About/kloc-Italy in the 0/5th century

At the end of the Middle Ages, Italy still maintained a hierarchical system, but their rights and obligations were limited. "The vassal of my vassal is not my vassal." This complicated hierarchical relationship made European feudal countries in a state of separatism for a long time. The same is true of Italy. Italy was divided into several small towns and states from the end of the Western Roman Empire, and this pattern continued until Napoleon invaded.

1 is an era when the Renaissance had a positive impact on Florence, Rome and other city-states. You can find a lot of information about the Renaissance, so I won't write it.

Economically, even in Florence, the holy land of the Renaissance, it is no different from the lifestyle of the people at the bottom of the Middle Ages. Mainly a feudal manor-style natural economy. The Mediterranean trade circle and handicraft factory, which had a great influence on later generations, basically did not appear.

In marriage, the nobles are monogamous, but the Lord has the right to possess the people. Priests abstain from sex and are not allowed to get married.

There is no way to talk about kingship. Many city-states are basically strongly influenced by the papal state, or the papal state can be regarded as a loose combination of feudal city-states or small countries with the Pope as the supreme Lord, similar to the relationship between feudal kings and free cities in other western European countries. Because there was no secular monarch to compete with it, the church became the highest authority of these city-States.

It is made up of many small countries, which is even more chaotic than China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

15 There are few wars in the early stage, and the civil war is always accompanied by the influence of external forces. By the end of15th century, the holy Roman Empire, Spain and France fought for Italy, and all the major Italian city-states were involved, from 1494 to 1559.

Officially, every country (city-state) is different, so I don't know.

Post an article about the form of Italian city-state before the Italian war. You can have a look.

Italian States

149415th century Italy is experiencing the baptism of the Renaissance. Italy is a rich land with prosperous economy and splendid culture, but it is divided politically. The Holy See, Venice, Florence, Naples and Milan are five equal countries. Although there are great differences in scale and nature, the balance of political power has been maintained on the whole. In addition, smaller countries, such as Ferrara of Este family, Mantova of Gonzaga family, urbino of Rovere family, Polonia, Perugia, Siena and other countries, have different status and local characteristics, and all have contributed to the colorful Italian civilization. In fact, they are also the source of Italy's weakness and the obstacle to reunification. Even more deadly, the rulers of Italian countries are always used to seeking foreign support in the event of civil strife, which makes foreign forces more and more interested in Italian affairs. At the same time, a steady stream of new knowledge seekers gathered from all over Europe, including not only poor scholars, but also prominent dignitaries in their own countries. In addition, there are diplomats and business guests who go to major palaces. All these people have created an impression in their own countries: Italy is a treasure house of art, rich and divided, with weak military strength-a trophy that is not difficult to defeat and profitable.

Pope Benedict

Since the great division of Catholicism ended and the Vatican moved back to Rome from avignon, it has spared no effort to put all Italian lands under the papal suzerainty and directly controlled by the Vatican. The glory of the Renaissance also dazzled the place. Since Nicholas V, the Vatican has entered a development process in which secular honor and artistic brilliance overshadow religious belief. The popes devoted themselves to the honor of the world, and even pursued the expansion of family power more meanly. Even the fall of Constantinople (1453) failed to change. By the time of Sikorst IV, Northam VIII and Alexander VI, the great figures on the Renaissance stage could not hide the reality of the decline of Rome. Shameless cronyism, extortion and Romagne's repeated ravages indicate that Christianity is about to fall apart.

[Editor in Charge] Republic of Venice * * *

/kloc-In the 5th century, Venice * * * and China continuously acquired land in the Apennine Peninsula, and its territory extended from the Alps to the Po River and from the Ada River to the Izuzo River, which became an important factor in Italian politics. Its domestic rule is stable and healthy, and all classes can benefit from the prosperity of foreign trade and industry and commerce. Because of his money, he always pays his salary on time, and the policy of supporting mercenaries to expand national defense is also very successful. However, Venice, as a new country, can not help but arouse the envy of neighboring countries, and its interests are obtained on the premise of infringing on other countries. Pope, Holy Roman Emperor, Milan, Mantova and Flara all lost a lot of wealth because of its rise, and were uneasy about its insatiable territorial desire. Venice's overseas interests inevitably make it confront Ottoman Turkey and compete for control of the Eastern Mediterranean. With the opening of the route around the Cape of Good Hope to India, the prospect of breaking its monopoly of spice trade is fatal. Nevertheless, at the end of 15, Venice was still a magnificent, luxurious, politically clear and United city.

[Editor] Florence * * * Republic

/kloc-In the late 5th century, the power of the Republic of Florence gradually fell into the hands of a handful of people in medici family. Most people in the ruling class voluntarily accept the rule of "tyrant", and most citizens have no objection to this. Facts have proved that cooperation with big financial bankers is very beneficial to businessmen. Florence entered the golden age and became a model of Renaissance under the rule of the third generation "tyrant" Lorenzo de' Medici. The food supply in the city is sufficient, charity is flourishing, entertainment is enjoyed by everyone, artists and scholars are generously sponsored, and the Medici Mansion has become a treasure house that tourists all over the world yearn for. Lorenzo was the protector of peace in Italy in his later years, and all disputes in other countries were mediated and arbitrated with him. In sharp contrast to diplomatic genius, Florence's military weakness. Medici family's political capital is of great prestige, which at least maintains Florence's independence and freedom in form, but their status is unstable from beginning to end.

[Editor] Kingdom of Naples

Naples was still a feudal kingdom in the15th century, retaining the brand left by Norman conquest. The rule of the French Anjou family in Sicily has ended. Alfonso V and ferrante of Aragon established their authority with outstanding talents. They reformed their finances and relied on Florence capital to expand their trade. The hostile aristocrats of Anjou were ruthlessly suppressed, and the territorial claim of Anjou René was also resisted. But Naples under Aragon's royal family has always been an uneasy factor in Italian politics. On the issue of suzerainty, the king of Naples and the Vatican are constantly rubbing; Venice and Naples are in fierce competition in the Adriatic Sea, and Venice is trying to buy several ports in Apuria. These local conflicts can easily lead to external interference. Venice and Rome have been encouraging the Anjou family to reiterate their demands for Naples, and the Anjou faction at home and abroad has been asking France to send troops. Even under such worries, Alfonso, the son of ferrante and the militant careerist Duke of Calabria, is still desperate to expand his power, and his son-in-law Gian Garazzo sforza's Milan Principality is his goal.

[Editor] The Principality of Milan

After the Weiss Kong Di family broke off relations, the Principality of Milan was transferred to the mercenary leader Francesco Sforza. His inheritance right comes from his marriage with the illegitimate daughter of the last Duke of Visconti, which is more out of public opinion than law. It seems that the Orlean family with the blood of Visconti has more power over Milan, which paved the way for the French invasion of Louis XII of France in the future. /kloc-In the second half of the 5th century, Milan prospered under the rule of the Duke of sforza, irrigation was promoted, and agriculture and silk industry developed rapidly. It also has a military organization superior to any country except Naples, Italy, which controls several main passages between France and Italy, is a barrier against foreign aggression, and is also a constraint to Venice's territorial expansion. After ludovico sforza (1480) came to power, Milan entered its heyday. However, the young duke and his wife were very dissatisfied that they had to obey their uncle's regent. Isabella of Aragon complained to her father Alfonso of Naples Crown Prince Calabria many times. Taking this opportunity, Alfonso announced that Filippo Maria Visconti had appointed the Aragon royal family as the heir to the Principality of Milan. His attack seemed imminent.

In order to establish a defense system against the invasion from Italy and foreign powers, Italian countries have formulated a complex system, but it has never been realized. /kloc-The peace of the peninsula in the second half of the 5th century mainly depends on the close understanding between Milan, Florence and Naples, and the unremitting efforts of Lorenzo de' Medici. Just as the relationship between Milan and Naples deteriorated sharply, Lorenzo died in April 1492, which accelerated the arrival of the war.