divisions in the early Jin Dynasty. Such as: "Wei Yan, long word, Yiyang people also." "Lai Min, the word Jingda, Yiyang New Savage." "Deng Zhi, the word" Miao ",Yiyang New Savage", etc. (for all, see the History of the Three Kingdoms). At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xinye, which belonged to Nanyang County, was never labeled as "Nanyang New Savage" by the division of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period when marking the birthplace of characters. The new savages in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty are all labeled as the new savages in Nanyang, such as Deng Yu, Yin Shi, Ye Fan and Cao Jie, the ancestors of Deng Zhi. In addition, many Xiangyang people mentioned above have never been marked by Xiangyang people in Nanjun County. However, in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Xiangyang people all indicate "Xiangyang people in Nanjun County", such as Pang Gongchuan in the Biography of Yimin. "Pang Gong, south county xiangyang people also. Juxian Mountain. "Pang Degong is Pang Tong's uncle, and his fairy mountain Xiangyang is commonly known as' Three Immortals', including Xianshou Mountain (Xiaxian County), Wangchushan Mountain (Zhongxian County) and Wanshan Mountain (Shangxian County). Wanshan is today's Longzhong Mountain, facing Xiangyang Fairy Mountain in the misty rain. In the old records of Xiangyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Pang Degong was changed from Xiangyang, a southern county, to Xiangyang, while Ma Liang and Xiang Lang were from Yicheng, Xiangyang in the same period. It can be seen that both Chen Shou and Xi Zhizhi used the administrative divisions at the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty to mark the place where the events occurred and the identity of people in the Three Kingdoms period, rather than the administrative divisions in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Because the scope of Nanyang county has been greatly reduced during this period, it only governs more than a dozen counties north of Zhuangyuan, Ganyang and Biyang, and even Dengzhou, Tanghe and Xinye today are not under its jurisdiction. At the same time, Yiyang County and Nanxiang County are separated from Xiangyang County, so it is even more ridiculous to confuse Xiangyang with Nanyang. To take a step back, even though the disputed Longzhong area at that time belonged to Deng County, Dengcheng County and Hexian County, it was also divided into Xiangyang County and Yiyang County. Then, Longzhong should have been divided into Yiyang Dengxian County, Xiangyang Dengcheng and Xiangyang Du Shan at that time, and it would never be Nanyang.

Fourth, during the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms periods, can Nanyang refer to Wancheng?

Indeed, in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, Wan was once a county name, such as Wei Zhi? Biography of Yuan Shu: "Millions of Households in Nanyang". Therefore, in the "Three Kingdoms", most of the specific locations of events in Nanyang County are clearly marked, such as Wei: "In the first month of the second spring, Cao Cao arrived in Wan. Zhang Xiu surrendered, that is, he repented and rebelled. The public and the war, the army was defeated, ... the public is leading the troops to dance in shadow, the embroidery will ride the money, and the public will break it. After embroidery, rush ... "Wait a minute. Wan governs Nanyang County here, which is today's Nanyang City. But it is not uncommon to think that in the long history, the names of administrative divisions such as states, counties and counties have gradually evolved into the names of governing land. Such as the Book of the Later Han Dynasty? "Geography" contains: "Wan, so Shen has, Qu has Shencheng, and Beishan is in the south of the county ... there are industrial officials and iron officials. Mangyue Nanyang. "Follwed was the first to be crowned Nanyang in Wancheng. Since then, Nanyang refers to Nanyang County and Wancheng. " Used to be "? Tenth: "In the first month of the following year, Emperor Guangwu set out to seize the tomb, and soldiers such as Xia Jiang, New City Thief Zhang Yin, Wang Chang and Re-starting arrived, all of whom attacked Nanyang ... In June of four years, Han soldiers set out from Nanyang to Kunyang. "Wan is used here, and the same books" Ji of Emperor Guangwu "and" Biography of Liu Xuan "are used in Wancheng. Another example is the Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Tian records: "In March of four years, Ding Mao and his wife returned from Wan, died of illness and collapsed." The same incident is recorded in the Ji of Emperor Xiao 'an: "On the fifth day of March, there is food every day. Fortunately, the emperor Wan was not prepared ... ugly and self-satisfied. Ding Mao, luckily Ye, the emperor died in Yu at the age of 32. " There are many records about the interaction between Nanyang and Wancheng in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. Similarly, Nanyang and Wancheng, Xiangyang and Jingzhou, two names under the jurisdiction of the state, are also very common in the history of the three countries themselves. Such as: "Wei Hu? Biography of Liu Biao: "When Shandong soldiers arrived to recruit soldiers, (Liu Biao) also joined the army in Xiangyang. Yuan Shu is also in Nanyang, and is attacking (Liu) Biao (Jing) State with Sun Jian, so that we can attack Biao steadily. "A place name in Xiangyang here has two names, one is Xiangyang as the county seat and the other is Jingzhou as the seat of Jingzhou. Accordingly, Nanyang, where Yuan Shu is located at this time, just replaced it. What about Wu's? Biography of Sun Jian: "Jingzhou secretariat of Wang Rui, it is better to kill him if he is rude. Compared with Nanyang, there are tens of thousands of people. Zhang Zi, the prefect of Wan, was very at ease when he heard that the army had arrived. "Jingzhou here is Xiangyang, Nanyang is Wancheng. In addition, Cao Cao's being trapped in Wancheng is a famous historical story during the Three Kingdoms period. In the second year of Jian 'an (197), "(Zhang) embroidered and led the crowd, moved to Wan, and Liu Biao. Mao (Cao Cao) traveled south and embroidered in the army. Mao Dui's wife, A Xiu, hates her guts. ..... cover up the hair. The Taizu army was defeated, but the second son was not defeated. " (Wei Shuba). What is used in this biography is ten thousand, but what is used now is stone? Jia Xu Biography uses the phrase "Zhang Xiu is in Nanyang".

It is worth mentioning that in the History of the Later Han Dynasty and the History of the Three Kingdoms, except for some county names replacing the places where the county was ruled, all the place names involved in the places where the county was ruled were clearly marked, and there was no record of vague substitution of Nanyang, Jingzhou and Nanjun. For example, it is recorded in Hanshu Jinshu Chunqiu that for seven years, "Emperor Huan is lucky for Fancheng, and all the people watch it", while Wuyin, Mao, Ling, Kunyang and Ye mentioned above are all under the jurisdiction of Wan County, but they will never be replaced by Wan. Assuming that Longzhong in Xiangyang Shuo is under the jurisdiction of Nanyang, it can be changed to Nanyang in the expression of historical books, and Nanyang refers to Longzhong. Then, we can try to change all the place names below the county level in the History of the Later Han Dynasty and the History of the Three Kingdoms into their county names. Then, the two history books are not messy. Therefore, there is no doubt that ancient historians are rigorous in using place names in official history. The author also believes that it is difficult for us to find another place name with "Nanyang" in the above two history books, but it is an example of a place outside Wancheng after textual research. If you can't find it, then the bizarre conclusion of "Nanyang is Longzhong" is either suffered by generations, speculated or perjured.

5. Zhuge Liang also mentioned Nanyang in "The Last Example". There is no doubt that Nanyang refers to Wancheng.

Coincidentally, Zhuge Liang also used the word "Nanyang" in "The Example": "Cao Cao's wisdom is unique to others. He uses soldiers like Sun and Wu, but he is trapped in Nanyang, dangerous in Wu Chao, dangerous in Qilian and even in Liyang, depending on the danger." Nanyang here refers to the fact that Cao Cao was defeated by Zhang Xiu in Wancheng. Zhuge Liang's "pre-model" was in the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (227), and his "post-model" was in the sixth year of the Han Dynasty (228), with only one year before and after. Before and after, Zhuge Liang, as a strategist, politician and geographer, could not point out the same place name to two places more than 200 miles apart. Therefore, Zhuge Liang's "plowing Nanyang" in the former model and "trapped Nanyang" in the latter model all mean that there should be no problem in Wancheng. According to Xiangyang Theory, Nanyang in the "front model" is in the middle of Deng County, and Nanyang in the "back model" should also be in the middle of Deng County. Isn't it ridiculous for thousands of years? Is it necessary to check the records of Zhang Xiu and Cao Cao's visit to Longzhong again? Otherwise, what is the reason to deny the two Nanyang notes in the previous paragraph?

Of course, the authenticity of the model of later generations is also controversial, but it was first published in Hanshu, Jinshu, Chunqiu, which was thought to be written by Zhuge Qiao (204~229) and hooked by Zhuge Ke (203~253). These two men are Zhuge Liang's nephews, both of whom were alive at the same time. No matter whether it is true or not, in addition, Pei Songzhi thinks that "Houmo" originated from Zhang Yan's "Memories", and Zhang Yan and Zhuge Liang were a little late at the same time, so they were rigorous and familiar with Zhuge Liang's life story. If "The Post-Model Edition" was entrusted by later generations by mistake, Zhang Yan would not be included in "Memories" indiscriminately. Of course, the authenticity of "being a model" is not the theme of this article, but it is undeniable that Zhuge Liang, Zhuge Qiao, Zhuge Ke and Zhang Yan, who lived with him at the same time, have no ambiguity about the word "Nanyang" used in the two tables. Therefore, Xiangyang theory should deny that Nanyang in the former model is Nanyang City, first of all, it should deny that "trapped Nanyang" in the latter model is Nanyang City, deny the latter model, and deny the eternal famous saying "do your best to die before you die". Otherwise, the contradiction between "Nanyang" and "Xiangyang theory" recorded in the previous model cannot be justified.

6. Assuming that today's Longzhong Land belongs to Nanyang County, Deng County, is it possible to replace or imply Nanyang in the history of the Three Kingdoms? In Zhuge Liang's eyes, is Xiangyang so insignificant that it is readily available?

According to the general custom, when people living in remote counties within the jurisdiction of big cities declare their places of residence, they can only say the names of big cities or big administrative regions, just as a person working in Xichuan County can say that he is a "Nanyang person" today. But the problem is that Xiangyang was not a remote county during the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms periods. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Xiangyang was known as the "northern Chu garrison". It is connected with Qin Long and controlled by Han Mian, with wuyue in the east and Sichuan and Shaanxi in the west. It is the place where the south ship and the north horse meet. When the Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty collapsed, Liu Biao "made a secretariat for Jingzhou" and moved his official position from Hanshou to Xiangyang. Since then, Xiangyang has become more and more important. Liu Biao took advantage of geographical location and human harmony. "There is zero Guangxi in the south and Hanchuan in the north. The land is a thousand miles away, and the armor is more than 100,000. " Therefore, in the history of the Three Kingdoms, all records about Xiangyang are very clear. For example, "Shu Wei XXVI": "Guan Yu surrounded Xiangyang, leaning towards the southern general Cao Rentun, but Fan Cheng refused." Shu Wei XIV: "Guan Yu surrounded Fan and Xiangyang." "Wu Shu? Lu Su Biography: On the deathbed of Sun Quan, Zhou Yu put forward a strategic plan for his suicide note. Xiangyang is equal to Ba County, which is the two most important strategic places that Zhou Yu plans to compete with Cao Cao who has occupied Nanyang in the south of Han Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms, even Xiangyang and Fancheng are so close, and Xiangyang's strategic position is so important. How can it be unclear in the hands of such a fine strategist and geographer as Zhuge Liang? Not to mention Xiangyang, which is close at hand, is Nanyang, which is more than 200 miles away? If Zhuge Liang lived in Xiangyang for 10 years, only 20 miles away, but he was indifferent to Xiangyang, a political and economic center closely related to his daily life, then today's Xiangyang people should also reflect on this history. Therefore, the author thinks that Zhuge Liang must have mixed feelings when he remembered the biggest turning point in his life, that is, the "three ministers in the thatched cottage" of the late emperor Liu Chan, before he led the army to start his career. Why does he have to use Nanyang and Caotang instead of Xiangyang and Longzhong? Today, it seems that this is not just a question of division, but all his feelings and lifelong efforts for these two place names. Zhuge Liang is not indifferent to Xiangyang, which is, after all, the place where he lived, but the place where he cultivated is really not there, so he can only mention Nanyang.

Moreover, Zhuge Liang lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty in his early years, and the war continued, and the original administrative divisions were blurred by the actual occupation of warlords. At this time, people will not continue to abide by the traditional county system, but will only refer to their actual ownership or more accurate place names. From the sphere of influence at that time, a small area centered on Xiangyang belonged to Liu Biao, and when it comes to the surrounding areas of Xiangyang, it can only be a subordinate country of Xiangyang. Even today, Longzhong in Xiangyang originally belonged to Deng County, Nanyang County, and was undoubtedly the ruling area of Liu Biao at that time. If Liu Biao can't even control this place, which is only twenty miles away from Xiangyang, and a celebrity like Zhuge Liang turns a blind eye to it when telling his life story, it can't be called a powerful warlord force. Imagine that Zhuge Liang really cultivated land in a place 240 Li away from Nanyang and only 20 Li away from Jingzhou Prefecture, which belongs to Liu Biao's ruling area, so he can only claim to cultivate land in Xiangyang instead of saying "Nanyang cultivated land" in a clear-cut manner.

Seven, Xi Chishao did not say that Longzhong is Zhuge Liang's cultivated land or a place to visit, but that Longzhong is Zhuge Liang's home and former residence.

Undeniably, Xi Chishao was a famous historian and writer in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His historical books, such as the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Han and Jin Dynasties and Old Events of Xiangyang, recorded a large number of historical materials without official history, which supplemented many shortcomings and brevity of the historical materials of the History of the Three Kingdoms. At the same time, he is also the historian closest to the Three Kingdoms period so far. Learn to cut your teeth (? ~ 383), the word Wei Yan. Xiangyang people. Generation is Jingchu Haozu, later than Hou Xiyu of Xiangyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He is versatile, not ambitious, knowledgeable and well-known, and is famous for his writing style. Make friends with Han Bo and Fu Tao. He is proficient in metaphysics, Buddhism and history. His main works include the Spring and Autumn Period of Han and Jin Dynasties, Old Records of Xiangyang, Scholars, and Tooth Cutting Collection. Among them, Xiangyang Old Story is one of the earliest figures in China. Hanshu Chunqiu is also a historical masterpiece with far-reaching influence. "Hanshu Jin Shu Chun Qiu" says: "The Liang family is in Dengxian County, Nanyang, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, and Longzhong, posthumous title." In addition, Book of Jin, Volume 82, Biography of Learning to Chisel Teeth, records that after he was appointed as the prefect of Xingyang, he wrote a secret letter to Huan Wen's younger brother: "Looking at Longzhong in the west, I miss the song of Wolong; Looking at the white sand in the east, I remembered the voice of Feng Chu ... The legacy still exists and the stars are everywhere. " It is these records that triggered the dispute between Xiangyang and Nanyang. Later, according to his records, Shui Jing Zhu and Romance of the Three Kingdoms gradually evolved into such viewpoints as "devoting to China" and "being in China".

Originally, the author did not intend to include controversial historical materials such as Hanshu, Jinshu, Chunqiu, etc., but although he was a famous historian in the Eastern Jin Dynasty after 150 years, we cannot simply deny his views. First of all, he affirmed that "Nanjun is from Hannan and Nanyang is from Hanbei" and deeply admired Zhuge Liang. He made a special trip to Longzhong to pay tribute to Kongming's former residence, wrote Zhuge Wuhou Zhai Ming, described the scene of Kongming's former residence, discussed Kongming's ambition to revive the Han Dynasty and unify the Central Plains, and praised his ideological style of impartial law enforcement, dedication and death. In his works, Kong Ming's Hou Shi Biao is also included, which provides strong evidence for the textual research of this paper. Therefore, in Wuhou Temple in Chengdu, Sichuan, later generations left such a couplet: different generations know each other, learn to grind their teeth, and ten thousand generations worship Wuhou Township. So, don't exaggerate such a person. However, if we carefully study the records of Zhuge Liang's former residence, we can find that there are no such keywords as "Caotang" and "Three Visits". He only mentioned that Longzhong was Zhuge Liang's old home and residence. Zhuge Liang did live in Xiangyang for a long time. Zhuge Liang was born in Guanghe for four years (18 1) and lost his father at the age of eight. In the second year of Xingping (195), he went to Liu Biao with his younger brother Zhuge Jun. The first place he went was Xiangyang, where he traveled with many celebrities and married Huang in Xiangyang. In the second year of Jian 'an (197), Zhuge Xuan died, and Zhuge Liang refused to attach himself to Liu Biao, so he joined his younger brother Zhuge Jun in Nanyang. During their stay in Xiangyang Longzhong, Zhuge Liang's family mainly focused on farming, just like after arriving in Nanyang, because this lifestyle was very common among many unemployed celebrities at that time. For example, Xi Chishao's Old Records of Xiangyang wrote: "Pang Degong was from Xiangyang. I live on the water in Shan Zhinan and have never been into the city. In farming, husband and wife treat each other like guests. "

In this way, we may draw a clear vein: Longzhong is Zhuge Liang's hometown in Xiangyang, and Wollongong in Nanyang is the cultivated land that Zhuge Liang and his brother did not want to rely on Liu Biao to find again after Zhuge Xuan's death. The most accurate description of the relationship between the two is: "Zhuge Liang, a native of Langya, plowed Nanyang and swam in Longzhong." This view was clearly stated in the 36th chapter of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "Xuande tricked Fancheng and Yuan Zhi went to Ma Jian Zhuge". (Xu) Shu said: Xuan and Jingzhou Liu Jingsheng are old, and their former residence is Xiangyang. After Xuan's death, Liang and his younger brother, Zhuge Jun, plowed in Nanyang and tasted the singing. There is a place where I live, called Wolong, because my name is Mr. Wolong. ..... Feng Chu is Xiangyang Pang Tong. Long Fu is Zhu Gekongming. ..... Xuande woke up like a dream. Lead people (from Fancheng) back to Xinye, there must be thick coins, and Zhang Guan went to Wan to invite Zhuge Liang. "In this way, it is easy to explain" home is bright in Longzhong "and Zhuge Liang" plowing Nanyang ".