Bud Schubert information

country or region: Germany-America

discipline: astronomer

invention:

brief calendar

Baade.Walter, German-American astronomer. Born in Tinghausen, Westphalia on March 24th, 1893; He died in G? ttingen on June 25th, 196. Budd received his doctorate from the University of G? ttingen in 1919. After working in Hamburg University for eleven years, he came to America in 1931. It was at Mount Wilson and Paloma Observatory that he made the greatest contribution to astronomy. It is true that in 192, he made an interesting discovery about the asteroid Gully. Its orbit extends beyond Saturn's orbit, and it is the farthest known at that time and now (an asteroid found between Mars and Uranus in 1977 is probably the farthest. -Translator's asteroid. Due to strange, in 1948, Budd discovered the asteroid Icarus; Its orbit extends within about 3 million kilometers from the sun, which is closer than mercury, so it is the closest asteroid known to the sun. Obviously, as Kuiper and Nicholson also pointed out, in the solar system, new discoveries have yet to be made, even though Budd called asteroids "pests in the sky" in a gentle and contemptuous tone. Outside the solar system, in 1941, kuiper (suspected as bud's mistake. A small nebula was found near the location of the new star that Kepler first discovered. However, Budd began to make his greatest contribution in 1942. The wartime blackout in Los Angeles made the night sky on Mount Wilson very clear. Budd took advantage of this opportunity to study the Andromeda galaxy in detail with a 1-inch telescope. For the first time, he was able to distinguish some stars in this galaxy. Before that, Hubble had tried to decompose, and he only observed the blue and white giants in the spiral arms. Budd noticed that the brightest star in the inner region of this galaxy is reddish instead of blue and white. Budd thinks there are two groups of stars with different structures and histories. He called the stars outside the galaxy the first group of stars, and the reddish stars in the inner region the second group of stars. The stars of the first group are relatively young, which are produced from the dusty environment of the spiral arms. The stars of the second group are old and are produced in the dust-free area of the galactic nucleus. When the 2-inch telescope began to operate after World War II, Budd continued his research and found more than 3 Cepheid variables in the Andromeda galaxy. He found that Cepheid variables were found in the stars of the first and second star groups, but the curve of Cepheid variables obtained by shapley and Loewit was only applicable to the second star group. It is the second group of stars in globular clusters, wheat clusters and Magellanic clouds, so the distance obtained is good, both inside and outside the Milky Way to Magellanic clouds. However, the distance between the outer galaxies, like Hubble's conclusion, is based on the Cepheid variable of the first Star Family. For these Cepheid variables, Budd obtained a new cycle curve in 1952; On this curve, stars with a certain period prove to be much brighter. This means that if the blue-and-white Cepheid variable in the spiral arms of Andromeda really looks so dark, the distance of this galaxy must be much farther than Hubble thought. Andromeda galaxy is not 8, light years away, but more than 2,, light years away. The whole universe has increased by twenty times. Now imagine that time goes back, and it will take five or six billion years for galaxies (moving at their observed speed) to finally meet together, instead of the two billion years required in Hubble's smaller universe. Geologists believe that this period of time is abundant for the evolution of the earth. They know that the earth's crust is more than three billion years old. In fact, there are signs that the universe is much older than six billion, but our own solar system will certainly not be older. ) Budd's discovery also means that since Andromeda and other galaxies are much farther away than previously thought, they must be much bigger so as to appear as bright as they look from the earth. Our own galaxy is by no means an oversized one much larger than all other galaxies, but an ordinary size. For example, it is smaller than the Andromeda galaxy. Just as Copernicus ousted the earth and shapley ousted the sun, Budd also ousted our galaxy from its position as a leader. With the increasing scale of the universe, people's attention began to shift from a single galaxy to galaxy groups and clusters. In the field of space research, zwicky won a reputation. Since jansky is the first radio emission to discover outer space, the construction of radio telescope provides a new tool for studying long distances. For example, one of the strongest radio sources in the sky can't find any celestial body corresponding to it within the effective range of a 2-inch telescope; Later, a distorted galaxy discovered by Budd in Cygnus proved to be this radio source. At a distance of 26,, light years, the radio waves emitted by galaxies can be clearly detected. It has been seen that a practical size radio telescope can go through a distance that any practical size optical telescope can't. The era of shooting star exploration in the universe has really begun. In 1958, Budd returned to G? ttingen, Germany, where the cosmic "magnifying machine" died.