Definition and explanation of racial conflict

By studying the social structure and function, starting from sociology, it is a comprehensive discipline to study the social relations and social behaviors of the whole society and its development law when the situation occurs. The subject Comte was originally named after this. Through the continuous development of scholars such as Marx, Spencer, Durkheim and Weber, independent social science theories, research methods and paradigms have gradually formed. Its research object is extensive, spanning the fields of history, politics, economy, social structure, demographic structure change, nationality, city, countryside, community, marriage, family and sex, faith and religion, modernization and so on. Its method is holistic thinking, people's existence in society, and people's behavior and thinking are not only determined by individual rationality, but by shaping society and restrictions. [Edit this paragraph] Sociology is summarized as1the response to the prominent contradiction of modernity in the 9th century. This is a contradiction of modernity: the world is getting smaller and smaller, becoming more and more indispensable to the world, and personal experience is becoming more and more scattered and divided. Sociologists not only want to know what brings social groups together, but also want to know the development process of social disintegration in order to make it "correct". (This view is the view of Durkheim's main school of sociology, while other schools, especially Frankfurt School, have not explored community drug rehabilitation, because they believe that treatment programs often collect social ills with the small concept of community, which will not solve the problem, but will make it worse. ) Today,

The research of social sociologists includes the study of microstructure, including the fine structure of individual family social relationship model in the range of race, nationality, class and gender. Sociology department has learned more and more detailed research, including crime and divorce, for example, the relationship between people at the micro level. Sociologists often use quantitative research methods to describe the overall structure of society from a large number of people in order to study the quantitative model response to foreseeable social changes and human social changes. This distance from the research method advocated by Paul F. lazarsfeld is now one of the main methods of sociological research. Another school of sociological research is a qualitative research method based on grounded theory and qualitative data content analysis, including participatory observation, in-depth interview, focus group discussion and data collection. In the qualitative analysis of some sociologists, this is a better method because it can enhance the understanding of the "independence" of society and the uniqueness of human nature. This method never requires the convergence of opinions, but can enjoy their own unique way and learn from each other. The mainstream view is that quantitative and qualitative research methods are complementary and not contradictory. [Edit this paragraph] Comte invented the word sociology. Sociology is a new academic field. This is the whole economy, politics, anthropology, history and psychology. Its significance lies in finding the source of human knowledge and mixed philosophy. school term

Comte, Sociology, first of all, he tried to unify all the physical humanities-including history, psychology and economics-in a way to establish rules that can stand the test of science. He called this new subject "social physics". His main contribution is to finally separate the social sciences from the humanities. His idea is typical of sociology in18th century: he thinks that all human activities are consistent through different historical stages. If a society can grasp it at this stage, it can prescribe effective prescriptions for social diseases.

The first book is sociology, which is the theme of herbert spencer, a British philosopher in the middle of the 9th century. In the United States, the University of Kansas is the first sociology course 1890 [1], [2], and the first independent American university was established by Vicky Swarthmore University in Chicago on 1892. He also founded the American Journal of Sociology. 1895, the first sociological research institute in Europe was established at the University of Bordeaux, France. 1904 The School of Economics and Political Sociology of the University of London established the first UK [4]. 19 19 Max Weber established the first sociology department at the University of Munich. 1920 is the first time that Zdenetsky established a sociology department in Poland. sociology

First, international cooperation took place in 1893. At that time, Le Chong founded the "International Sociological Society" and finally established it with the International Association of Merged Sociologists 1949 [5]. Founded in 1905, the American Sociological Association is the largest sociologist association in the world today.

From 19 to the 20th century, a group of emerging classical sociologists, such as Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tonnis, Durkheim, Pareto and Max Weber. Like Comte, they don't consider themselves sociologists. Their work includes religion, education, economics, psychology, ethics, philosophy, theology and other disciplines. Of course, they are very influential in sociology, especially in economics. Karl Marx is a very important tycoon. From the early Comte's theoretical research methods

Imitate the research methods of natural science and explore social phenomena in the same way. Pay attention to experience, experience and solid basic scientific methods of sociology. This method is called positivism.

/kloc-The study of social life by positivism and naturalism in the early 9th century was questioned, as were new philosophers such as Dilthey and Heinrich, such as Elkant School. They believe that world nature and social world are different and unique categories of human society, such as meaning, symbols, rules, morality and values. These factors have produced human culture. Max Weber developed the viewpoint of "anti-positivism" hermeneutics sociology, emphasizing that the object of sociological research is the subjective meaning of human behavior. It is closely related to the anti-natural theory, so sociological research pays special attention to humanization and cultural values. This makes it difficult to explain debate and influence research, and to distinguish between subjective and objective research. The Internet age has spawned a new branch of sociology-public sociology.

Finally, natural science has not actually replaced other social sciences, but is just another form of emphasized objects and methods. Now sociologists generally study people's organization and social system, especially the complex social structure of the same industry. From the 20th century to 2 1 century, sociological research should also be a rapid era. Usually when analyzing groups, such as social groups, religious organizations, political organizations, business organizations [edit this paragraph], science and mathematics, sociology of sociologists. They study the interaction between social groups, trace the source of the development process, and analyze the influence of group activities on individual members. Pay attention to the social characteristics (such as gender, age, race) between social group sociologists and member groups or the consequences of their interaction on daily life. The results of these communities can help educators, legislators, managers, social workers and other social issues and public policies. Most sociologists have more professional knowledge, such as social organization, social stratification and social mobility, ethnic relations, education, family, social psychology, urban and rural areas, and comparative political sociology, gender roles and relations, demographic geography, gerontology, criminal psychology and sociological applications.

Today, comparison is widely used in sociological research such as human organizations, social groups and social interaction. The development of sociology and other disciplines has brought additional demand, so the study of modern industrial society is very important. In recent years, it is the inspiration of anthropology that has accelerated the study of multiculturalism and multi-ethnicity.

On the other hand, the social structure, such as development, micro sociology: race, social class, gender and family. Because there are many crimes, family problems have produced great social pressure, and it is urgent to find a sociological solution.

Sociologists study how to predict social changes by quantitatively studying social relations. They hope to have a deeper understanding of the operation of society through qualitative research, such as interviews and group discussions. Some sociologists question the positive balance that fills the gap between the two. For example, a large number of studies describe social phenomena, and qualitative studies understand how individuals describe large social phenomena. [Edit this paragraph] The main theories of social theory are abstract, and some complex theoretical frameworks are often used to explain and analyze social forms and macro-social structures. It has a disturbing relationship with the general social theory of traditional disciplines, and has never held the most important position as a sociologist in a university. Modern social theory is regarded as a branch of sociology, which has participated in many scientific fields, such as anthropology, economics, theology, history and so on. The first social theory was born almost simultaneously with sociology. Comte, the father of sociology, founded the first social theory-social evolution theory. 19th century, the third is the social evolution theory, social circulation theory and social theory of Marxist historical materialism. Although they are out of date now, they have a new theory. Evolution is a new and modern theory of social biology, post-industrial society and multilateralism. Hotels and different goals, natural science and social theorists rarely use scientific methods and other things to prove their arguments. On the contrary, when they were young, they used some assumptions and faced very big social movements. However, these assumptions take a long time to prove. This is the focus of the critics. For deconstruction and post-modernism, they suspect that all the research and methods have not been correctly inherited. In many cases, social theory is determined to be unprovable.

However, the largest part of social theory constitutes sociology. Social theorists usually support objective and scientific explanations. Statistical methods based on scientific research found that although women and others do the same job, the income gap is serious. This has become the premise of feminist complex social theory. In short, especially for followers of pure sociology and social theory, because it has such a telephone, individuals and society itself can control the moving focus of some social forces in our lives. This sociological view, which only focuses on students and people for many years, is dissatisfied with the present situation, because it assumes any power or social structure and style controlled by social groups. This shows the possibility of change. This means that the oppression at the bottom of society is unfair. [Edit this paragraph] Social research Social research methods will use various methods to collect empirical evidence, including questionnaires, interviews, participation in observation and statistical research. Faced with different methods

The difficulty is that they must explain and understand the basis for adopting theories based on social researchers. As a functionalist, what did Durkheim explain to Ai's large-scale social structure? If he is a symbolic interaction, he will focus on how people understand others. The class struggle between Marxism and neo-Marxism turned to everything. Phenomenologists just think about how to establish an understanding of their own meaning reality. When facing the reality of social problems, both sides often argue about who is right and who is wrong. In fact, they will combine different methods. The Internet is a sociologist.

Where is my interest? There are four reasons: 1) This is a research tool. Such as online questionnaire instead of paper questionnaire. B) It becomes a discussion platform. C) is the research itself. Network sociology studies online communities and virtual communities. D) Because of the social transformation of the Internet from an industrial society to a knowledge society, such a large-scale social transformation organization has emerged. [Edit this paragraph] There is an industrial society in the research of social sciences such as sociology. By the beginning of the twentieth century, sociologists, psychologists and anthropologists had made contributions. It is worth noting that anthropologists have realized the industrial society. Today, the main difference between sociology and anthropology lies in the difference in theory and research methods, not in the research object.

Sociobiology is a new scientific synthesis of sociology and biology. Although it was quickly recognized, there is still much controversy because it tries to explain the evolution of social behavior and structure by local and biological processes. Sociologists often criticize social biologists for relying too much on genes to express behavior. There is a complex relationship between social biologists and natural cultivation. Therefore, it is closely related to biology, zoology, evolutionary psychology and social anthropology. This is still unacceptable to other sciences. A society like Richard Machalek needs some biologists to study sociology used by non-human society.

The relationship between sociology and social psychology, the former is the structure of social care, and the latter involves social behavior. [Edit this paragraph] The main theme of sociological organization: family-community-village-town-city-tribe-country-community-community and cultural organization. ..

Primary social groups

domestic

Children's play group

nearby

social organizations

Grade photos: relatives-marriage-economy-politics-law-religion-education-culture-sports. ..

Social process: cooperation-competition-war-reform-revolution-social media-social values-social integration. ..

social deviance

Norms and social roles

social change

laminar flow

urbanization

modernization

Social problems: employment-national education-crime-environmental pollution-population-immigration-racial discrimination-violence-poverty. [Edit this paragraph] The protagonist sociology was written by Austrian Gustave Comte BR> Durkheim.

Spencer, Marx, Weber

(Weber)

Tonis

be level with the eyebrows

Mannheim

Pareto theory and method

Malinowski

pelter

William sumner (william sumner)

William Thomas (William Thomas)

Florian Zinanighi (florian Zlannetsky)

Parsons

merton

Smelser

Gans

milling cutter

Mead

Lewis Coase

George Casper Homans

Blau

Emerson

Gofman

Shu ci

Harold Garfinkel

Adorno

Frome

Herbert Herbert marcuse.

Habermas

Michel foucault, Lyota.

Lv Xian sifeizi

Bourdieu

Giddens

Elias (Hebrew Prophet)

Geertz (cultural anthropologist, Geertz)

Feng Fei

Steel [edit this paragraph] social justice sociology social organism

social development

Social exchange theory

Interactive socialization

Social equilibrium theory of social evolution

Social cognitive theory

social nominalism

social realism

Social learning theory

Social control

Structural function

Conflict theory [edit this paragraph] Frankfurt School Frankfurt School is the largest Marxist school in the 20th century, the humanistic spirit of western Marxism, and one of the main schools of modern western philosophy. No matter from the number of academic representatives of Frankfurt School, German Constitution and university social studies, or from the point of view of its members, it is certain that social criticism theory can not have a very comprehensive evolution of human cultural spirit in the 20th century without learning and understanding Frankfurt School. Frankfurt School and Rich Works

Representatives cover a wide range of fields, and the main representative activities cover almost the whole 20th century. Hawke Hamo, Lukacs, Bloch, the founders of Frankfurt School of his age, and Habermas, the main representative of the second generation, are still alive and very active. When 1923

At the time of Marxist international proletarian movement, some unorthodox people, such as Lukacs, Kirsch and Marxist theory, began to reflect on the experience and lessons of proletarian revolution, and re-recognized Frankfurt in internal universities, and Germany established the purpose of Marxist social research. The College founded the Journal of the Historical Library of Socialism and Workers' Movement, which belongs to Gruenberg (Karl Krunberg 186 1 to 1940), the Austrian traditional Marxist historian, with its first director. Classical Berg debated some neutral attitudes among different factions of Marxism, and his eastern orthodox Marxism and other western unorthodox Marxists such as Lukacs also held the same attitude. In a sense, the Frankfurt Institute for Social Studies has become a Marxist ideological node between the East and the West. Like the "Historical Library of Socialism and Workers' Movement" in the East, it must publish not only the newly discovered introduction of Marx and articles published by Engels and Bernstein, but also articles by Lukacs and Kirsch. We can say that as directors, members of the Social Research Society did not form what we call the Frankfurt School today. 1930, Hawke Hamo replaced the sick Gruenberg as the director of the Institute of Social Studies, which opened the history of Frankfurt School's social critical theory. The history of Frankfurt School can be divided into three main stages. 1930

1949 The magic weapon of the New Year is the Frankfurt School. During this period, the school began to create works in Frankfurt School, mainly in the United States, from active areas.

The biggest difference between Hawke Hammer and Gruenberg is that his social research institute "Historical Library of Socialism and Workers' Movement" is just different from the dialogue between Marxist thoughts or places, but it has established a clear research direction for the study of social members and is a critical theory for establishing social or social critical theory. "The Task State of Social Philosophy and Social Research Institute", when he gave a speech with Hawke Hamo as the director, it was obvious that the task of Social Research Institute was to establish a social philosophy, which was not satisfied with the empirical analysis of capital economics and historical and social behavior, but revealed and explained "the fate of being a member of human society" with "the material culture and spiritual culture owned by all mankind" as the object, and made sociological criticism and criticism on the whole philosophy of capitalist society. Therefore, on the one hand, Hawke Hammer introduced Freud's psychoanalysis, cultural and ideological criticism; On the other hand, he introduced research and organized a number of well-known scholars, such as Adorno, Cousy of Malta, Fromm, Benjamin and so on. These people will become members of the School of Social Studies of Frankfurt College or the writers and founders of the "Social Magazine Research" of the new college, thus forming a strong camp of Frankfurt School.

However, in a short period of time, fascism came to power, and most members of the Frankfurt School held the position of radical Marxist Jews, so they could not continue their activities in Germany. 1933 was forced to transfer to the American Institute for Social Studies to attend the meetings of Columbia University and the University of California, Berkeley, new york. During this period, the members of Frankfurt School gradually developed, established their own social criticism theory and launched an all-round cultural criticism of capitalist society. At the same time, Hawke Hammer published "Traditional Theory and Critical Theory" in 1937, which clearly summarized the critical theory of Frankfurt School. During this period, Frankfurt School's critical theory expounded and published many important works, such as Hawke Hammer's Authoritarian State, Hawke Hammer and Adorno's Dialectics of Enlightenment, Fromm's Escape from Freedom and Marcuse's Reason and Revolution.

The period from 1949 to 1960 is the end of Frankfurt School, which is the activity of Frankfurt School members. This is the heyday of Frankfurt School, or it returned to Germany and West Germany in the golden age. 1949

At the invitation of the West German government, Hawke Hamo and Adorno returned to the Institute of Social Reconstruction and served as the deputy directors of the Institute. Soon, due to the university of Frankfurt where Hawke Hammer is located, he gave lectures in the United States. In fact, this work is mainly sponsored by the Social Adorno Institute. During this period, not only Hawke Hallmo, Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm and others (whether they returned to Germany or stayed in the United States) continued to build and critically develop the Frankfurt School, but also a group of young theorists, such as Habermas Schmidt nego Hotel, who began to stand out and become the second generation of Frankfurt School theorists. During this period, Frankfurt School further developed his theory of social criticism. They also emphasized the dialectical negativity and revolutionism, comprehensively criticized the developed industrial society, and revealed the alienation of modern people and the materialized structure of modern society, especially the alienation of ideology, technical rationality, popular culture and human slavery and rule, as well as the revolutionary strategies developed under its developed capitalist conditions. In the late 1960s, the youth rebellion and the radical cultural criticism theory of Frankfurt School, which swept across the European student movement, gained a high reputation and had a great influence. Hawk Hammer, Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm and other major representatives have all become very famous and influential social thinkers. The representative of Frankfurt School, the main works of this period, holds that Adorno's negative dialectics, Fromm's sound society, love and civilization, Habermas' understanding and concern, Schmidt's and so on. Marx's concept of nature.

Since 1970s, Frankfurt School has developed into their later period, and the main representative of Frankfurt School, the school began to disintegrate.

The student movement in the late 1960s swept across Europe, bringing the reputation of Frankfurt School to its peak, but then the decline of Frankfurt School soon began to collapse. The reason for this is that in many aspects of the status quo. First of all, the first generation of Frankfurt School has always been the main representative mold. Adorno died in 1969, Hawke Hamo and Marcuse died in 1979, and the second died in From 1980. Habermas and Schmidt, the second generation of Frankfurt School, have great differences, which leads to the following situation. Schmidt is regarded as the legal heir of Frankfurt School, and he is still valid for 70 years in Frankfurt School, which developed the critical theory of industrial society. Habermas emphasized the inadaptability of Frankfurt School's critical theory under the traditional and modern social conditions, and began to study the legitimacy of late capitalism, and advocated replacing instrumental rationality with communicative rationality and rebuilding the historical materialism theory of communicative behavior. These differences are reflected in the reconstruction of the legitimacy of late capitalism and social evolution by Schmidt's ideological criticism theory and Habermas's historical materialism in his works such as Communication. Theoretical differences have undermined the cooperation among members of Frankfurt School. 1969, Habermas served as the director of the Institute of Social Studies, but soon after, due to the deterioration of relations with Schmidt, Habermas withdrew from the Institute of Social Studies in 197 1. From 65438 to 0972, Schmidt served as the director of the Institute. From 65438 to 0983, Habermas returned to Frankfurt University. Although the School of Social Studies still exists, Habermas and others are more independent thinkers, active in international academic circles, and the history of Frankfurt School as a powerful school is basically over.