Who has the detailed information of the governor of Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty?

Yuan Dahua (185 1 year ~ 1935), a native of Dayuanzhuang, southeast of Yinmiaoji, Qingtuan District, Guoyang County, Anhui Province, was originally a staff officer of Huai Army and was recommended as a Taoist (equivalent to a Commissioner). 19 10 in early winter, the governor of Shandong was transferred to the governor of Xinjiang. There have been eight governors in Xinjiang since the establishment of the province, and he is the last one. He died in Tianjin at the age of 85.

Yuan Dahua was born in the first year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (185 1). His family was poor since childhood, and his mother worked as a servant in the landlord's house, begging for food for him to study. Unwilling to be lonely after entering the school, he joined the army in Kanto in the 17th year of Guangxu (189 1). Wu Dacheng, the left deputy governor of Douchayuan, was then the governor of Jilin, and Iktangga, the deputy governor of Hunchun, was in charge of Jilin demarcation. Yuan Dahua was sent to Boli, Vladivostok and Shuangchengzi to spy on Russian troops. Later, he inspected the Mohe gold mine along the Ergon River and put forward a gold mining method. Li Hongzhang appreciated it and entrusted it with a heavy responsibility. He also presented the title of "Tongzhi" to Yuan Dahua and to General Mohe. After 8 years of operation, with an annual profit of more than 10,000 yuan, she was promoted to a second-class title clerk, Dai Hualing. Due to the disagreement between Weng Tonghe, Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and Li Hongzhang, Yuan Dahua was dismissed due to unclear accounts. There is no evidence after the investigation, and the original official sent the Zhili Committee to use it.

At the end of November in the 24th year of Guangxu, Yuan Dahua took a leave of absence to visit relatives in Yang Guo, which coincided with Liu Chaodong's uprising. Thousands of people gathered and successively captured Caoshi, Longshan, Shigong Mountain, Dancheng, Yimen and other places 15 market towns and more than 70 yards. The Qing government ordered Liu Qingxi, commander-in-chief of Xuzhou, to lead the troops to suppress. Yuan Dahua's plan for Liu Qingxi should be done quickly. Liu Qingxi as planned. Yuan Dahua led the guards into battle. Afterwards, Yuan Dahua asked Li Hongzhang and Anhui Governor to organize grain, rice and bean cakes for the aftermath.

In the 25th year of Guangxu, Li Hongzhang was appointed Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Yuan Dahua went to Guangdong Province with him. At that time, the Boxer Rebellion called for "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" in the north. Yuan Dahua suggested that Li Hongzhang protect the business religion (foreign businessmen, missionaries and Christians), which may be a place of change in the future. In the 26th year of Guangxu, Li Hongzhang sent Yuan Dahua to Qinghe temporarily to suppress the Boxer Rebellion. After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", Russia wanted to occupy the northeast, collude with bandits and fields, take Liaoyang as its nest and invade everywhere. Yuan Dahua served as the East Road, ambushed bandits and rebels, and persevered against the Russian chiefs.

In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), Yuan Dahua was appointed as the governor of Xinjiang. That year, Wuchang Uprising and the Republic of China was founded. Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary in Xinjiang, organized an armed uprising in Dihua (Urumqi). Yuan Dahua received a tip-off from a traitor and killed four people, including Liu Xianjun, the leader of the revolutionary party. 165438+1October 19 Yili declared independence, killed General Zhirui and made Guangfu governor. Yuan Dahua flagrantly unmoved by * * *, sent troops to suppress, and at the same time asked Xuan Tong to crusade. Stalemate with rebels in Guozigou, Daheyan, Sishu and Jinghe areas, with mutual casualties. On February 25th, 65438, Beijing informed the Qing Emperor Xuan Tong of his abdication, and Yuan Dahua resigned due to illness. Beijing sent a telegram to comfort him. Yuan Dahua unexpectedly organized troops, continued to attack Yili, and fought against the uprising troops in Yunzi Temple, Montenegro, Shaquan and Taqiao. Beijing Electric ordered it to stop fighting and negotiate peace. Yuan Dahua used Yanqi, Kuben and Luntai rebels as an excuse to send troops to suppress the Hui uprising in Bakun and kill the officials stationed in the station. Yuan Dahua went to Hami to bid again. Later, the revolutionary army attacked Dihua, and Yuan Dahua fled in the middle of the night and left Xinjiang. On the way, I sent a poem to a friend, which said, "... all the mountains and rivers change color in an instant. "I boast:" My heart is clear, Dongshan is empty, and the weather is not old, so I can teach black and white. "

Yuan Dahua has been living in Tianjin since he left Xinjiang. In the early years of the Republic of China, when zhang xun restoration was in office, he was awarded the position of "Minister of State". At that time, the school was established. Yuan Dahua refused to let his grandson enter school on the grounds that the school textbooks were compiled by revolutionaries, and set up another private school at home.

In the early 1930s, Manchukuo was founded, and the Japanese Kwantung Army sent someone to invite Yuan Dahua to Changchun. Yuan Dahua replied that "one minister does not serve two masters" and refused. 24 years (1935), died in Tianjin. [ 1]

He is the author of Dong Kui's Travel Notes and Desert Mines.

Suggest building roads

On the way from Shandong to Xinjiang, Yuan Dahua met with Chang Geng, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and Enshou, governor of Shaanxi, to discuss border affairs. They all have patriotic aspirations to resist foreign aggression; It seems that everyone is a little ignorant about the grim domestic situation. At that time, some people of insight, starting from resisting the aggression of Russia, a strong neighbor in the north, advocated the construction of a railway to Xinjiang several times, which seemed to be a fashion. As a new government official, Yuan Dahua is duty-bound to guard this land. 19 1 1 in the summer of, he wrote a memorial, pleading with the imperial court to borrow foreign money to build the east-west railway, so as to protect the western regions and consolidate the overall situation, and stressed that this was the opinion after consulting with the two governors Chang Geng and Enshou, so as to enhance the weight of this memorial. Yuan Dahua said in the throne: Britain built mountains and roads in India and coveted Tibet; Russia surveyed the railway line from omsk to Tashkent, which is almost the same as the Sino-Russian border, just for the purpose of playing Xinjiang. Xinjiang is poor in Wan Li, where nothing grows and traffic is inconvenient. Once you have the border police, where should you start? He believes that foreigners' territorial expansion is guided by railways. In order to keep its territory and turn it from weak to strong, China should first build railways in Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang provinces. With this railway, immigrants and fund-raising for training can be manipulated freely. The difficulty is that the line is too long and the cost is too high. It is best to take the funds of the "New Deal" as relief, or borrow money from the United States with the railway proceeds as collateral. He pointed out that if the railway is not repaired for a long time, foreign countries will inevitably compete for the right to build roads, and things will be difficult. Judging from Yuan Dahua's performance, the three governors in northwest China have a clear understanding of the world situation and the surrounding environment in Xinjiang. However, corrupt politics, tight financial resources, and harsh conditions of borrowing foreign debts, committing and humiliating the country, and humiliating the country seem to have given little consideration to the three governors; Plus, because I don't understand technology, I am too blind, which is purely an armchair strategist. It is inevitable that the discussion of road construction will eventually become empty talk. When Yuan Dahua proposed a memorial hall for road construction in the remote western Xinjiang, a "railway storm" broke out in the mainland. In the name of state-owned railways, the Qing government forcibly recovered the road rights of Sichuan-Han and Guangdong-Han railways that had been allowed to be privately owned, and then transferred them to banking groups in Britain, France, Germany and the United States. This traitorous behavior aroused the opposition of local gentry and people, and quickly developed into a movement to protect railways. The repression of the Qing government even aroused large-scale resistance and armed uprising. For such a severe domestic situation, the three princes seemed to know nothing, perhaps they thought that the Qing Dynasty was impregnable!

Feudal heritage

1884 the establishment of Xinjiang province was an important measure to reform the frontier administrative system in the late Qing dynasty, but it also left some sequelae. This is that after the establishment of the governor of Xinjiang, General Yili was not abolished, but his authority was reduced. In the third year after the establishment of the province, contradictions were exposed. The new general of Yili, the pervert, resisted the instructions of the governor of Xinjiang and the dispute went to court. At first, the court had a clear attitude and reprimanded the amount of color stare blankly. However, with the passage of time, the attitude of the court became ambiguous, which may lead to the resurgence of the old system. 1905, Chang Geng served as the general of Yili for the second time, and the court asked him to give advice for reference when making decisions. Chang Geng took the overall situation into consideration, and it took 19 10 years to suggest that the governor of Xinjiang should be changed to the governor of Xinjiang to unify Xinjiang affairs. But so do dungans governor Yun Sheng and others immediately expressed their opposition, arguing that maintaining the status quo is appropriate and there is no need to change it. Governor Yuan Dahua was sandwiched between Chang Geng and Yun Sheng, trying to reconcile the two sides of the dispute. He said that it is very difficult to set up a governor in Xinjiang. It is better to abolish the governor and the general at the same time, and set up the governor of Xinjiang to take charge of the governor's affairs, following the practice of the northeast provinces. Ili and Tacheng retain their deputy capitals, which are under the control of the governor, so that the powers are unified. As for the civil and military officials at all levels in Xinjiang, they are still under the jurisdiction of the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and they can still communicate with each other. Yuan Dahua's opinion is tantamount to eliminating the old contradiction between generals and governors in Xinjiang and creating new contradictions between governors in Xinjiang and Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. This is a failure. The discussion on the local administrative system in Xinjiang was terminated because the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the imperial system. The armed struggle of the Revolution of 1911 also spread to remote Xinjiang, and the Ili revolutionaries led the armed uprising. Yuan Dahua sent troops to suppress it. At this time, Emperor Xuan Tong had abdicated, and Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang Warlord, stole the President of the Republic of China. Yuan Shikai appointed Yuan Dahua as the governor of Xinjiang. Yuan Dahua didn't want to be an official of the Republic of China, but he served as a cabinet minister in the zhang xun restoration regime of 19 17, which proved that he was incompatible with democracy and ideology and could only be a "feudal relic".

Merit in office

Yuan Dahua returned to the mainland after leaving office, and he was only an official in Xinjiang for two years, not to mention any political achievements. However, as the governor, he presided over the work of Xinjiang Local Records Bureau, invited the outgoing political envoy Wang as the editor-in-chief, and gathered some alternate officials and outgoing officials. It took two years to compile Xinjiang Local Records, with a total of 6.5438+0.5 million words. This book is often criticized as too sloppy and careless, but it is the largest Xinjiang local chronicles in the Qing Dynasty. Before the political change, it was quite difficult to preserve some historical materials. Yuan Dahua is also the director of the local records bureau, and has done a lot of work in funding and logistics support. The right to write this book is a contribution to his staying in Xinjiang.