What are the survey methods and application levels of water conservancy and hydropower projects in China?

Re-recognize and examine the various survey methods and their application levels of water conservancy and hydropower projects in China at present, vigorously promote the development and comprehensive application of various survey methods, and make the geological survey of water conservancy and hydropower projects develop from "qualitative analysis" to "quantitative calculation". The close combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation is of great significance to accelerate the development of China's water conservancy and hydropower engineering industry.

I. Application of Global Positioning System

GPS is more and more widely used in geological survey and positioning control of water conservancy and hydropower engineering. It can solve the problem of difficulty in leveling transmission across rivers and ditches in elevation control. When there are few control points in the survey area, or when engineering geological survey is carried out in areas with poor visibility and limited observation conditions such as mountainous areas and forest areas, the operation time can be greatly reduced and the survey accuracy can be improved.

Second, the application of remote sensing technology

According to the height of remote sensing platform, remote sensing technology can be generally divided into three categories: space remote sensing, aerial remote sensing and ground remote sensing. Remote sensing technology is widely used in the investigation and study of major engineering geological problems and related environmental problems of water conservancy and hydropower projects because of its wide field of vision, rich information, strong three-dimensional sense, periodic recurrence of satellite images and fast data acquisition.

1, study on regional tectonic stability

Because remote sensing images can provide a lot of macroscopic linear structural information, and better reflect the regional geological characteristics, water distribution characteristics and landforms, it is of great significance to study the regional structural framework, determine the fault system and activity, and evaluate the structural stability of the project and its surrounding areas. Therefore, the application of remote sensing technology has also become a necessary means to study this problem.

2. Investigation of collapse, landslide and debris flow in the reservoir area

In the investigation of bank slope landslides, collapses, debris flows and some loose accumulations in large-scale water conservancy and hydropower projects, some projects use remote sensing technology, aerial photos or color infrared photos for geological interpretation, combined with field observation, review and inspection, and find out the number, distribution and stable state of many large-scale or large-scale landslides that have long affected the stability evaluation of reservoir banks.

3. Karst investigation

Remote sensing images, especially color infrared images, have unique advantages in karst and karst hydrogeological investigation. Photo interpretation can not only interpret various karst landform phenomena well, but also make full use of the difference of infrared spectra of other media to judge the distribution of groundwater and spring water. The Zhaojiahe River, Gaobazhou River and Wanjiazhai River in Qingjiang River have all used color infrared aerial photography to study karst and karst leakage, and all of them have achieved good results.

4, small and medium-sized geological mapping

Popularize remote sensing technology, and replace conventional geological mapping with remote sensing mapping for small and medium-sized geological maps on the premise of maintaining necessary field workload and field verification mapping; Large-scale engineering geological maps in important areas such as buildings are given priority in remote sensing mapping. This was determined by the document "Development Goals of Survey Technology" put forward by the General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning at the national conference on water resources and hydropower survey ten years ago.

5, geotechnical engineering excavation surface geological records

In order to meet the needs of feedback design, safety prediction and filing for future reference in the construction of large-scale water conservancy and hydropower projects, it is necessary to use ground remote sensing technology in the excavation of high slopes, large underground buildings and dam foundation pits, and make geological records well, so as to provide detailed geological information and data for related stability analysis and field prediction. Therefore, the Yangtze River Survey and Technology Research Institute developed and improved the "High Slope Rapid Geological Cataloguing System" in the "Seventh Five-Year Plan", "Eighth Five-Year Plan" and "Ninth Five-Year Plan", and successfully applied it to the geological cataloguing of high rock slopes in the Three Gorges Permanent Lock, Lancang Xiaowan and Qingjiang Ya Bu projects. This technology adopts digital camera photography, microcomputer field collection and pretreatment, and self-developed software processing, which can provide continuous color images of rock high slope in any direction and line drawings of slope excavation surface at any time according to geological requirements.

6, soil and water conservation, flood control and resettlement capacity research

For example, 1994, Changjiang Institute of Survey and Technology undertook the project "Study on the Development Degree and Steady State Region of Landslides and Debris Flows in the Key Control Areas of Soil and Water Conservation in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River". The project uses TM satellite images to interpret and divide the development degree of Longnan, the lower reaches of Jinsha River and the Three Gorges reservoir area (landslide is divided into four grades and debris flow is divided into five grades), and makes zoning maps, puts forward prevention suggestions and basic ideas for establishing early warning systems. 1990, the Aviation Geophysical Exploration Center of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, together with the Planning Department of the Yangtze River Committee and the General Administration of Surveying, carried out a remote sensing survey on the present situation of flood control projects in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and interpreted and compiled a report with TM satellite photos and1:30,000 ~1:50,000 color infrared aerial photographs, and the results achieved good results. The research on resettlement capacity, aerial photography, especially color infrared photography, provides a new means for the analysis and determination of resettlement capacity because of its interpretability and authenticity of land use types.

Three. geographical information system (GIS)

GIS technology can automatically generate engineering geological maps such as plan, histogram, profile, contour map, etc., and can also manage and analyze the database of graphics, images, spatial data and corresponding attribute data. Applying GIS technology to engineering geological information management and mapping output is a hot spot and development trend in engineering geological survey industry in recent years. At present, the professional geographic information system software MAPGIS developed by China Geo University is widely used and mature in China.

Four. Engineering geophysical exploration technology

Although China's engineering geophysical exploration started late, from the early 1980s to the early 1990s, water conservancy and hydropower engineering survey and design units gradually introduced and equipped some necessary instruments, such as signal enhanced seismograph, comprehensive mud logging instrument, electrical prospecting instrument, acoustic wave instrument, pipeline instrument, geological radar and borehole color TV system, etc., which completely updated the geophysical instruments, and some of them were world-class new instruments at that time or now, greatly improving the accuracy of data acquisition and the efficiency of field work.

1, geophysical tomography (CT)

CT technology is a technical method to use the existing flat holes or boreholes to collect and process the emitted waves through certain transmitting and receiving methods, to invert the wave velocity value of rock mass between holes, and to judge and evaluate the rock mass in the interval. At present, there is no economic and effective technical means to understand the exploration of inter-hole rock mass, so CT technology is a good method to find out the overall integrity of inter-hole rock mass. Doing well can not only save some exploration workload, but also improve the overall evaluation quality of rock physical and mechanical properties. Therefore, since the "Seventh Five-Year Plan", several projects involving hydropower construction, including the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" and the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", and most of the topics and topics involving geological exploration of water conservancy and hydropower projects have involved the content of CT technology research, and have achieved many very effective results.

2. Borehole color TV system

53 mm borehole color TV is designed and manufactured to adapt to the fact that most boreholes in water conservancy and hydropower engineering investigation are 56 mm diamond boreholes. Based on the development of electronic technology, a 50mm borehole color TV adapted to horizontal wind borehole observation is designed and manufactured, and CCD photoelectric coupling device is applied to borehole TV for the first time. This product is characterized by reasonable circuit design, high integration and stable performance. Compared with the traditional camera tube probe, it has the characteristics of good color image reproducibility, small geometric distortion, long service life, impact resistance, small size, light weight and low power consumption, and is an updated product. At present, with the development of digital technology, the multi-function drilling color TV system has been developed on the basis of the developed image processing system. The system adopts an industrial control host, which is composed of a controller, a monitor and a video recorder. The upper computer can be equipped with a variety of borehole TV probes with different calibers to realize digital real-time image acquisition, compression and storage, and the results can be burned into VCD discs, and can also be processed and produced in the later stage.

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