Analysis of urban architectural characteristics in Zhuhai?

How to analyze the architectural features of Zhuhai city? What are the characteristics? Please read the article edited by Zhong Da Consulting Company.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the architectural form of Zhuhai, explore the architectural characteristics of this area and the relationship between architecture and city in urban development. Historically, Zhuhai has several different periods of architecture, including the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Republic of China and post-New China. These new and old buildings show the regional characteristics combined with the local natural environment and culture, the intersection of China and the West associated with the historical era, and the modern characteristics combined with the rapid development of today's cities. From the point of view of the coexistence and co-construction of architecture and urban landscape system, architecture and natural landscape are relatively harmonious, showing the landscape of mountains and seas in the macro-environment of the city. These architectural forms in different periods, types and regions are closely related to the environment, space and pattern of the city, reflecting the internal changes, characteristics and urban development of Zhuhai, a new city.

In recent years, with the development of Zhuhai's economy, the rapid construction of the city and the gradual concentration of population, Zhuhai has entered a stage of rapid urbanization, and the ecological environment and landscape of the city have quietly changed. As we all know, architecture is an important part of a city. In the process of urban development, architectural features are one of the important factors affecting urban landscape. They can reflect the connotation and image of the city to a certain extent, and also witness the precipitation of the city's history and culture. The development and construction of the city play a vital role in the context of the city's characteristics. Therefore, the analysis and exploration of Zhuhai's urban architectural features is conducive to the protection and development of Zhuhai's urban characteristics, image and environmental landscape. Zhuhai mainly has buildings in different periods before and after the reform and opening up in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Republic of China and New China. Through the exploration of these new and old buildings, the architectural features of Zhuhai city show the regional characteristics combined with the local natural environment and culture, the intersection of China and the West closely related to the historical era, and the modernization characteristics in the rapid development of today's cities. Whether it is the growth of traditional architecture or modern architecture, the style from ancient times to the present can reflect the growth process of Zhuhai, the old-new relationship of architectural groups and the state presented in Zhuhai's urban space environment.

I. Regional characteristics

Zhuhai's urban architectural features are prominent in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China, which are mainly manifested in the regional environment and climate, materials and technology, cultural integration and so on.

(A) to adapt to the regional environment and climate

1. Integration of site selection and natural environment Because there are many hills, mountains and water systems in Zhuhai, most villages are near mountains, water and fields, and traditional villages and buildings are integrated with the natural environment in site selection planning. The village is mainly inhabited by clans, with different architectural forms such as archways, ancestral halls and houses, and the space has a certain sense of hierarchy. The buildings in the village are arranged according to the topography, mountain shape and water system, mostly comb-shaped, forming a style combining with nature. For example, Huitong village is planned according to the hilly area in the north of Fenghuang Mountain. The village is low in front and high in the back. "The site selection conforms to the overall pattern characteristics of' back mountain and water' and' Qiantang Houcun'" [1]. The spatial organization of the village is three streets and eight lanes. The three streets are composed of Xiaheng Street, Zhongheng Street and Shangheng Street from north to south along the lotus pond, which are increasing according to the mountain trend. Eight lanes are composed of eight east-west small streets, with low-to-high mountains, three streets and eight lanes crisscross vertically, and are in a comb-like layout in space (as shown in figure 1). This building has adapted to the local climate. Zhuhai is characterized by heat, rain, typhoon and humidity. In order to adapt to the local climate, traditional buildings are mostly designed with water lanes and cold lanes, showing the characteristics of seclusion and narrow lanes (Figure 2), mainly with courtyard style, horizontal houses and front yard style, which can obtain good ventilation and lighting effect in summer (Figure 3). Most of the residential flat layout faces south, and there is a common courtyard layout with three rooms and two corridors, which is symmetrical in the middle and balanced left and right. For example, the Guyuan former residence of Zhou Na Village was built in the first year of the Republic of China (19 12). It has a hard roof, a civil structure, blue bricks and gray tiles, and consists of a main seat and a courtyard with wings on the left and right. There is a back room behind the main hall, which is a courtyard with two rooms and three halls (Figure 4). In view of frequent typhoons and thunderstorms, traditional buildings in Zhuhai do not choose eaves or few eaves in eaves design, and some external windows have overhangs to play a role in weather protection. In addition, in order to avoid local wind, rain and humidity problems, some residential buildings carve stone pillars instead of wooden ones.

(B) the use of regional materials technology

In terms of construction methods, traditional buildings mostly use brick-wood structure, and the enclosure structure is mostly filled with blue bricks or rammed earth (as shown in Figure 5), or walls are built with oyster shells. For example, there are three existing traditional houses in Nanmen Village: blue brick houses, rammed earth houses and mixed structure houses with blue bricks and rammed earth, among which rammed earth houses have the largest number. In addition, building walls with oyster shells is not only economical, but also plays a role in preventing typhoons, which is warm in winter and cool in summer. This feature should be counted as the oyster shell wall in Zhao's ancestral hall (as shown in Figure 6), which has a history of nearly 600 years, good integrity and large scale. The folk saying that "a thousand years of bricks and tiles, a thousand years of oysters" just reflects the coastal characteristics of local buildings. In some wealthy houses, the "Pisces Wall" technology is also adopted, and the "bucket wall formed by staggered masonry of external walls" [2] has good effects in heat insulation, moisture prevention, heat preservation and sound insulation. Because it is close to the sea, the rocks and oyster shells on the island have become economical and practical materials, not only the walls of the enclosure structure, but also the floors, doors and windows of buildings.

(C) the refinement of regional cultural symbols

1. Dragon Boat Ridge Zhuhai area is rich in water system, and there is a tradition of "boating for a living" among the people, and there is a habit of rowing dragon boats on the Dragon Boat Festival. The stilts at both ends of the main ridge of the house look like dragon boats, which are closely related to local life and culture. The dense natural resources of rivers make dragon boats play a very important role in people's living habits. The dragon boat ridge of the building (as shown in Figure 7) is an exquisite symbol of local folk customs and life. 2. Bell wall bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell In addition, taking gold from the five elements means putting out the fire. From different angles, the regional clock wall (as shown in Figure 8) has become a symbol of architecture and has special symbolic significance.

(D) regional aesthetic culture of decoration

Because the villages in Zhuhai have unified planning in site selection and form, building beams, doors, windows and other components all adopt modular system, and the roof walls are mostly gray tiles, blue bricks or rammed earth, and the color is gray, so the decorative colors are strengthened in the roofs, eaves, walls, beams and windows (as shown in Figure 9), which stand out in the gray tone of the whole building. Buildings are decorated with stone carvings, brick carvings, wood carvings, pottery sculptures, clay sculptures, etc., usually with historical figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, folk legends, etc., which are compatible with Confucian, secular, literati and other aesthetic cultures. Gray plastic decoration is common on some walls (as shown in figure 10), with strong three-dimensional sense, rich colors, vivid flowers and birds and realistic characteristics.

(V) Inheritance of regional ethics and patriarchal clan system

Although Zhuhai is located in southern Xinjiang, immigrants from all over the world have taken root here in different periods, mainly in agriculture and fisheries, which has integrated and developed the regional economy, society and culture. To a certain extent, architecture is the product of the long-term integration of local culture and Central Plains culture, and ancestral temple is the architectural representative that can best reflect this feature. The ancestral temple buildings in Zhuhai occupy an extremely important position in space layout, building scale, landscape, roads and so on. The ancestral temple has the root and contextual function of ethnic gathering. For example, the Zhao Ancestral Hall in Nanmen Village at the foot of Huangyang Mountain (as shown in figure 1 1) was built in the Ming Dynasty by the scattered descendants of the local royal family after the defeat of the yamen in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhao's ancestral hall mainly includes buildings such as Yitang, Yifeng Temple and Kunshan Temple, which were collected in Ming, Qing and Republic of China respectively, among which Yitang (as shown in figure 12) is the best preserved. The basic structure of Yi Tang Mansion is composed of front hall, middle hall and back hall, which is a four-in-one with three entrances, three rooms and four parts, and the entrance is higher than the exit. The central axis is symmetrical, with wings in the north and walls in the back. Both the column foundation and the courtyard abutment are made of red valley stone, which has the architectural characteristics of the Ming Dynasty. The main buildings are gable tops, dragon boat ridges, purlin beams and gables. The wall is made of local oyster shells and is 65 cm thick. Huge and hard oyster shells are arranged neatly and regularly. The architectural forms of the ancestral temple, such as the north-south orientation, the strange use of the entrance of the three-five, and the central symmetry, embody the main culture of Confucianism and the inheritance of the patriarchal clan system.

Second, the characteristics of the intersection of China and the West

Under the historical environment that Hong Kong and Macao opened ports and Zhuhai benefited from geography, Zhuhai's modern commerce and Chinese and Western cultures developed well, and a large number of comprador groups emerged in Xiangshan, making residential, commercial, garden and other buildings have the characteristics of Chinese and Western convergence. These characteristics reflect the changes of Zhuhai people's thinking and life, and also reflect the tolerant, open and innovative ideas in this area.

(A) the adaptation of architectural forms to the times

During the blending period of Chinese and Western cultures, Zhuhai modern architectural culture also experienced three stages of transformation: "self-adjustment, rational choice, integration and innovation" [3]. In the process of the intersection and collision between China and the West, several architectural styles have emerged, such as western-oriented, China-oriented or eclectic. Western-style architecture features mainly Western-style architecture, such as Qixia Fairy Hall (as shown in figure 13). The building structure is western-style, and there are few traditional decorative patterns or components in China. Another example is the watchtower in Huitong village (as shown in figure 14), which has a strong western style in structure and appearance. The architectural style dominated by Chinese style, the main building is dominated by Chinese style, and the courtyard layout is basically traditional on the plane. The facade adopts western decorative methods and techniques, such as western patterns, classical columns and arches in cornices, doors and windows, balconies and colonnades. This kind of building has undergone great changes in image, proportion, decoration, spatial layout, and even building structure, materials and technology. For example, the brick-wood structure of traditional buildings has gradually adopted brick-concrete structure or reinforced concrete structure. Other buildings are eclectic in structure, style and decoration, while the main building is very eclectic in structure, elevation, decorative components and even indoor furnishings.

(B) the environmental coordination of architectural forms

The style of single building is constantly changing not only in itself, but also in the regional environment, such as adding western-style buildings to the local living environment to make it play the role of ornament or landmark in the overall environment. There is a watchtower in the north and south of Huitong village, which is a defensive building in the village. The watchtower in Yun Fei (as shown in figure 15) is in sharp contrast with the residential buildings in the whole village in terms of building height, structure and style. Another example is Tang's paradise, which is surrounded by mountains and lakes. Western architecture is added to the environment and mountains and rivers. The traditional archway (as shown in fig. 16), stone lions and pavilions in the park are in contrast with the "star-watching pavilion" of the Observatory (as shown in fig. 17), and they are completely built according to the European model. In addition, foreign plant varieties have been introduced into the landscape, such as French mahogany, Queen Rose, Thai annona, Japanese black pine, Philippine grape, guava and Malaysian bauhinia. The exotic plants in the park alternate with the local banyan, litchi, red laurel and bamboo, which are scenery for each other and are also a paradise where plants blend Chinese and western. From the landscape architecture and plant construction, we can see that the integration of Chinese and western cultures is different.

(C) the functional development of architectural forms

The arcade has historical and cultural value in the architectural development process of the intersection of Chinese and western cultures in modern Zhuhai. Functionally, it has changed from a traditional single residential function to a building integrating commerce, residence and transportation. Living downstairs and on the pavement is convenient for transportation and shopping, and also has the advantage of shading from the rain. It is a mixed building, which is different from other traditional buildings in architectural style. Doumen Ancient Street is the only well-preserved ancient street in Qing Dynasty in Zhuhai. The arcade in the ancient street has a strong commercial flavor, and the firms and commodities sold in various periods are still clearly visible (as shown in Figure 18). The existing arcade buildings are similar in height, width and specifications. They were funded by local wealthy businessmen and planned by Canadian architectural engineer Gary Wei. Most of the facades are reliefs with rich colors, mainly in yellow tones. In some decorations, you can also see China's landscape, flowers and birds, folk animals and other aesthetic interests (as shown in figure 19).

Third, the characteristics of modernization.

After the founding of New China, Zhuhai entered another period of architectural design, especially since the founding of the city. Most of the buildings are modern buildings, which have developed steadily from the early 1980s to the present. In recent 40 years, the architectural features show modern features.

(A) the architectural style in the early days of the city

1979 established Zhuhai city and 1980 established Zhuhai special economic zone, which opened up broad prospects for the development of Zhuhai city. In the early 1980s, the tallest building in Zhuhai was the 3.5-story Fisherman's Building. At the beginning of the city, roads were opened and modern buildings were built. At that time, some main roads in the city, such as Jingshan Road and Jida area, had not been built, and the completion of Zhuhai Hotel became a particularly conspicuous building in Zhuhai. Under the planning and construction of the city, although modern architecture is the main architectural form, there are also municipal buildings combined with traditional buildings, such as Jiuzhou City, which is located between Shijingshan Tourism Center and Zhuhai Hotel and consists of traditional buildings such as towers, halls, corridors, pavilions and waterside pavilions. In 1980s, Zhuhai showed the characteristics of cluster urban layout. Although the city is in the initial stage, the new buildings are still in the overall vision of the natural environment, with pleasant scale and beautiful scenery, and strive to protect the natural environment in the overall control.

(B) the architectural style in the early stage of urban development

In the early 1990s, the scale of Zhuhai's urban buildings was acceptable, and the height, volume and color of modern buildings were relatively coordinated with the natural environment and traditional architectural styles. 1992 during Deng Xiaoping's southern tour of Zhuhai, the evaluation of this new city is "the layout of buildings in the city is highly coordinated". [4] By the end of 1990s, most of the buildings were high-rise modern buildings, with simple and clear external shapes (as shown in Figure 20) and more concentrated functions. The material technology is very different from the buildings in the 1980s in terms of building structure, wall materials, thermal insulation and waterproof. For example, Zhuhai TV Center, which was completed in 200 1, consists of 25.05-meter-high multi-storey buildings ... The architectural features of this period are generally low density, and most floors are low-rise. The building is relatively transparent and open, in harmony with mountains, rivers and seas.

(C) the architectural features of the rapid urban development period

At present, Zhuhai is in the third round of urban planning and development. From the end of 1990s to the next two years, the development goal is mainly to build a comprehensive and international special economic zone and a modern garden-style coastal city. Therefore, the pace of urban construction is much faster than the previous initial stage and early stage of development, and the architectural features have also changed in terms of functions, materials and techniques, and modeling characteristics (as shown in Figure 2 1, 22, and 23). In recent years, architecture has shown the characteristics of assembled architecture, integrated decoration and information management. For example, the International Convention and Exhibition Center, Star Building and Crossgate International Garden are all represented by prefabricated buildings. In the construction of prefabricated buildings, there are mainly concrete structures, steel structures and wood structures. The use of green building materials, concrete, mortar, new wall materials are all ready-mixed, belonging to the concrete structure, steel structure, mixed structure building system.

Under the pattern of future urban development, the coordinated development of Zhuhai's urban construction with the Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong and Macao is gradually close, and the architectural groups in the regional environment will occupy a certain position, such as Zhuhai Center Building in the central business district of Crossgate. At the same time, we can see that the developing buildings in Zhuhai are gradually realizing industrial modernization. Judging from the current trend and development, Zhuhai will be mostly green buildings in the future, even prefabricated buildings with a high degree of building standardization. Compared with the early 1990s, the building density and urban space scale at this stage are obviously dense and towering. The scale of architecture is changing the skyline of Zhuhai city. Some buildings near the river, the river and the sea are higher than natural mountains, especially in areas with concentrated building density. The mountains have become the embellishment of architectural groups in color. With the rapid development of the whole city, the architectural style of the city has quietly changed from the micro-level of height, facade, roof and color, but it can still be controlled in the environment near mountains and water.

The above are collected and sorted by Zhong Da Consulting Company.

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