When did humans land on Mars?

Russia's global recruiters boarded "Mars".

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02:40 August 2006 Morning News +0 1

Women over the age of 30 are ideal candidates for global applications.

As the planet closest to the earth in the solar system, human beings have always been full of yearning for this red planet. Do you also want to be a "Martian immigrant"? Now's the chance! "Mars -500" of Russian Space Agency

This pilot project is recruiting five volunteers from all over the world. Once selected, you will have the opportunity to "ride".

The spacecraft experienced a 520-day closed trip to Mars and landed on Mars. However, this "Mars" is located in the base of the Institute of Biomedicine of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

According to the Moscow Times reported on August 9, the Institute of Biomedicine of the Russian Academy of Sciences posted an advertisement on its website on August 3: citizens aged 25 -50 can participate in the first round of selection; Nationality and gender are not limited, and Russian and foreign citizens can apply; If the occupation is doctor, engineer, biologist, computer expert, priority is given; English ability is also a necessary skill, and English can be used in daily life and professional communication. The advertisement said: "We will form an international astronaut team, so Russian and foreign citizens can apply."

Real life simulation

Will be in close contact with mars for a month.

The deadline for volunteering is 65438+February 3 1. As of August 9th, more than 50 people from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the United States, Britain, Australia, Belgium, Mexico, Argentina, Italy, Spain, Estonia and other 12 countries have submitted their applications, including 3 women.

Applicants will undergo physical and psychological tests. The first is to submit the physical examination report of the last month, and those who pass the primary election will be hospitalized for a comprehensive physical examination. The ratio of male to female will be adjusted after screening. According to previous research by American scientists, during the long-term space flight, the probability of women suffering from heart disease is significantly lower than that of men, and their adaptability is stronger. Women in their thirties are the ideal astronauts in mission to mars.

It is reported that the final five volunteers will be the captain of the spaceship, the engineer on board, the doctor on board and the scientific research personnel. They will sign a cooperation agreement with the Institute of Biomedicine of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, including the payment for the experiment. The institute said that the 520-day experiment requires high physical and mental conditions and personal qualities of participants, so the selection work will be very strict and cautious.

After the volunteers are in place, the "Mars -500" experimental plan will be launched in the fourth quarter of 2007. Although the "Mars spacecraft" that volunteers take will never leave the ground from beginning to end, all the flight and landing links will be presented according to the real scene.

According to the Russian Space Agency, the simulated spacecraft consists of five connected closed cabins with a total internal volume of 550 cubic meters, including a working cabin, a storage cabin and a public activity cabin. The captain can perform orbit change, takeoff, landing, docking and other operations according to the working procedures. The environment inside the spacecraft will take into account all possible factors in real flight, including air composition, air pressure, temperature, humidity, sound pressure and so on. Sometimes it simulates weightlessness. The spacecraft is also equipped with a video communication system, but the signal transmission will be delayed, which is also an inevitable situation in space flight.

The landing of "Mars" is also completely designed according to the real scene. The researchers specially built a red field similar to the surface of Mars, and the color and texture of the soil can be almost confused. One of the five flight modules will be used as a landing module. Volunteers will wear spacesuits and set foot on the red "Mars".

These 520 days and nights will be divided into three stages: flying to Mars (250 days), landing and staying on Mars (30 days), and returning to Earth (240 days). Depending on the specific circumstances, the experiment may be extended to 700 days.

A month of close contact with Mars is short, but it is the key to the whole process, and volunteers will be tested by long-term weightlessness. On the way back and forth, it includes several stages, such as spiral orbit flight in the gravitational region of the earth, flight to Mars along the heliocentric orbit, spiral orbit flight in the gravitational region of Mars, and flight around Mars.

Isolated from the outside world

You can't smoke and drink, you can only grow flowers and plants.

The main purpose of this simulation test is to study the influence of the long space journey on the physical and psychological conditions of the spacecraft crew and prepare for the future manned trip to Mars. In a year and a half, five volunteers can communicate with the mission control center by email, and there is also video communication between the lander and the mother ship. Like ordinary work, they also practice in the spaceship for the fifth day and rest on Saturday and Sunday, but they also need to take turns to work at night. When approaching Mars, their clocks will be adjusted to Mars time-24 hours and 40 minutes a day.

Volunteers have a very tight schedule every day, sleeping for about 8.5 hours. Other activities include system maintenance, scientific experiments, physical exercise and physical examination. In more than 500 days, they have to complete more than 70 biomedical experiments. The experiment will also simulate sudden emergencies, such as instrument failure and physical discomfort. At that time, due to the lag of communication, the help from the "earth" will be very limited, and volunteers will have to deal with it independently in many cases. During the test, their food supply will be exactly the same as that of astronauts on the International Space Station, and smoking and drinking will be completely prohibited.

Because volunteers live in a closed space for a long time without direct contact with the outside world, they are likely to have psychological problems such as loneliness, loneliness and tension, and the test of sexual needs is also a realistic problem. One of the women who applied this time applied with her husband. According to Belakovski, spokesperson for the Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, even if they are selected at the same time, it is impossible to be "officially" allowed to live a normal husband and wife life during the experiment. "Unless they find a way to do it in secret."

In a previous experiment in Russia, a Russian male astronaut was forced to "ask for a kiss" from his colleague and a Canadian female astronaut on New Year's Day. Canada believes that this incident should be regarded as a sexual harassment case, and Russia has made great efforts to persuade Canadian female volunteers and her companions to continue the simulation and complete the experiment shortened to 1 10 days.

In order to help adjust the mood of volunteers, Russian experts plan to open a greenhouse in the spacecraft as a "mini botanical garden" to plant edible plants or flowers to beautify the environment. Previous experiments on the International Space Station have shown that planting plants has a positive impact on astronauts' mood. Researchers will observe the influence of nature on volunteers' psychology.

During the whole mission, the doctor on board will be responsible for monitoring and taking care of the physical and mental health of each participant and giving first aid in case of emergency. The mission control center will also test the technology of "remote diagnosis" for volunteers through video.

Of course, if the volunteer's condition is difficult to continue the experiment, the staff of "Earth" will step in and call him back to "Earth" for treatment, and the rest will continue their trip to Mars.

□ Kang Juan (special feature of China Daily)

Under the clarion call of President Bush, Russia, another space power in the world, is unwilling to be lonely or lag behind, just as the US plans to explore the moon and Mars are launched. Recently, some experts in the Russian space field have been talking about Russia's ideas and grand blueprints for the exploration of the moon and Mars in front of the microphone of the media. They also hope that Russia will resume its scientific exploration activities for the moon and Mars as soon as possible.

Nikolai, the first deputy director of the Russian Space Agency? In an interview with ITAR-TASS news agency, Moiseev said that before the end of this year, Russia will draw up a 20 15-year federal space program, and the resumption of lunar and Mars exploration activities may be included in this plan. He also said that Russian scientists have put forward many plans to explore the moon and Mars, but it is still uncertain which plan will eventually be included in the future federal space program.

Royalid, the first deputy general manager of Russia's famous Vochkin scientific research and production consortium? Creme Neve said that the legendary "lunar rover" was developed by the former Soviet Union in the last century. In the next 30 years of work, their consortium has been constantly studying this technology. At present, there are serious plans. If Russia will resume its exploration of the moon and Mars, we can develop a new sketch of the lunar rover within 1 year, and then develop a real "lunar rover" within two to three years.

When talking about the significance of exploring the moon, Eric Galimov, an academician of Russian Academy of Sciences and a member of the Space Committee, believes that the energy on the moon will solve the energy crisis on the earth. There is a lot of tritium on the moon, and the tritium obtained from the moon can be used as fuel for thermonuclear fusion. In addition, the moon can become the frontier of deep space research and can be used as a base for monitoring meteorites and dangerous accidents on earth.

Leonid, designer of Russian "energy" company? Gorshkov has a manned Mars exploration program. In an interview with ITAR-TASS, he described that Russian manned exploration of Mars may begin in 10 years. He said that "Energy" company has developed a manned and multi-purpose Mars landing spacecraft. Technically speaking, manned flight to Mars can be completed in 20 14 years. Russia needs $654.38+05 billion to realize this plan, which is 654.38+00% of the US Mars program.

He said that the Mars spacecraft developed by Russian "Energy" company is similar to the business class of "Star" on the International Space Station. The manned Mars spacecraft weighing 70,000 kilograms will be assembled in orbit, and its components will be sent into space by Russian "Proton" carrier rocket, and the International Space Station will become the residence of "space assemblers".

Leonid? Gorshkov pointed out that the manned Mars spacecraft will be equipped with electric rocket engines using solar cells. This engine has been verified on the Mir space station. The exploration activities of manned Mars spacecraft will last for six months to two years. Astronauts who completed the first manned flight to Mars can only work in Mars orbit, and automatic detectors will be launched to Mars from here. Then, the manned spacecraft will stay in low-earth orbit and temporarily be used as a science laboratory.

Leonid? Gorshkov believes that the ideal number of astronauts on a Mars manned spacecraft is four to six. They must include engineers, scientists and doctors. This doctor is likely to become the commander of the spaceship. He also said that whether women can participate in Mars flight is still a problem. On the one hand, women may become a factor of psychological imbalance in the male group of astronauts, on the other hand, women perform better in unexpected situations.

"The Institute has selected six volunteers who will spend 500 days and nights in a closed training cabin. We are preparing for a large-scale "preview" of manned Mars flight. Oleg, an expert at the Institute of Medical Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences? Gatsenko added.

Vasily, a professor at the Institute of Astronautics of the Russian Academy of Sciences? Moroz explained the significance of exploring Mars in theory. He believes that human beings should regard Mars as a backup planet for survival. Once the earth collides with the giants in the universe, humans can move to Mars. But he thinks this is a very distant thing, because to develop Mars, human beings must reprocess the Martian atmosphere.

But many people are not optimistic about the exploration of the moon and Mars. People clearly remember that for more than 40 years, human beings have been trying to explore Mars. During this period, many detection devices were launched to Mars. Two-thirds of Mars landers have become space junk for different reasons. It may be unrealistic for Russia to explore the moon and Mars. The main reason is insufficient funds. In 2002, Russia's GDP was less than 10% of that of the United States. In addition, Russia's plan to launch the probe "Mars -96" to Mars in 1996 failed. It is equipped with many very expensive scientific instruments. Recently, the "Beagle 2" Mars probe launched by the European Space Agency failed to land on Mars. Some important landing equipment on Beagle 2 was developed and produced by Russia, which was a bad past for Russia.

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