Tanabata special offer: how to make a light bulb that keeps pace with the times?

Although there are many kinds of light bulbs with a history of 150 years, the principle is not so complicated, which can be divided into three categories: heating type, fluorescent type and LED type.

Type of fever:

Although we have all heard the story of Edison inventing the light bulb, just as the first inventor of the telephone was Bell, Edison was actually a light bulb reformer. Henry Gaubert (also known as Henry Gaubert) was the first inventor of the electric light bulb. He is German-American. 1854, he put a carbonized bamboo filament in a vacuum glass bottle and lit it for 400 hours. That year was the first year when the light bulb was born (although this person was stupid and didn't know to apply for a patent).

It would be great if we could make such a big light bulb.

1880, Edison tried 1600 materials to make wicks, but in the end, he used carbonized bamboo filaments. However, Ai's light bulb is filled with nitrogen, and its life is as long as 1200 hours. In this sense, AI's light bulb has brought light to thousands of families. Later, many improvements were made to the light bulb, and the filament material was replaced by tungsten. The average life of modern light bulbs is 2000 hours, but there are some rare ones. A light bulb of No.6 fire station in Livermore, California, USA, has been in service for more than 1 10 years since1.

However, tungsten light bulb is not a "light bulb" in essence, but a "hot bubble". Light is only a by-product of heating, which is very unfavorable to single dog, neither energy saving nor environmental protection, and will greatly shorten the life. With the development of science, people found that many creatures and minerals in nature can also emit light, which made people realize that light doesn't have to be accompanied by heat, so the light bulb entered the second era: the fluorescence era.

Fluorescence type:

To explain the principle of fluorescence, we must first explain how light comes from. We all know that matter is made up of atoms, and atoms have electrons. Electrons are not voluntary movement's, but must move in several fixed orbits near atoms, with high orbital energy; Low orbit energy is low. When an atom receives energy from the outside (such as receiving high-energy rays or vibrating violently due to heat), the energy will be stored in electrons, and the electrons that gain energy will go from low orbit to high orbit.

But the high orbit is unstable, and after a period of time, electrons may lose these energies again and return to the low orbit. When electrons give up this energy, they will become photons and fly out. This is the principle of luminescence. Humans have used incandescent lamps for more than 65,438+000 years to release photons by making atoms vibrate violently at high temperatures. Later, our science was developed enough to know that there are other ways to make electrons gain energy besides heat. This is the principle of fluorescent lamp and LED light bulb.

People have found two phenomena in long-term physical and chemical practice: 1, and thin mercury vapor will release ultraviolet rays when electrified. 2. Some compounds of rare earth elements will emit light after being irradiated by ultraviolet rays. Hmm? So as long as these two phenomena are combined, they won't shine? Yes, this is the principle of fluorescent lamps. The luminous efficiency of fluorescent lamps is five times that of incandescent lamps, which can help single dog to shine all night.

LED type:

This kind of lamp is the perfect light source closest to large-scale use at present. It has two invincible characteristics: high efficiency! Long life! Although the efficiency of fluorescent light bulbs has been greatly improved, their life span is not much longer than that of incandescent lamps. The core reason is that when the incandescent lamp is switched on and off, there is tungsten wire in the starting structure of fluorescent lamp, so the life of light lamp and incandescent lamp is basically about 2000 hours. ...

LED is completely different. It has a long life of 50,000 hours, which is 0/5 times of the incandescent lamp/kloc-super high efficiency! That is, powerful and elegant, it is a model for single dog to learn! The full name of LED is light-emitting diode, as the name implies (don't hit me, I'm serious, because most LEDs don't emit light! Just like those single dog who died silently in the dark ...) Diodes are semiconductor components. Nowadays, computer electronic equipment is so developed that it is actually composed of countless diodes.

Diodes have a very special property and can only pass in one direction. The principle of this thing is also very simple. Two different semiconductor materials are put together, one of which especially likes to absorb electrons, and the other especially likes to discard electrons. Together, it is a match made in heaven (the diode must be killed here), so there will be an electronic "immigrant smuggling" area at their junction. If external electrons are in the same direction as "migrant smuggling", it will be easy to pass; On the contrary, those "illegal immigrants" will stop the water flow because they never want to go back to their old lives.

The usage of light-emitting diodes is the opposite of diodes. First of all, the semiconductor material he used is quite special. When this material is acted by electrons, it is easy to emit light and generate little heat. Then, we have to electrify it in the opposite direction and force those "illegal immigrants" back with high pressure. They returned to their hometown with tears in their eyes (crying for their parents), and fell down on their homeland that they didn't love at all, emitting photons. This is the luminous principle of LED!